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Wang S, Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhao MT, Zhao J, Zhang H, Liu ZY, Wang XL, Ma L, Yang YH. Application of topical gentamicin-a new era in the treatment of genodermatosis. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:568-575. [PMID: 34787828 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical use of gentamicin always lies in its antimicrobial activity in the past as an aminoglycoside antibiotic. However, in the past decade, there were considerable interests in therapeutic approaches in treating hereditary diseases. Some of the genodermatosis is caused by nonsense mutations that create premature termination codons and lead to the production of truncated or non-functional proteins. Gentamicin could induce readthrough of nonsense mutations and enable the synthesis of full-length proteins. We focus on previous publications on topical application of gentamicin and review its utility in genetic skin diseases. DATA SOURCES We search the MEDLINE through PubMed, EMBASE databases, and the Clinical Trials Registry Platform from January 1960 to July 2020 using the key search terms "gentamicin, topical gentamicin, genodermatosis, genetic skin diseases". RESULTS The application of gentamicin in genodermatosis yielded promising results, both in vivo and in vitro, including Nagashima-type palmoplantar keratosis, epidermolysis bullosa, Hailey-Hailey disease, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Topical gentamicin is a potential treatment option for genodermatosis caused by nonsense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Mu-Tong Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zong-Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Yang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 South Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
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2
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Kibbi N, Rajan N. Reading through genetic 'stop signs': a therapeutic strategy in genetic skin disease. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:11. [PMID: 32037506 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kibbi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - N Rajan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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3
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Wolach B, Gavrieli R, Wolach O, Stauber T, Abuzaitoun O, Kuperman A, Amir Y, Stepensky P, Somech R, Etzioni A. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency-A multicentre national experience. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13047. [PMID: 30412664 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leucocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare, innate autosomal recessive immunodeficiency with three subtypes. Twenty-nine patients with LADs were diagnosed and treated in Israeli Medical Centers and in the Palestinian Authority. We discuss the phenotypic, genotypic and biochemical features of LAD-I, LAD-II and LAD-III diagnosed during the neonatal period and early infancy in 18, 6 and 5 patients, respectively. Consanguinity was frequent. Common features were severe infections of variable aetiology, excessive leukocytosis and delayed umbilical cord detachment. In LAD-I, the integrin CD18 expression varied from negligible to normal. However, CD11a expression was negligible in all tested patients, suggesting both CD11a and CD18 should be used to assess this subtype. LAD-II patients showed distinctive facial features, physical malformations, short stature and developmental delay. These patients show defective expression of SLeX (CD15a) on cell surface glycoproteins and lack of H antigen on erythroid cell surfaces resulting in Bombay blood group (hh). LAD-III showed intact but inactive β2 integrins associated with severe infections and significant bleeding disorders caused by defective platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia. We report four patients with two new unpublished mutations: two LAD-I patients with c.1099delG in ITGB2 and two LAD-III patients with c.1069C>T in FERMT3. LAD-I patients harbouring the c.119_128 deletion in ITGB2 seemed to have better outcomes as compared to other LAD-I patients. Eight patients with LAD-I and -III underwent successful haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cumulative survival was 75%, 50% and 40% for LAD-I, LAD-II and LAD-III, with a median follow-up of 4 (0.08-19), 3.25 (1-32) and 6 (0.08-8) years, respectively. Prenatal diagnosis is recommended in families with LAD syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Wolach
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Gavrieli
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Wolach
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Tal Stauber
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Immunology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Amir Kuperman
- Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yaakov Amir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Immunology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amos Etzioni
- Ruth Children's Hospital and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
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4
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Dabrowski M, Bukowy-Bieryllo Z, Zietkiewicz E. Advances in therapeutic use of a drug-stimulated translational readthrough of premature termination codons. Mol Med 2018; 24:25. [PMID: 30134808 PMCID: PMC6016875 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and generation of non-functional, truncated proteins. Translational readthrough of PTCs induced by pharmaceutical compounds is a promising way of restoring functional protein expression and reducing disease symptoms, without affecting the genome or transcriptome of the patient. While in some cases proven effective, the clinical use of readthrough-inducing compounds is still associated with many risks and difficulties. This review focuses on problems directly associated with compounds used to stimulate PTC readthrough, such as their interactions with the cell and organism, their toxicity and bioavailability (cell permeability; tissue deposition etc.). Various strategies designed to overcome these problems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dabrowski
