1
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Das S, Goswami AM, Saha T. An insight into the role of protein kinases as virulent factors, regulating pathogenic attributes in Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Tikhomirova TS, Matyunin MA, Lobanov MY, Galzitskaya OV. In-depth analysis of amino acid and nucleotide sequences of Hsp60: how conserved is this protein? Proteins 2021; 90:1119-1141. [PMID: 34964171 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonin Hsp60, as a protein found in all organisms, is of great interest in medicine, since it is present in many tissues and can be used both as a drug and as an object of targeted therapy. Hence, Hsp60 deserves a fundamental comparative analysis to assess its evolutionary characteristics. It was found that the percent identity of Hsp60 amino acid sequences both within and between phyla was not high enough to identify Hsp60s as highly conserved proteins. However, their ATP binding sites are largely conserved. The amino acid composition of Hsp60s remained relatively constant. At the same time, the analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed that GC content in the Hsp60 genes was comparable to or greater than the genomic values, which may indicate a high resistance to mutations due to tight control of the nucleotide composition by DNA repair systems. Natural selection plays a dominant role in the evolution of Hsp60 genes. The degree of mutational pressure affecting the Hsp60 genes is quite low, and its direction does not depend on taxonomy. Interestingly, for the Hsp60 genes from Chordata, Arthropoda, and Proteobacteria the exact direction of mutational pressure could not be determined. However, upon further division into classes, it was found that the direction of the mutational pressure for Hsp60 genes from Fish differs from that for other chordates. The direction of the mutational pressure affects the synonymous codon usage bias. The number of high and low represented codons increases with increasing GC content, which can improve codon usage. Special server has been created for bioinformatics analysis of Hsp60: http://oka.protres.ru:4202/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Tikhomirova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maxim A Matyunin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Michail Yu Lobanov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Oxana V Galzitskaya
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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3
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Yaakoub H, Sanchez NS, Ongay-Larios L, Courdavault V, Calenda A, Bouchara JP, Coria R, Papon N. The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in fungi †. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:657-695. [PMID: 34893006 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2011834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While fungi are widely occupying nature, many species are responsible for devastating mycosis in humans. Such niche diversity explains how quick fungal adaptation is necessary to endow the capacity of withstanding fluctuating environments and to cope with host-imposed conditions. Among all the molecular mechanisms evolved by fungi, the most studied one is the activation of the phosphorelay signalling pathways, of which the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway constitutes one of the key molecular apparatus underpinning fungal adaptation and virulence. In this review, we summarize the seminal knowledge of the HOG pathway with its more recent developments. We specifically described the HOG-mediated stress adaptation, with a particular focus on osmotic and oxidative stress, and point out some lags in our understanding of its involvement in the virulence of pathogenic species including, the medically important fungi Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, compared to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we also highlighted some possible applications of the HOG pathway modifications to improve the fungal-based production of natural products in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Yaakoub
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Norma Silvia Sanchez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Ongay-Larios
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Roberto Coria
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
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4
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2,3,4-Triaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ones as p38 MAPK Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061745. [PMID: 33804659 PMCID: PMC8003627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of azastilbene derivatives, characterized by the presence of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-one system as a linker of the two aromatic rings of stilbenes, have been prepared as novel potential inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Biological assays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds are endowed with good inhibitory activity towards the kinase. Molecular modeling data support the biological results showing that the designed compounds possess a reasonable binding mode in the ATP binding pocket of p38α kinase with a good binding affinity.
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5
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Nicola AM, Albuquerque P, Paes HC, Fernandes L, Costa FF, Kioshima ES, Abadio AKR, Bocca AL, Felipe MS. Antifungal drugs: New insights in research & development. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:21-38. [PMID: 30347212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for better antifungal therapy is commonly accepted in view of the high mortality rates associated with systemic infections, the low number of available antifungal classes, their associated toxicity and the increasing number of infections caused by strains with natural or acquired resistance. The urgency to expand the range of therapeutic options for the treatment of fungal infections has led researchers in recent decades to seek alternative antifungal targets when compared to the conventional ones currently used. Although new potential targets are reported, translating the discoveries from bench to bedside is a long process and most of these drugs fail to reach the patients. In this review, we discuss the development of antifungal drugs focusing on the approach of drug repurposing and the search for novel drugs for classical targets, the most recently described gene targets for drug development, the possibilities of immunotherapy using antibodies, cytokines, therapeutic vaccines and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Brasília Medical School, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F Costa
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; MATTER, Chicago, IL, USA; Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Rodrigues Abadio
- School for Applied Social and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Mutum Campus, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brazil.
