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Hussain A, Kakar A, Naseem M, Kamran K, Ullah Z, Shehla S, Obaid MK, Ahmed N, Khan Q, Liaqat I. Molecular identification of Hymenopteran insects collected by using Malaise traps from Hazarganji Chiltan National Park Quetta, Pakistan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300903. [PMID: 38598453 PMCID: PMC11006193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera holds great significance for humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, due to its role as a pollinator of wild and cultivated flowering plants, parasites of destructive insects and honey producers. Despite this importance, limited attention has been given to the genetic diversity and molecular identification of Hymenopteran insects in most protected areas. This study provides insights into the first DNA barcode of Hymenopteran insects collected from Hazarganji Chiltan National Park (HCNP) and contributes to the global reference library of DNA barcodes. A total of 784 insect specimens were collected using Malaise traps, out of which 538 (68.62%) specimens were morphologically identified as Hymenopteran insects. The highest abundance of species of Hymenoptera (133/538, 24.72%) was observed during August and least in November (16/538, 2.97%). Genomic DNA extraction was performed individually from 90/538 (16.73%) morphologically identified specimens using the standard phenol-chloroform method, which were subjected separately to the PCR for their molecular confirmation via the amplification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The BLAST analyses of obtained sequences showed 91.64% to 100% identities with related sequences and clustered phylogenetically with their corresponding sequences that were reported from Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, Germany, India, Israel, and Pakistan. Additionally, total of 13 barcode index numbers (BINs) were assigned by Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), out of which 12 were un-unique and one was unique (BOLD: AEU1239) which was assigned for Anthidium punctatum. This indicates the potential geographical variation of Hymenopteran population in HCNP. Further comprehensive studies are needed to molecularly confirm the existing insect species in HCNP and evaluate their impacts on the environment, both as beneficial (for example, pollination, honey producers and natural enemies) and detrimental (for example, venomous stings, crop damage, and pathogens transmission).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Asmatullah Kakar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ullah
- Department of Zoology, University of Loralai, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Shehla
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Obaid
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Berrilli E, Biondi M, D'Alessandro P, Salvi D. Cryptic, sibling or neither of the two? Integrative species delimitation of
Psylliodes
flea beetles with overlapping ranges. ZOOL SCR 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Berrilli
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
| | - Maurizio Biondi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
| | - Paola D'Alessandro
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
| | - Daniele Salvi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy
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Genetic diversity of the two-spotted stink bug Bathycoelia distincta (Pentatomidae) associated with macadamia orchards in South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269373. [PMID: 35687547 PMCID: PMC9187107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The South African macadamia industry is severely affected by a complex of stink bugs, dominated by the two-spotted stink bug, Bathycoelia distincta Distant (Pentatomidae). This species was first discovered during the spring of 1984 in the Limpopo province. Although considerable effort has been spent trying to manage this pest, it continues to be a pest of concern for the macadamia industry. Information on the genetic diversity of this species is lacking, despite the potential relevance of such information for management strategies. The present study aimed to characterise the genetic diversity of B. distincta populations in South Africa. The Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene regions were sequenced from individuals collected from the three main regions of macadamia production over three different seasons (2018–2020). An overall high haplotype diversity (COI = 0.744, Cytb = 0.549 and COI+Cytb = 0.875) was observed. Pairwise mean genetic distance between populations from each region varied from 0.2–0.4% in both datasets, which suggests the absence of cryptic species. The median joining network for both datasets consisted of one or two central haplotypes shared between the regions in addition to unique haplotypes observed in each region. Finally, low genetic differentiation (FST < 0.1), high gene flow (Nm > 1) and the absence of a correlation between genetic and geographic distance were estimated among populations. Overall, these results suggest that the B. distincta populations are not structured among the areas of macadamia production in South Africa. This might be due to its ability to feed and reproduce on various plants and its high dispersal (airborne) between the different growing regions of the country along with the rapid expansion of macadamia plantations in South Africa.
