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Shah NN, Dar KA, Quibtiya S, Din Azad AMU, Mushtaq M, Bashir SM, Rather MA, Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Nabi SU. Repurposing of Mycobacterium indicus pranii for the severe form of COVID -19 patients in India: A cohort study. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1906-1919. [PMID: 34951021 PMCID: PMC9015534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which results in cytokine storm, and immune-modulators like Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) might ameliorate COVID -19 related cytokine storm. Therefore, the present study evaluates whether MIP offers an advantage in the treatment of severe COVID -19 patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prospective MIP cohort Study was conducted in chest disease hospitals in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. In the present prospective, randomized clinical study, critically severe COVID -19 patients were divided into two groups, the MIP group (n=105) and Best Standard Treatment group (n=210). Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Hs-CRP (High Sensitive C Reactive Protein), D-dimer levels and Interleukin levels on 5th -day post-treatment were significantly reduced in the MIP group compared to the BST group. Compared to the BST group, 105 consecutive patients with severe COVID -19 in the MIP group reported early weaning off mechanical ventilation, resolution of chest architecture (CT scan), significant increase in SpO2 levels and decreased mortality with hazard ratio-0.234 (95% CI-0.264-2.31) (p-value-0.001). MIP restored SpO2 , immune/inflammatory response, normalized lung abnormalities (Chest CT scan), and reduced mortality without any serious complications. However, there is a need for placebo-controlled double-blind and controlled clinical trials to confirm the efficacy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Chest Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Khurshid Ahmad Dar
- Department of Chest Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Quibtiya
- Department of General Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Mehvish Mushtaq
- Department of Chest Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (F.V.Sc.) and Animal Husbandry (A.H), SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (F.V.Sc.) and Animal Husbandry (A.H), SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (F.V.Sc.) and Animal Husbandry (A.H), SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (F.V.Sc.) and Animal Husbandry (A.H), SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, F.V.Sc. & A.H, SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 mediated neuroprotective effect of interleukin-6 on cobalt chloride mimetic hypoxic cell death in R28 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6197-6203. [PMID: 34318437 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic injury to retinal ganglionic cells and adjoining glia is implicated in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The present study evaluates the effect of IL-6 on R28 retinal precursor cell line exposed to hypoxic injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Apoptotic cell death induced by hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 in R28 cells with or without IL-6 treatment was measured using cell viability assays and apoptotic markers. Oxidative stress was also measured. Hypoxia induced by mimetic CoCl2 led to a time and concentration dependent apoptosis of cells mediated by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase 3. Cells pre-treated with IL-6 demonstrated significantly higher viability and mitochondrial integrity under hypoxic conditions. A critical role of STAT3 was observed in mediating the cytoprotective effects of IL-6. Treatment of cells with IL-6 led to STAT3-mediated expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins and MnSOD. CONCLUSIONS The data from the present study indicate cytoprotective role of IL-6 and suggest a previously unreported mechanism of neuroprotection via STAT3 mediated signaling.
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Sehgal IS, Guleria R, Singh S, Siddiqui MS, Agarwal R. A randomised trial of Mycobacterium w in critically ill patients with COVID-19: ARMY-1. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00059-2021. [PMID: 34031642 PMCID: PMC7942222 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00059-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether Mycobacterium w (Mw), an immunomodulator, would improve clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We conducted an exploratory, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hospitalised subjects with severe COVID-19 (pulmonary infiltrates and oxygen saturation ≤94% on room air) conducted at four tertiary care centres in India. Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either 0.3 mL·day-1 of Mw intradermally or a matching placebo for three consecutive days. The primary outcome of the study was the distribution of clinical status assessed on a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from discharged (category 1) to death (category 7) on study days 14, 21, and 28. The co-primary outcome was a change in SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score on days 7 and 14 compared to the baseline. The secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality, time to clinical recovery, time to reverse transcription PCR negativity, adverse events, and others. RESULTS We included 42 subjects (22 Mw, 20 placebo). On days 14 (OR 30.4 (95% CI 3.3-276.4)) and 21 (OR 14.9 (95% CI 1.8-128.4)), subjects in the Mw arm had a better clinical status distribution than placebo. There was no difference in the SOFA score change on days 7 and 14 between the two groups. We did not find any difference in the mortality, or other secondary outcomes. We observed no adverse events related to the use of Mw. CONCLUSIONS The use of Mw results in better clinical status distribution on days 14 and 21 compared to placebo in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpaul Singh Sehgal
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh-160012, India. E-mail:
| | | | - Sarman Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mohareer K, Asalla S, Banerjee S. Cell death at the cross roads of host-pathogen interaction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:99-121. [PMID: 30514519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of death by any single infectious agent, accounting for around 1.7 million annual deaths globally, despite several interventions and support programs by national and international agencies. With the development of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), there has been a paradigm shift in TB research towards host-directed therapy. The potential targets include the interactions between host and bacterial proteins that are crucial for pathogenesis. Hence, collective efforts are being made to understand the molecular details of host-pathogen interaction for possible translation into host-directed therapy. The present review focuses on 'host cell death modalities' of host-pathogen interaction, which play a crucial role in determining the outcome of TB disease progression. Several cell death modalities that occur in response to mycobacterial infection have been identified in human macrophages either as host defences for bacterial clearance or as pathogen strategies for multiplication and dissemination. These cell death modalities include apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, pyronecrosis, NETosis, and autophagy. These processes are highly overlapping with several mycobacterial proteins participating in more than one cell death pathway. Until now, reviews in M. tb and host cell death have discussed either focusing on host evasion strategies, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis or describing all these forms with limited discussions of their role in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various mycobacterial factors modulating host cell death pathways and the cross-talk between them. Besides this, we have discussed the networking of host cell death pathways including the interference of host miRNA during M. tb infection with their respective targets. Through this review, we present the host targets that overlap across several cell death modalities and the technical limitations of methodology in cell death research. Given the compelling need to discover alternative drug target(s), this review identifies these overlapping cell death factors as potential targets for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046.
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Subramaniam M, Liew SK, In LLA, Awang K, Ahmed N, Nagoor NH. Inactivation of nuclear factor κB by MIP-based drug combinations augments cell death of breast cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1053-1063. [PMID: 29750018 PMCID: PMC5935191 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s141925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Drug combination therapy to treat cancer is a strategic approach to increase successful treatment rate. Optimizing combination regimens is vital to increase therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects. Materials and methods In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of double and triple combinations consisting of 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) and cisplatin (CDDP) against 14 various human cancer cell lines to address the need for more effective therapy. Our data show synergistic effects in MCF-7 cells treated with MIP:ACA, MIP:CDDP and MIP:ACA:CDDP combinations. The type of interaction between MIP, ACA and CDDP was evaluated based on combination index being <0.8 for synergistic effect. Identifying the mechanism of cell death based on previous studies involved intrinsic apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tested in Western blot analysis. Inactivation of NF-κB was confirmed by p65 and IκBα, while intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation was confirmed by caspase-9 and Apaf-1 expression. Results All combinations confirmed intrinsic apoptosis activation and NF-κB inactivation. Conclusion Double and triple combination regimens that target induction of the same death mechanism with reduced dosage of each drug could potentially be clinically beneficial in reducing dose-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaga Subramaniam
- Institute of Biological Science (Genetics & Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su Ki Liew
- Institute of Biological Science (Genetics & Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lionel LA In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Centre for Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Noor Hasima Nagoor
- Institute of Biological Science (Genetics & Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Parihar SP, Ozturk M, Marakalala MJ, Loots DT, Hurdayal R, Maasdorp DB, Van Reenen M, Zak DE, Darboe F, Penn-Nicholson A, Hanekom WA, Leitges M, Scriba TJ, Guler R, Brombacher F. Protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), a marker of inflammation and tuberculosis disease progression in humans, is important for optimal macrophage killing effector functions and survival in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:496-511. [PMID: 28832027 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) is critical for immunity against Listeria monocytogenes, Leishmania major, and Candida albicans infection in mice. However, the functional relevance of PKCδ during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is unknown. PKCδ was significantly upregulated in whole blood of patients with active tuberculosis (TB) disease. Lung proteomics further revealed that PKCδ was highly abundant in the necrotic and cavitory regions of TB granulomas in multidrug-resistant human participants. In murine Mtb infection studies, PKCδ-/- mice were highly susceptible to tuberculosis with increased mortality, weight loss, exacerbated lung pathology, uncontrolled proinflammatory cytokine responses, and increased mycobacterial burdens. Moreover, these mice displayed a significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and decreased accumulation of lipid bodies (lungs and macrophages) and serum fatty acids. Furthermore, a peptide inhibitor of PKCδ in wild-type mice mirrored lung inflammation identical to infected PKCδ-/- mice. Mechanistically, increased bacterial growth in macrophages from PKCδ-/- mice was associated with a decline in killing effector functions independent of phagosome maturation and autophagy. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCδ is a marker of inflammation during active TB disease in humans and required for optimal macrophage killing effector functions and host protection during Mtb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Parihar