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Zietkiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Levy-Mendelovich S, Rechavi E, Abuzaitoun O, Vernitsky H, Simon AJ, Lev A, Somech R. Highlighting the problematic reliance on CD18 for diagnosing leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1. Immunol Res 2015; 64:476-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xue X, Mutyam V, Tang L, Biswas S, Du M, Jackson LA, Dai Y, Belakhov V, Shalev M, Chen F, Schacht J, J Bridges R, Baasov T, Hong J, Bedwell DM, Rowe SM. Synthetic aminoglycosides efficiently suppress cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator nonsense mutations and are enhanced by ivacaftor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:805-16. [PMID: 24251786 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0282oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs are needed to enhance premature termination codon (PTC) suppression to treat the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other diseases caused by nonsense mutations. We tested new synthetic aminoglycoside derivatives expressly developed for PTC suppression in a series of complementary CF models. Using a dual-luciferase reporter system containing the four most prevalent CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) nonsense mutations (G542X, R553X, R1162X, and W1282X) within their local sequence contexts (the three codons on either side of the PTC), we found that NB124 promoted the most readthrough of G542X, R1162X, and W1282X PTCs. NB124 also restored full-length CFTR expression and chloride transport in Fischer rat thyroid cells stably transduced with a CFTR-G542XcDNA transgene, and was superior to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides tested. NB124 restored CFTR function to roughly 7% of wild-type activity in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) CF cells (G542X/delF508), a highly relevant preclinical model with endogenous CFTR expression. Efficacy was further enhanced by addition of the CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor (VX-770), to airway cells expressing CFTR PTCs. NB124 treatment rescued CFTR function in a CF mouse model expressing a human CFTR-G542X transgene; efficacy was superior to gentamicin and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting that in vitro results translated to clinical benefit in vivo. NB124 was also less cytotoxic than gentamicin in a tissue-based model for ototoxicity. These results provide evidence that NB124 and other synthetic aminoglycosides provide a 10-fold improvement in therapeutic index over gentamicin and other first-generation aminoglycosides, providing a promising treatment for a wide array of CFTR nonsense mutations.
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Abstract
Nonsense suppression therapy encompasses approaches aimed at suppressing translation termination at in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs, also known as nonsense mutations) to restore deficient protein function. In this review, we examine the current status of PTC suppression as a therapy for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanism of PTC suppression as well as therapeutic approaches under development to suppress PTCs. The approaches considered include readthrough drugs, suppressor tRNAs, PTC pseudouridylation, and inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We also discuss the barriers that currently limit the clinical application of nonsense suppression therapy and suggest how some of these difficulties may be overcome. Finally, we consider how PTC suppression may play a role in the clinical treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Keeling
- Department of Microbiology and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; , , ,
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8
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Effect of the leptin receptor Q223R polymorphism on the host transcriptome following infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1460-70. [PMID: 23429533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01383-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to amebiasis is associated with a polymorphism in the leptin receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that humans with the ancestral Q223 leptin receptor allele were nearly four times less likely to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica than those carrying the mutant R223 allele. We hypothesized that the Q223 allele protected against E. histolytica via STAT3-mediated transcription of genes required for mucosal immunity. To test this, mice containing the humanized LEPR Q or R allele at codon 223 were intracecally infected with E. histolytica. Susceptibility to amebiasis was assessed, and cecal tissues were analyzed for changes in gene expression. By 72 h postchallenge, all Q223 mice had cleared E. histolytica, whereas 39% of 223R mice were infected. Thirty-seven genes were differentially expressed in response to infection at 72 h, including proinflammatory genes (CXCL2, S100A8/9, PLA2G7, ITBG2, and MMP9) and functions pertaining to the movement and activity of immune cells. A comparison at 12 h postchallenge of infected Q223 versus R223 mice identified a subset of differentially expressed genes, many of which were closely linked to leptin signaling. Further analyses indicated that the Q223 gene expression pattern was consistent with a suppressed apoptotic response to infection, while 223R showed increased cellular proliferation and recruitment. These studies are the first to illuminate the downstream effects of leptin receptor polymorphisms on intestinal infection by E. histolytica. As such, they are important for the insight that they provide into this previously uncharacterized mechanism of mucosal immunity.
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Bordeira-Carriço R, Pêgo AP, Santos M, Oliveira C. Cancer syndromes and therapy by stop-codon readthrough. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:667-78. [PMID: 23044248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several hereditary cancer syndromes are associated with nonsense mutations that create premature termination codons (PTC). Therapeutic strategies involving readthrough induction partially restore expression of proteins with normal function from nonsense-mutated genes, and small molecules such as aminoglycosides and PTC124 have exhibited promising results for treating patients with cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Transgenic expression of suppressor-tRNAs and depleting translation termination factors are, among others, potential strategies for treating PTC-associated diseases. In this review, the potential of using readthrough strategies as a therapy for cancer syndromes is discussed, and we consider the effect of nonsense-mediated decay and other factors on readthrough efficiency.
