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Bian J, Kim S, Kane SJ, Crowell J, Sun JL, Christiansen J, Saijo E, Moreno JA, DiLisio J, Burnett E, Pritzkow S, Gorski D, Soto C, Kreeger TJ, Balachandran A, Mitchell G, Miller MW, Nonno R, Vikøren T, Våge J, Madslien K, Tran L, Vuong TT, Benestad SL, Telling GC. Adaptive selection of a prion strain conformer corresponding to established North American CWD during propagation of novel emergent Norwegian strains in mice expressing elk or deer prion protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009748. [PMID: 34310663 PMCID: PMC8341702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins causing fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans. Replication involves template-directed refolding of host encoded prion protein, PrPC, by its infectious conformation, PrPSc. Following its discovery in captive Colorado deer in 1967, uncontrollable contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) led to an expanded geographic range in increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American (NA) cervids. Some five decades later, detection of PrPSc in free-ranging Norwegian (NO) reindeer and moose marked the first indication of CWD in Europe. To assess the properties of these emergent NO prions and compare them with NA CWD we used transgenic (Tg) and gene targeted (Gt) mice expressing PrP with glutamine (Q) or glutamate (E) at residue 226, a variation in wild type cervid PrP which influences prion strain selection in NA deer and elk. Transmissions of NO moose and reindeer prions to Tg and Gt mice recapitulated the characteristic features of CWD in natural hosts, revealing novel prion strains with disease kinetics, neuropathological profiles, and capacities to infect lymphoid tissues and cultured cells that were distinct from those causing NA CWD. In support of strain variation, PrPSc conformers comprising emergent NO moose and reindeer CWD were subject to selective effects imposed by variation at residue 226 that were different from those controlling established NA CWD. Transmission of particular NO moose CWD prions in mice expressing E at 226 resulted in selection of a kinetically optimized conformer, subsequent transmission of which revealed properties consistent with NA CWD. These findings illustrate the potential for adaptive selection of strain conformers with improved fitness during propagation of unstable NO prions. Their potential for contagious transmission has implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD. Finally, we found that Gt mice expressing physiologically controlled PrP levels recapitulated the lymphotropic properties of naturally occurring CWD strains resulting in improved susceptibilities to emergent NO reindeer prions compared with over-expressing Tg counterparts. These findings underscore the refined advantages of Gt models for exploring the mechanisms and impacts of strain selection in peripheral compartments during natural prion transmission. Prions cause fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. They are composed of an infectious, neurotoxic protein (PrP) which replicates by imposing pathogenic conformations on its normal, host-encoded counterpart. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious prion disorder threatening increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American deer, elk, and moose. While CWD detection in Norwegian reindeer and moose in 2016 marked the advent of disease in Europe, its origins and relationship to North American CWD were initially unclear. Here we show, using mice engineered to express deer or elk PrP, that Norwegian reindeer and moose CWD are caused by novel prion strains with properties distinct from those of North American CWD. We found that selection and propagation of North American and Norwegian CWD strains was controlled by a key amino acid residue in host PrP. We also found that particular Norwegian isolates adapted during their propagation in mice to produce prions with characteristics of the North American strain. Our findings defining the transmission profiles of novel Norwegian prions and their unstable potential to produce adapted strains with improved fitness for contagious transmission have implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenna Crowell
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julianna L. Sun
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Christiansen
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eri Saijo
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James DiLisio
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily Burnett
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sandra Pritzkow
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Damian Gorski
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry J. Kreeger
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Aru Balachandran
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael W. Miller
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nutrition and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | - Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tram Thu Vuong
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie L. Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pineau H, Sim VL. From Cell Culture to Organoids-Model Systems for Investigating Prion Strain Characteristics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010106. [PMID: 33466947 PMCID: PMC7830147 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are the hallmark protein folding neurodegenerative disease. Their transmissible nature has allowed for the development of many different cellular models of disease where prion propagation and sometimes pathology can be induced. This review examines the range of simple cell cultures to more complex neurospheres, organoid, and organotypic slice cultures that have been used to study prion disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutics. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system, giving special consideration to the importance of strains when choosing a model and when interpreting results, as not all systems propagate all strains, and in some cases, the technique used, or treatment applied, can alter the very strain properties being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Avar M, Heinzer D, Steinke N, Doğançay B, Moos R, Lugan S, Cosenza C, Hornemann S, Andréoletti O, Aguzzi A. Prion infection, transmission, and cytopathology modeled in a low-biohazard human cell line. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/8/e202000814. [PMID: 32606072 PMCID: PMC7335386 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the toolbox of prion research to a low-biohazard, scalable human cell model. Transmission of prion infectivity to susceptible murine cell lines has simplified prion titration assays and has greatly reduced the need for animal experimentation. However, murine cell models suffer from technical and biological constraints. Human cell lines might be more useful, but they are much more biohazardous and are often poorly infectible. Here, we describe the human clonal cell line hovS, which lacks the human PRNP gene and expresses instead the ovine PRNP VRQ allele. HovS cells were highly susceptible to the PG127 strain of sheep-derived murine prions, reaching up to 90% infected cells in any given culture and were maintained in a continuous infected state for at least 14 passages. Infected hovS cells produced proteinase K–resistant prion protein (PrPSc), pelletable PrP aggregates, and bona fide infectious prions capable of infecting further generations of naïve hovS cells and mice expressing the VRQ allelic variant of ovine PrPC. Infection in hovS led to prominent cytopathic vacuolation akin to the spongiform changes observed in individuals suffering from prion diseases. In addition to expanding the toolbox for prion research to human experimental genetics, the hovS cell line provides a human-derived system that does not require human prions. Hence, the manipulation of scrapie-infected hovS cells may present fewer biosafety hazards than that of genuine human prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Avar