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Zurita A, Cutillas C. Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCtenophthalmus is considered the largest genus within the Order Siphonaptera. From a morphological point of view, only males of this genus can be identified at species and subspecies levels using morphological keys, whereas there are no morphological criteria in order to classify females at these taxonomical levels. Furthermore, the amount of available molecular and phylogenetic data for this genus is quite scarce so far. The main objective of this work was to assess the utility of the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers with respect to their ability to differentiate among different subspecies within the Ctenophthalmus genus. With this purpose, we carried out a comparative morphological and molecular study of three different subspecies (Ctenophthalmus baeticus arvernus, Ctenophthalmus nobilis dobyi, and Ctenophthalmus andorrensis catalaniensis) in order to clarify and discuss its taxonomic status. In addition, our study complemented the molecular data previously provided for Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorum and Ctenophthalmus apertus allani subspecies. We sequenced five different molecular markers: EF1-α, ITS1, ITS2, cox1, and cytb. Our results confirmed that morphological data by themselves are not able to discriminate among Ctenophthalmus female taxa; however, the combination of the nuclear marker EF1-α together with mtDNA markers cytb and cox1 constituted a useful taxonomical and phylogenetic tool to solve this issue. Based on these results, we consider that the use of this molecular approach should be gradually used within Ctenophthalmus genus in order to complement its classical taxonomy and clarifying the complex taxonomy of other congeneric species of fleas.
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Arsenijević D, Blagojević S, Planojević N, Nikezić A, Vidanović D, Milosavljević N, Marković S. DNA-based molecular identification of Urnula mediterranea (Ascomycota, Pezizales) collected in Central Serbia. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci2143053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular systematics is a branch of systematics that analyzes genetic markers for the classification of organisms. Genetic markers include target sequences of molecules DNA, RNA, and amino acids. The most often used genetic markers are DNA markers, localized on DNA molecules. The study aim was DNA-based molecular identification of species Urnula mediterranea (M. Carbone, Agnello & Baglivo) M. Carbone, Agnello & P. Alvarado (2013), by using molecular systematics methods. This species was recently discovered for the first time in Central Serbia and determined only based on morphological characteristics. For the first time, U. mediterranea sampled in Serbia, was identified with DNA molecular markers. Extraction of DNA molecules was performed from the fruiting body of U. mediterranea. ITS region and the part of the gene for 28S rRNA were amplified and sequenced by the Sanger method. Comparing the analyzed sequences with the sequences from the database, a match of 99.72% was found for the ITS region and 100% for the part of the gene for 28S rRNA. By molecular identification, it has been established that the sample belongs to the species U. mediterranea. Both analyzed DNA sequences of U. mediterranea were deposited into the NCBI database.
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Xin ZZ, Hou HX, Wei XQ, Xiao JH, Huang DW. Transcriptome analysis of the male polymorphisms of fig wasp species Philotrypesis tridentata. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1665-1674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Loretán G, Rueda EC, Cabrera JM, Pérez-Losada M, Collins PA, Giri F. Geographical isolation and restricted gene flow drive speciation of Aegla singularis (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae) in southern South America. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Geographical isolation is a key element in allopatric speciation. If gene flow is interrupted for long enough by geographical barriers, populations can evolve independently and eventually form distinct species. Aegla singularis provides an ideal model to study this process due to the characteristics of the geographical area that it occupies and its limited dispersal ability. Aegla singularis inhabits streams of the Uruguay and Paraná River basins in the Neotropical region of South America. The basins are separated by the Sierra Central Mountains. Here we studied the speciation of A. singularis resulting from geographical isolation by using molecular and morphometric data. Individuals of A. singularis were analysed using geometric morphometrics and genetic data (COII and EFα1). We found significant differences in shape and genetics between A. singularis populations from the two basins. These differences suggest ongoing divergence due to restricted gene flow caused by the geographical barrier of the Sierra Central Mountains, indicating that the populations of the Parana and Uruguay River slopes are undergoing divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Loretán
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, CP3000, Argentina, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eva Carolina Rueda
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, FHUC-UNL, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Cabrera
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, CP3000, Argentina, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pablo Agustín Collins
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, CP3000, Argentina, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Federico Giri
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, CP3000, Argentina, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Kwun HJ, Myoung SH. New record of the Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål, 1775) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) from Korea, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA barcoding. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1617048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Joon Kwun