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6
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Liu N, Tu J, Dong G, Wang Y, Sheng C. Emerging New Targets for the Treatment of Resistant Fungal Infections. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5484-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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7
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McCarthy MW, Kontoyiannis DP, Cornely OA, Perfect JR, Walsh TJ. Novel Agents and Drug Targets to Meet the Challenges of Resistant Fungi. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S474-S483. [PMID: 28911042 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant fungi poses a major threat to human health. Despite advances in preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions, resistant fungal infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with compromised immunity, underscoring the urgent need for new antifungal agents. In this article, we review the challenges associated with identifying broad-spectrum antifungal drugs and highlight novel targets that could enhance the armamentarium of agents available to treat drug-resistant invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McCarthy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Department I of Internal Medicine, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Potential Targets for Antifungal Drug Discovery Based on Growth and Virulence in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26195510 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00726-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, especially infections caused by Candida albicans, remain a challenging problem in clinical settings. Despite the development of more-effective antifungal drugs, their application is limited for various reasons. Thus, alternative treatments with drugs aimed at novel targets in C. albicans are needed. Knowledge of growth and virulence in fungal cells is essential not only to understand their pathogenic mechanisms but also to identify potential antifungal targets. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms of growth and virulence in C. albicans and examines potential targets for the development of new antifungal drugs.
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Kejžar A, Cibic M, Grøtli M, Plemenitaš A, Lenassi M. The unique characteristics of HOG pathway MAPKs in the extremely halotolerant Hortaea werneckii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv046. [PMID: 25825474 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HwHog1A/B, Hortaea werneckii homologues of the MAP kinase Hog1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are vital for the extreme halotolerance of H. werneckii. In mesophilic S. cerevisiae, Hog1 is phosphorylated already at low osmolyte concentrations, and regulates expression of a similar set of genes independent of osmolyte type. To understand how HwHog1 kinases activity is regulated in H. werneckii, we studied HwHog1A/B activation in vivo, by following phosphorylation of HwHog1A/B in H. werneckii exposed to various osmolytes, and in vitro, by measuring kinase activities of recombinant HwHog1A, HwHog1B and Hog1ΔC. To this end, highly pure and soluble recombinant Hog1 homologues were isolated from insect cells. Our results demonstrate that HwHog1A/B are, in general, transiently phosphorylated in cells shocked with ≥3 M osmolyte, yet constitutive phosphorylation is observed at extreme NaCl and KCl concentrations. Importantly, phosphorylation profiles differ depending on the osmolyte type. Additionally, phosphorylated recombinant HwHog1A/B show lower specific kinase activities compared to Hog1ΔC. In summary, HOG pathway MAPKs in the extremely halotolerant H. werneckii show unique characteristics compared to S. cerevisiae homologues. The reported findings contribute to defining the key determinants of H. werneckii osmotolerance, which is important for its potential transfer to economically relevant microorganisms and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kejžar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Cibic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Plemenitaš
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Kejžar A, Grötli M, Tamás MJ, Plemenitaš A, Lenassi M. HwHog1 kinase activity is crucial for survival of Hortaea werneckii in extremely hyperosmolar environments. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 74:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Talemi SR, Jacobson T, Garla V, Navarrete C, Wagner A, Tamás MJ, Schaber J. Mathematical modelling of arsenic transport, distribution and detoxification processes in yeast. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:1343-56. [PMID: 24798644 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic has a dual role as causative and curative agent of human disease. Therefore, there is considerable interest in elucidating arsenic toxicity and detoxification mechanisms. By an ensemble modelling approach, we identified a best parsimonious mathematical model which recapitulates and predicts intracellular arsenic dynamics for different conditions and mutants, thereby providing novel insights into arsenic toxicity and detoxification mechanisms in yeast, which could partly be confirmed experimentally by dedicated experiments. Specifically, our analyses suggest that: (i) arsenic is mainly protein-bound during short-term (acute) exposure, whereas glutathione-conjugated arsenic dominates during long-term (chronic) exposure, (ii) arsenic is not stably retained, but can leave the vacuole via an export mechanism, and (iii) Fps1 is controlled by Hog1-dependent and Hog1-independent mechanisms during arsenite stress. Our results challenge glutathione depletion as a key mechanism for arsenic toxicity and instead suggest that (iv) increased glutathione biosynthesis protects the proteome against the damaging effects of arsenic and that (v) widespread protein inactivation contributes to the toxicity of this metalloid. Our work in yeast may prove useful to elucidate similar mechanisms in higher eukaryotes and have implications for the use of arsenic in medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Rastgou Talemi