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Ozturk
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M J Marakalala
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D T Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R Hurdayal
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Beukes Maasdorp
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - M Van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - D E Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F Darboe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Leitges
- PKC Research Consult, Cologne, Germany
| | - T J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Guler
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
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Subramaniam M, In LLA, Kumar A, Ahmed N, Nagoor NH. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of heat killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) on various human cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19833. [PMID: 26817684 PMCID: PMC4730151 DOI: 10.1038/srep19833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is a non-pathogenic mycobacterium, which has been tested on several cancer types like lung and bladder where tumour regression and complete recovery was observed. In discovering the potential cytotoxic elements, a preliminary test was carried out using four different fractions consisting of live bacteria, culture supernatant, heat killed bacteria and heat killed culture supernatant of MIP against two human cancer cells A549 and CaSki by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was investigated in MCF-7 and ORL-115 cancer cells by poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation assays. Among four MIP fractions, only heat killed MIP fraction (HKB) showed significant cytotoxicity in various cancer cells with inhibitory concentration, IC50 in the range 5.6-35.0 μl/(1.0 × 10(6) MIP cells/ml), while cytotoxicity effects were not observed in the remaining fractions. HKB did not show cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells contrary to cancerous cells, suggesting its safe usage and ability to differentially recognize between these cells. Evaluation on PARP assay further suggested that cytotoxicity in cancer cells were potentially induced via caspase-mediated apoptosis. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of MIP HKB have indicated that this fraction can be a good candidate to further identify effective anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaga Subramaniam
- Institute of Biological Science (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lionel L A In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Professor C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500046, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Professor C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500046, India
| | - Noor Hasima Nagoor
- Institute of Biological Science (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mycobacterium indicus pranii mediates macrophage activation through TLR2 and NOD2 in a MyD88 dependent manner. Vaccine 2012; 30:5748-54. [PMID: 22796586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is a non-pathogenic strain of mycobacterium and has been used as a vaccine against tuberculosis and leprosy. Here, we investigated the role of different pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of heat-killed MIP by macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with MIP caused upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (like TNFα and IL-1β) which was mediated through both TLR2 and NOD2, as revealed by our knockdown and/or knockout studies. Mechanistically, MIP-induced macrophage activation was shown to result in NF-κB activation and drastically abrogated by MyD88 deficiency, suggesting its regulation via an MyD88-dependent, NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, the IFN-inducible cytokine, CXCL10, which is known target of the TRIF-dependent TLR pathway was found to be upregulated in response to MIP but, in an MyD88-dependent manner. Collectively, these results demonstrate macrophages to recognize and respond to MIP through a TLR2, NOD2 and an MyD88-dependent pathway. However, further studies should clarify whether additional TLR-dependent or -independent pathways also exist in regulating the full spectrum of MIP action on macrophage activation.
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Kapusetti G, Misra N, Singh V, Kushwaha RK, Maiti P. Bone cement/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites as potential biomaterials for joint implant. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3363-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Kapusetti
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Nira Misra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Vakil Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - R. K. Kushwaha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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Pandey RK, Dahiya Y, Sodhi A. Mycobacterium indicus pranii downregulates MMP-9 and iNOS through COX-2 dependent and TNF-α independent pathway in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:348-56. [PMID: 22138502 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the popular belief that granulomas are innate immune mechanism to restrict mycobacterial growth, evidences suggest that granulomas facilitate growth of Mycobacterium by recruiting large numbers of uninfected macrophages to the site of infection. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to be directly involved in recruitment of macrophages at the site of infection, contributing to nascent granuloma maturation and bacterial growth. In this manuscript it is reported that heat-killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) leads to a significant downregulation of MMP-9 in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The downregulation of MMP-9 is mediated through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but independent of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). By limiting nuclear to cytoplasmic export of COX-2 and iNOS transcripts, MIP inhibits excessively-high levels of nitric oxide which can be damaging to the host during acute phases of infection. MIP has been shown to provide clinical improvement in all phases of leprosy and used for treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis.
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