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, the Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Myoung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Kordbacheh A, Wallace RL, Walsh EJ. Evidence supporting cryptic species within two sessile microinvertebrates, Limnias melicerta and L. ceratophylli (Rotifera, Gnesiotrocha). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205203. [PMID: 30379825 PMCID: PMC6209156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, including rotifers, are thought to be capable of long distance dispersal. Therefore, they should show little population genetic structure due to high gene flow. Nevertheless, substantial genetic structure has been reported among populations of many taxa. In rotifers, genetic studies have focused on planktonic taxa leaving sessile groups largely unexplored. Here, we used COI gene and ITS region sequences to study genetic structure and delimit cryptic species in two sessile species (Limnias melicerta [32 populations]; L. ceratophylli [21 populations]). Among populations, ITS region sequences were less variable as compared to those of the COI gene (ITS; L. melicerta: 0-3.1% and L. ceratophylli: 0-4.4%; COI; L. melicerta: 0-22.7% and L. ceratophylli: 0-21.7%). Moreover, L. melicerta and L. ceratophylli were not resolved in phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences. Thus, we used COI sequences for species delimitation. Bayesian Species Delimitation detected nine putative cryptic species within L. melicerta and four putative cryptic species for L. ceratophylli. The genetic distance in the COI gene was 0-15.4% within cryptic species of L. melicerta and 0.5-0.6% within cryptic species of L. ceratophylli. Among cryptic species, COI genetic distance ranged 8.1-21.9% for L. melicerta and 15.1-21.2% for L. ceratophylli. The correlation between geographic and genetic distance was weak or lacking; thus geographic isolation cannot be considered a strong driver of genetic variation. In addition, geometric morphometric analyses of trophi did not show significant variation among cryptic species. In this study we used a conservative approach for species delimitation, yet we were able to show that species diversity in these sessile rotifers is underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Kordbacheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Wallace
- Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Walsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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Conserved community structure and simultaneous divergence events in the fig wasps associated with Ficus benjamina in Australia and China. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29615023 PMCID: PMC5883542 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Localised patterns of species diversity can be influenced by many factors, including regional species pools, biogeographic features and interspecific interactions. Despite recognition of these issues, we still know surprisingly little about how invertebrate biodiversity is structured across geographic scales. In particular, there have been few studies of how insect communities vary geographically while using the same plant host. We compared the composition (species, genera) and functional structure (guilds) of the chalcid wasp communities associated with the widespread fig tree, Ficus benjamina, towards the northern (Hainan province, China) and southern (Queensland, Australia) edges of its natural range. Sequence data were generated for nuclear and mtDNA markers and used to delimit species, and Bayesian divergence analyses were used to test patterns of community cohesion through evolutionary time. Results Both communities host at least 14 fig wasp species, but no species are shared across continents. Community composition is similar at the genus level, with six genera shared although some differ in species diversity between China and Australia; a further three genera occur in only China or Australia. Community functional structure remains very similar in terms of numbers of species in each ecological guild despite community composition differing a little (genera) or a lot (species), depending on taxonomic level. Bayesian clustering analyses favour a single community divergence event across continents over multiple events for different ecological guilds. Molecular dating estimates of lineage splits between nearest inter-continental species pairs are broadly consistent with a scenario of synchronous community divergence from a shared “ancestral community”. Conclusions Fig wasp community structure and genus-level composition are largely conserved in a wide geographic comparison between China and Australia. Moreover, dating analyses suggest that the functional community structure has remained stable for long periods during historic range expansions. This suggests that ecological interactions between species may play a persistent role in shaping these communities, in contrast to findings in some comparable temperate systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-018-0167-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Barman AK, Joyce AL, Torres R, Higbee BS. Assessing Genetic Diversity in Four Stink Bug Species, Chinavia hilaris, Chlorochroa uhleri, Chlorochroa sayi, and Thyanta pallidovirens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Using DNA Barcodes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2590-2598. [PMID: 29069485 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are an economically important group of insects that attack numerous crops in the central valley of California. Management of these pests using pheromones or biological control can be species specific, and proper identification of insect species is essential for effective management. The objective was to examine genetic variability in four species of stink bugs, which included Chinavia hilaris (Say) (= Acrosternum hilare) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) , Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) , Chlorochroa sayi (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and to determine whether there may be cryptic species present. Stink bugs were collected in pistachios or on adjacent vegetation when abundant in the central valley of California. The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene region (i.e., the barcode) was sequenced for each individual. Data were combined with available GenBank accessions for each species and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Divergence between genera ranged from 11.2 to 15.7%, whereas divergence between the two Chlorochroa spp. was 4.6%. Genetic variation within Chinavia hilaris collections was up to 4.7%, which suggests the presence of a cryptic species. Genetic divergence was highest between individuals of Chinavia hilaris from the west coast and the east coast of the United States. In contrast, genetic variation within individuals of C. uhleri and Ch. sayi was less than 1%. Nine haplotypes were found for Chinavia hilaris, five for C. uhleri, three for Ch. sayi, and five for T. pallidovirens. The relevance of correct species identification and genetic diversity to stink bug management practices was discussed.