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Veide Vilg J, Dahal S, Ljungdahl T, Grøtli M, Tamás MJ. Application of a peptide-based assay to characterize inhibitors targeting protein kinases from yeast. Curr Genet 2014; 60:193-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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A Single-Cell Study of a Highly Effective Hog1 Inhibitor for in Situ Yeast Cell Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/mi5010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Lee J, Reiter W, Dohnal I, Gregori C, Beese-Sims S, Kuchler K, Ammerer G, Levin DE. MAPK Hog1 closes the S. cerevisiae glycerol channel Fps1 by phosphorylating and displacing its positive regulators. Genes Dev 2014; 27:2590-601. [PMID: 24298058 PMCID: PMC3861672 DOI: 10.1101/gad.229310.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The yeast aquagylceroporin Fps1 is a key regulator of glycerol transport in response to changes in extracellular osmolarity. Here, Lee et al. delineate how the MAPK Hog1 and glycerol channel regulators Rgc1/2 control Fps1 channel activity. The authors show that Rgc2 maintains Fps1 in an open channel state via split pleckstrin homology domains within both proteins. Hog1 induces Fbs1 channel closure by binding Fps1 and phosphorylating the activating subunit Rgc2. This study reveals a new aspect of spatial control mechanisms used by MAPKs to regulate their targets. The aquaglyceroprin Fps1 is responsible for glycerol transport in yeast in response to changes in extracellular osmolarity. Control of Fps1 channel activity in response to hyperosmotic shock involves a redundant pair of regulators, Rgc1 (regulator of the glycerol channel 1) and Rgc2, and the MAPK Hog1 (high-osmolarity glycerol response 1). However, the mechanism by which these factors influence channel activity is unknown. We show that Rgc2 maintains Fps1 in the open channel state in the absence of osmotic stress by binding to its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. This interaction involves a tripartite pleckstrin homology (PH) domain within Rgc2 and a partial PH domain within Fps1. Activation of Hog1 in response to hyperosmotic shock induces the rapid eviction of Rgc2 from Fps1 and consequent channel closure. Hog1 was recruited to the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Fps1, which it uses as a platform from which to multiply phosphorylate Rgc2. Thus, these results reveal the mechanism by which Hog1 regulates Fps1 in response to hyperosmotic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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15
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Poon JF, Alao JP, Sunnerhagen P, Dinér P. Azastilbenes: a cut-off to p38 MAPK inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4526-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Reiter W, Anrather D, Dohnal I, Pichler P, Veis J, Grøtli M, Posas F, Ammerer G. Validation of regulated protein phosphorylation events in yeast by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of purified proteins. Proteomics 2012; 12:3030-43. [PMID: 22890988 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Global phosphoproteomic studies based on MS have generated qualitative and quantitative data describing protein phosphorylation events in various biological systems. Since high-throughput data for protein modifications are inherently incomplete, we developed a strategy to extend and validate such primary datasets. We selected interesting protein candidates from a global screen in yeast and employed a modified histidine biotin tag that allows tandem affinity purifications of our targets under denaturing conditions. Products in question can be digested directly from affinity resins and phosphopeptides can be further enriched via TiO(2) before MS analysis. Our robust protocol can be amended for SILAC as well as iTRAQ quantifications or label-free approaches based on selective reaction monitoring, allowing completion of the phosphorylation pattern in a first step, followed by a detailed analysis of the phosphorylation kinetics. We exemplify the value of such a strategy by an in-depth analysis of Pan1, a highly phosphorylated factor involved in early steps of endocytosis. The study of Pan1 under osmotic stress conditions in different mutant backgrounds allowed us to differentiate between mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1 driven and Hog1 independent stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Reiter
- Department for Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Liu Q, Ren T, Fresques T, Oppliger W, Niles BJ, Hur W, Sabatini DM, Hall MN, Powers T, Gray NS. Selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of TOR suppress rapamycin-insensitive function of TORC2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:982-7. [PMID: 22496512 DOI: 10.1021/cb300058v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a critical regulator of growth, survival, and energy metabolism. The allosteric TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin has been used extensively to elucidate the TOR related signal pathway but is limited by its inability to inhibit TORC2. We used an unbiased cell proliferation assay of a kinase inhibitor library to discover QL-IX-55 as a potent inhibitor of S. cerevisiae growth. The functional target of QL-IX-55 is the ATP-binding site of TOR2 as evidenced by the discovery of resistant alleles of TOR2 through rational design and unbiased selection strategies. QL-IX-55 is capable of potently inhibiting both TOR complex 1 and 2 (TORC1 and TORC2) as demonstrated by biochemical IP kinase assays (IC(50) <50 nM) and cellular assays for inhibition of substrate YPK1 phosphorylation. In contrast to rapamycin, QL-IX-55 is capable of inhibiting TORC2-dependent transcription, which suggests that this compound will be a powerful probe to dissect the Tor2/TORC2-related signaling pathway in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biology Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tao Ren
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tara Fresques
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Brad J. Niles
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biology Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biology Chemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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