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10
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Lee HLR, Dougherty JP. Pharmaceutical therapies to recode nonsense mutations in inherited diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:227-66. [PMID: 22820013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonsense codons, generated from nonsense mutations or frameshifts, contribute significantly to the spectrum of inherited human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, spinal muscular atrophy, and many forms of cancer. The presence of a mutant nonsense codon results in premature termination to preclude the synthesis of a full-length protein and leads to aberrations in gene expression. Suppression therapy to recode a premature termination codon with an amino acid allowing readthrough to rescue the production of a full-length protein presents a promising strategy for treatment of patients suffering from debilitating nonsense-mediated disorders. Suppression therapy using aminoglycosides to promote readthrough in vitro have been known since the sixties. Recent progress in the field of recoding via pharmaceuticals has led to the continuous discovery and development of several pharmacological agents with nonsense suppression activities. Here, we review the mechanisms that are involved in discriminating normal versus premature termination codons, the factors involved in readthrough efficiency, the epidemiology of several well-known nonsense-mediated diseases, and the various pharmacological agents (aminoglycoside and non-aminoglycoside compounds) that are currently being employed in nonsense suppression therapy studies. We also discuss how these therapeutic agents can be used to regulate gene expression for gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Rose Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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11
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Sato R, Kobayashi S, Abe Y, Kamishina H, Oda S, Yasuda J, Sasaki J. Clinical effects of bovine lactoferrin on two canine cases with familial neutrophil dysfunction. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1177-83. [PMID: 22531102 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reported detailed clinical effects of bovine lactoferrin on 2 canine littermates (1 female and 1 male) with familial neutrophil dysfunction and an investigation of their genetic background. Clinical signs caused by severe upper respiratory bacterial infections were observed in these dogs. Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for a long duration improved their clinical signs (severe uveitis in the female dog and coughing from pneumonia in the male dog). Their backcross dogs that have the same father didn't show clinical signs of bacterial infection. Neutrophil function tests revealed that the backcross dogs didn't have any disorders. It is likely that abnormal clinical signs are associated with neutrophil dysfunction in the colony, and the mother dog of these cases might be the genetic carrier of this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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12
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Lessons learned from phagocytic function studies in a large cohort of patients with recurrent infections. J Clin Immunol 2011; 32:454-66. [PMID: 22207252 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on the relationship between demographic characteristics, specific clinical manifestations, and neutrophil dysfunction, guiding physicians to decide which clinical signs and symptoms are a code for an underlying phagocytic disorder. METHODS The data over a 21-year period of all adult and pediatric patients referred to our Laboratory for Leukocyte Functions with recurrent pyogenic infections were analyzed. Neutrophil function studies included chemotaxis, superoxide production (SOP), bactericidal activity (BA), and specific studies in case of suspected primary phagocytic disorder (PPD). RESULTS Neutrophil dysfunction was found in 33.6% of 998 patients; chemotaxis in 16.6%, SOP in 6%, and BA in 24.5%. The younger the patient and the more organ systems involved, the greater the probability of finding phagocytic impairment. Impaired chemotaxis correlated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, infections associated with elevated IgE, and purulent upper respiratory tract infections. Impaired SOP and BA correlated with deep-seated abscesses, recurrent lymphadenitis, sepsis, and bone and joint and central nervous system infections. PPDs were identified in 5.7%, chronic granulomatous disease in 4.8%, neutrophil glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in 0.3%, leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 in 0.4%, and myeloperoxidase deficiency in 0.2%. Phagocytic evaluation contributed to the diagnosis of hyperimmunoglobulin-E syndrome (n = 21) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS PPDs are identified in 5.7% of patients with recurrent pyogenic infections; in the remainder, phagocytic dysfunction may be related to deleterious effects of persistent infection, drug consumption, or disorders not yet established.
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van de Vijver E, Maddalena A, Sanal Ö, Holland SM, Uzel G, Madkaikar M, de Boer M, van Leeuwen K, Köker MY, Parvaneh N, Fischer A, Law SKA, Klein N, Tezcan FI, Unal E, Patiroglu T, Belohradsky BH, Schwartz K, Somech R, Kuijpers TW, Roos D. Hematologically important mutations: leukocyte adhesion deficiency (first update). Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 48:53-61. [PMID: 22134107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is an immunodeficiency caused by defects in the adhesion of leukocytes (especially neutrophils) to the blood vessel wall. As a result, patients with LAD suffer from severe bacterial infections and impaired wound healing, accompanied by neutrophilia. In LAD-I, mutations are found in ITGB2, the gene that encodes the β subunit of the β(2) integrins. This syndrome is characterized directly after birth by delayed separation of the umbilical cord. In the rare LAD-II disease, the fucosylation of selectin ligands is disturbed, caused by mutations in SLC35C1, the gene that encodes a GDP-fucose transporter of the Golgi system. LAD-II patients lack the H and Lewis Le(a) and Le(b) blood group antigens. Finally, in LAD-III (also called LAD-I/variant) the conformational activation of the hematopoietically expressed β integrins is disturbed, leading to leukocyte and platelet dysfunction. This last syndrome is caused by mutations in FERMT3, encoding the kindlin-3 protein in all blood cells that is involved in the regulation of β integrin conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith van de Vijver
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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