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Crivellaro MS, Zimmermann BL, Bartholomei-Santos ML, Crandall KA, Pérez-Losada M, Bond-Buckup G, Santos S. Looks can be deceiving: species delimitation reveals hidden diversity in the freshwater crab Aegla longirostri (Decapoda: Anomura). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Darwell CT, Cook JM. Cryptic diversity in a fig wasp community-morphologically differentiated species are sympatric but cryptic species are parapatric. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:937-950. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. T. Darwell
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AS UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - J. M. Cook
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AS UK
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC NSW 1797 Australia
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Wang YJ, Li ZH, Zhang SF, Varadínová Z, Jiang F, Kučerová Z, Stejskal V, Opit G, Cao Y, Li FJ. DNA barcoding of five common stored-product pest species of genus Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:671-678. [PMID: 24725375 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Cryptolestes Ganglbauer, 1899 (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) are commonly found in stored products. In this study, five species of Cryptolestes, with almost worldwide distribution, were obtained from laboratories in China, Czech Republic and the USA: Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens, 1831), Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr, 1817), Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle, 1876), Cryptolestes pusilloides (Steel & Howe, 1952) and Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl, 1834). Molecular identification based on a 658 bp fragment from the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was adopted to overcome some problems of morphological identification of Cryptolestes species. The utility of COI sequences as DNA barcodes in discriminating the five Cryptolestes species was evaluated on adults and larvae by analysing Kimura 2-parameter distances, phylogenetic tree and haplotype networks. The results showed that molecular approaches based on DNA barcodes were able to accurately identify these species. This is the first study using DNA barcoding to identify Cryptolestes species and the gathered DNA sequences will complement the biological barcode database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing,China
| | - Z H Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing,China
| | - S F Zhang
- Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine,Beijing,China
| | - Z Varadínová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science,Charles University in Prague,Viničná 7, Prague,Czech Republic
| | - F Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing,China
| | - Z Kučerová
- Department of Pest Control of Stored Products and Food Safety,Crop Research Institute,Drnovská 507, Prague,Czech Republic
| | - V Stejskal
- Department of Pest Control of Stored Products and Food Safety,Crop Research Institute,Drnovská 507, Prague,Czech Republic
| | - G Opit
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology,Oklahoma State University,Stillwater, OK,USA
| | - Y Cao
- Academy of State Administration of Grain,No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing,China
| | - F J Li
- Academy of State Administration of Grain,No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing,China
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Darwell CT, al-Beidh S, Cook JM. Molecular species delimitation of a symbiotic fig-pollinating wasp species complex reveals extreme deviation from reciprocal partner specificity. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:189. [PMID: 25927719 PMCID: PMC4172794 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symbiotic relationships have contributed to major evolutionary innovations, the maintenance of fundamental ecosystem functions, and the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. However, the exact nature of host/symbiont associations, which has important consequences for their dynamics, is often poorly known due to limited understanding of symbiont taxonomy and species diversity. Among classical symbioses, figs and their pollinating wasps constitute a highly diverse keystone resource in tropical forest and savannah environments. Historically, they were considered to exemplify extreme reciprocal partner specificity (one-to-one host-symbiont species relationships), but recent work has revealed several more complex cases. However, there is a striking lack of studies with the specific aims of assessing symbiont diversity and how this varies across the geographic range of the host. RESULTS Here, we use molecular methods to investigate cryptic diversity in the pollinating wasps of a widespread Australian fig species. Standard barcoding genes and methods were not conclusive, but incorporation of phylogenetic analyses and a recently developed nuclear barcoding gene (ITS2), gave strong support for five pollinator species. Each pollinator species was most common in a different geographic region, emphasising the importance of wide geographic sampling to uncover diversity, and the scope for divergence in coevolutionary trajectories across the host plant range. In addition, most regions had multiple coexisting pollinators, raising the question of how they coexist in apparently similar or identical resource niches. CONCLUSION Our study offers a striking example of extreme deviation from reciprocal partner specificity over the full geographical range of a fig-wasp system. It also suggests that superficially identical species may be able to co-exist in a mutualistic setting albeit at different frequencies in relation to their fig host's range. We show that comprehensive sampling and molecular taxonomic techniques may be required to uncover the true structure of cryptic biodiversity underpinning intimate ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive T Darwell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK.
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | - Sarah al-Beidh
- Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley Garden, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, UK.
| | - James M Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW, 1797, Australia.
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Segar ST, Dunn DW, Darwell CT, Cook JM. How to be a fig wasp down under: The diversity and structure of an Australian fig wasp community. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Nedeljković Z, Ačanski J, Vujić A, Obreht D, Ðan M, Ståhls G, Radenković S. Taxonomy ofChrysotoxum festivum Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Syrphidae) - an integrative approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Nedeljković
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Jelena Ačanski
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Ante Vujić
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Dragana Obreht
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Mihajla Ðan
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Gunilla Ståhls
- Entomology Department; Finnish Museum of Natural History; University of Helsinki; PO Box 17; FI-00014; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Snežana Radenković
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2; 21000; Novi Sad; Serbia
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18
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Ocampo EH, Robles R, Terossi M, Nuñez JD, Cledón M, Mantelatto FL. Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genusCalyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano H. Ocampo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; CONICET-UNMDP; Mar del Plata; Buenos Aires; 7600; Argentina
| | - Rafael Robles
- Laboratory of Bioecology and Crustacean Systematics, Program in Comparative Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; 14040-901; Brazil
| | - Mariana Terossi
- Laboratory of Bioecology and Crustacean Systematics, Program in Comparative Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; 14040-901; Brazil
| | - Jesús D. Nuñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; CONICET-UNMDP; Mar del Plata; Buenos Aires; 7600; Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cledón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; CONICET-UNMDP; Mar del Plata; Buenos Aires; 7600; Argentina
| | - Fernando L. Mantelatto
- Laboratory of Bioecology and Crustacean Systematics, Program in Comparative Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; 14040-901; Brazil
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19
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Yang CY, Xiao JH, Niu LM, Ma GC, Cook JM, Bian SN, Fu YG, Huang DW. Chaos of Wolbachia sequences inside the compact fig syconia of Ficus benjamina (Ficus: moraceae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e48882. [PMID: 23145008 PMCID: PMC3493598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Figs and fig wasps form a peculiar closed community in which the Ficus tree provides a compact syconium (inflorescence) habitat for the lives of a complex assemblage of Chalcidoid insects. These diverse fig wasp species have intimate ecological relationships within the closed world of the fig syconia. Previous surveys of Wolbachia, maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect vast numbers of arthropod hosts, showed that fig wasps have some of the highest known incidences of Wolbachia amongst all insects. We ask whether the evolutionary patterns of Wolbachia sequences in this closed syconium community are different from those in the outside world. In the present study, we sampled all 17 fig wasp species living on Ficus benjamina, covering 4 families, 6 subfamilies, and 8 genera of wasps. We made a thorough survey of Wolbachia infection patterns and studied evolutionary patterns in wsp (Wolbachia Surface Protein) sequences. We find evidence for high infection incidences, frequent recombination between Wolbachia strains, and considerable horizontal transfer, suggesting rapid evolution of Wolbachia sequences within the syconium community. Though the fig wasps have relatively limited contact with outside world, Wolbachia may be introduced to the syconium community via horizontal transmission by fig wasps species that have winged males and visit the syconia earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jin-Hua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Guang-Chang Ma
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - James M. Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sheng-Nan Bian
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yue-Guan Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Da-Wei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Graham RI, Wilson K. Male-killing Wolbachia and mitochondrial selective sweep in a migratory African insect. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:204. [PMID: 23061984 PMCID: PMC3557208 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous recent studies have shown that resident symbiotic microorganisms of insects play a fundamental role in host ecology and evolution. The lepidopteran pest, African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), is a highly migratory and destructive species found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, that can experience eruptive outbreaks within the space of a single generation, making predicting population dynamics and pest control forecasting extremely difficult. Three strains of Wolbachia have recently been identified infecting this species in populations sampled from Tanzania. In this study, we examined the interaction between Wolbachia pipiensis infections and the co-inherited marker, mtDNA, within populations of armyworm, as a means to investigate the population biology and evolutionary history of Wolbachia and its host. Results A Wolbachia-infected isofemale line was established in the laboratory. Phenotypic studies confirmed the strain wExe1 as a male-killer. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene from 164 individual field-collected armyworm of known infection status revealed 17 different haplotypes. There was a strong association between Wolbachia infection status and mtDNA haplotype, with a single dominant haplotype, haplo1 (90.2% prevalence), harbouring the endosymbiont. All three Wolbachia strains were associated with this haplotype. This indicates that Wolbachia may be driving a selective sweep on armyworm haplotype diversity. Despite very strong biological and molecular evidence that the samples represent a single species (including from nuclear 28S gene markers), the 17 haplotypes did not fall into a monophyletic clade within the Spodoptera genus; with six haplotypes (2 each from 3 geographically separate populations) differing by >11% in their nucleotide sequence to the other eleven. Conclusions This study suggests that three strains of Wolbachia may be driving a selective sweep on armyworm haplotype diversity, and that based on COI sequence data, S. exempta is not a monophyletic group within the Spodoptera genus. This has clear implications for the use of mtDNA as neutral genetic markers in insects, and also demonstrates the impact of Wolbachia infections on host evolutionary genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Graham
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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Zhou MJ, Xiao JH, Bian SN, Li YW, Niu LM, Hu HY, Wu WS, Murphy RW, Huang DW. Molecular approaches identify known species, reveal cryptic species and verify host specificity of Chinese Philotrypesis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 12:598-606. [PMID: 22372851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Philotrypesis, a major component of the fig wasp community (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), is a model taxon for studying male fighting and mating behaviour. Its extreme sexual dimorphism and male polymorphism render species identification uncertain and in-depth research on its ecology, behaviour and other evolutionary topics challenging. The fig wasps' enclosed habitat within the syconia makes their mating behaviour inaccessible, to the extent of matching conspecific females and males. In this study, we combine morphological and molecular analyses to identify species of Philotrypesis sampled from south China and to associate their extraordinarily dimorphic genders and labile male morphologies. Morphological evaluations of females identify 22 species and 28 male morphs. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 data detect 21 species using females, and 15 species among the males. Most of the males match the species as delimited by females. Both markers reveal cryptic species in P. quadrisetosa on Ficus vasculosa. Most species of wasps live on one species of fig but three species co-occur in two hosts (F. microcarpa and F. benjamina), which indicates host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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22
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Zhang J, Hanner R. Molecular approach to the identification of fish in the South China Sea. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30621. [PMID: 22363454 PMCID: PMC3281855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA barcoding is one means of establishing a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective system for the identification of species. It involves the use of short, standard gene targets to create sequence profiles of known species against sequences of unknowns that can be matched and subsequently identified. The Fish Barcode of Life (FISH-BOL) campaign has the primary goal of gathering DNA barcode records for all the world's fish species. As a contribution to FISH-BOL, we examined the degree to which DNA barcoding can discriminate marine fishes from the South China Sea. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS DNA barcodes of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were characterized using 1336 specimens that belong to 242 species fishes from the South China Sea. All specimen provenance data (including digital specimen images and geospatial coordinates of collection localities) and collateral sequence information were assembled using Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD; www.barcodinglife.org). Small intraspecific and large interspecific differences create distinct genetic boundaries among most species. In addition, the efficiency of two mitochondrial genes, 16S rRNA (16S) and cytochrome b (cytb), and one nuclear ribosomal gene, 18S rRNA (18S), was also evaluated for a few select groups of species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides evidence for the effectiveness of DNA barcoding as a tool for monitoring marine biodiversity. Open access data of fishes from the South China Sea can benefit relative applications in ecology and taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture & Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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CHEN YAN, COMPTON STEPHENG, LIU MIN, CHEN XIAOYONG. Fig trees at the northern limit of their range: the distributions of cryptic pollinators indicate multiple glacial refugia. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1687-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xiao JH, Wang NX, Murphy RW, Cook J, Jia LY, Huang DW. Wolbachia infection and dramatic intraspecific mitochondrial DNA divergence in a fig wasp. Evolution 2012; 66:1907-16. [PMID: 22671555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and Wolbachia are maternally inherited genomes that exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium in many organisms. We surveyed Wolbachia infections in 187 specimens of the fig wasp species, Ceratosolen solmsi, and found an infection prevalence of 89.3%. DNA sequencing of 20 individuals each from Wolbachia-infected and -uninfected subpopulations revealed extreme mtDNA divergence (up to 9.2% and 15.3% in CO1 and cytochrome b, respectively) between infected and uninfected wasps. Further, mtDNA diversity was significantly reduced within the infected group. Our sequencing of a large part of the mitochondrial genome from both Wolbachia-infected and -uninfected individuals revealed that high sequence divergence is common throughout the mitochondrial genome. These patterns suggest a partial selective sweep of mitochondria subsequent to the introduction of Wolbachia into C. solsmi, by hybrid introgression from a related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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25
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Hernández-López A, Rougerie R, Augustin S, Lees DC, Tomov R, Kenis M, Çota E, Kullaj E, Hansson C, Grabenweger G, Roques A, López-Vaamonde C. Host tracking or cryptic adaptation? Phylogeography of Pediobius saulius (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the highly invasive horse-chestnut leafminer. Evol Appl 2011; 5:256-69. [PMID: 25568046 PMCID: PMC3353352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biological control is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. However, accurate evaluations of parasitoid species complexes and assessment of host specificity are impeded by the lack of morphological variation. Here, we study the possibility of host races/species within the eulophid wasp Pediobius saulius, a pupal generalist parasitoid that parasitize the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella. We analysed the population genetic structure, host associations and phylogeographic patterns of P. saulius in Europe using the COI mitochondrial gene. This marker strongly supports a division into at least five highly differentiated parasitoid complexes, within two of which clades with differing degrees of host specialization were found: a Balkan clade that mainly (but not only) attacks C. ohridella and a more generalist European group that attacks many hosts, including C. ohridella. The divergence in COI (up to 7.6%) suggests the existence of cryptic species, although this is neither confirmed by nuclear divergence nor morphology. We do not find evidence of host tracking. The higher parasitism rates observed in the Balkans and the scarcity of the Balkan–Cameraria haplotypes out of the Balkans open the possibility of using these Balkan haplotypes as biological control agents of C. ohridella elsewhere in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David C Lees
- INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France ; Department of Entomology Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Marc Kenis
- CABI Europe-Switzerland Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Ejup Çota
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana, Albania
| | - Endrit Kullaj
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Giselher Grabenweger
- Institute of Plant Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Alain Roques
- INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière Orléans, France
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Zhang CY, Wang FY, Yan HF, Hao G, Hu CM, Ge XJ. Testing DNA barcoding in closely related groups of Lysimachia L. (Myrsinaceae). Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 12:98-108. [PMID: 21967641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that rbcL and matK are the core barcodes in plants, but they are not powerful enough to distinguish between closely related plant groups. Additional barcodes need to be evaluated to improve the level of discrimination between plant species. Because of their well-studied taxonomy and extreme diversity, we used Chinese Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) species to test the performance of core barcodes (rbcL and matK) and two additional candidate barcodes (trnH-psbA and the nuclear ribosomal ITS); 97 accessions from four subgenus representing 34 putative Lysimachia species were included in this study. And many closely related species pairs in subgen. Lysimachia were covered to detect their discriminatory power. The inefficiency of rbcL and matK alone or combined in closely related plant groups was validated in this study. TrnH-psbA combined with rbcL + matK did not yet perform well in Lysimachia groups. In contrast, ITS, alone or combined with rbcL and/or matK, revealed high resolving ability in Lysimachia. We support ITS as a supplementary barcode on the basis of core barcode rbcL and matK. Besides, this study also illustrates several mistakes or underlying evolutionary events in Lysimachia detected by DNA barcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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