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Heinzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Steinke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berre Doğançay
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Moos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severine Lugan
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Cosenza
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vilette D, Courte J, Peyrin JM, Coudert L, Schaeffer L, Andréoletti O, Leblanc P. Cellular mechanisms responsible for cell-to-cell spreading of prions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2557-2574. [PMID: 29761205 PMCID: PMC11105574 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prions are infectious agents that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Current evidence indicates that they are essentially composed of an abnormally folded protein (PrPSc). These abnormal aggregated PrPSc species multiply in infected cells by recruiting and converting the host PrPC protein into new PrPSc. How prions move from cell to cell and progressively spread across the infected tissue is of crucial importance and may provide experimental opportunity to delay the progression of the disease. In infected cells, different mechanisms have been identified, including release of infectious extracellular vesicles and intercellular transfer of PrPSc-containing organelles through tunneling nanotubes. These findings should allow manipulation of the intracellular trafficking events targeting PrPSc in these particular subcellular compartments to experimentally address the relative contribution of these mechanisms to in vivo prion pathogenesis. In addition, such information may prompt further experimental strategies to decipher the causal roles of protein misfolding and aggregation in other human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR1225, INRA, ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France.
| | - Josquin Courte
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, IBPS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, UMR168, UPMC, IPGG, Sorbonne Universités, 6 Rue Jean Calvin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michel Peyrin
- Neurosciences Paris Seine, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, IBPS, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Coudert
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR1225, INRA, ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Insitut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Abstract
During the course of prion infection, the normally soluble and protease-sensitive mammalian prion protein (PrPC) is refolded into an insoluble, partially protease-resistant, and infectious form called PrPSc. The conformational conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is a critical event during prion infection and is essential for the production of prion infectivity. This chapter briefly summarizes the ways in which cell biological approaches have enhanced our understanding of how PrP contributes to different aspects of prion pathogenesis.
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Dassanayake RP, Zhuang D, Truscott TC, Madsen-Bouterse SA, O'Rourke KI, Schneider DA. A transfectant RK13 cell line permissive to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. Prion 2017; 10:153-64. [PMID: 27216989 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1166324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess scrapie infectivity associated with caprine-origin tissues, bioassay can be performed using kids, lambs or transgenic mice expressing caprine or ovine prion (PRNP) alleles, but the incubation periods are fairly long. Although several classical ovine scrapie prion permissive cell lines with the ability to detect brain-derived scrapie prion have been available, no classical caprine scrapie permissive cell line is currently available. Therefore, the aims of this study were to generate a rabbit kidney epithelial cell line (RK13) stably expressing caprine wild-type PRNP (cpRK13) and then to assess permissiveness of cpRK13 cells to classical caprine scrapie prion propagation. The cpRK13 and plasmid control RK13 (pcRK13) cells were incubated with brain-derived classical caprine scrapie inocula prepared from goats or ovinized transgenic mice (Tg338, express ovine VRQ allele) infected with caprine scrapie. Significant PrP(Sc) accumulation, which is indicative of scrapie prion propagation, was detected by TSE ELISA and immunohistochemistry in cpRK13 cells inoculated with classical caprine scrapie inocula. Western blot analysis revealed the typical proteinase K-resistant 3 PrP(res) isoforms in the caprine scrapie prion inoculated cpRK13 cell lysate. Importantly, PrP(Sc) accumulation was not detected in similarly inoculated pcRK13 cells, whether by TSE ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or western blot. These findings suggest that caprine scrapie prions can be propagated in cpRK13 cells, thus this cell line may be a useful tool for the assessment of classical caprine prions in the brain tissues of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Thomas C Truscott
- b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Katherine I O'Rourke
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - David A Schneider
- a Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA ;,b Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Pullman , WA , USA
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Vella LJ, Coleman B, Hill AF. Generation of Infectious Prions and Detection with the Prion-Infected Cell Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1658:105-118. [PMID: 28861786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7244-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines propagating prions are an efficient and useful means for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in prion disease. Utilization of cell-based models has led to the finding that PrPC and PrPSc are released from cells in association with extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Exosomes have been shown to act as vehicles for infectivity, transferring infectivity between cell lines and providing a mechanism for prion spread between tissues. Here, we describe the methods for generating a prion-propagating cell line with prion-infected brain homogenate, cell lysate, conditioned media, and exosomes and also detection of protease-resistant PrP with the prion-infected cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley Coleman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Leblanc P, Arellano-Anaya ZE, Bernard E, Gallay L, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Vilette D. Isolation of Exosomes and Microvesicles from Cell Culture Systems to Study Prion Transmission. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1545:153-176. [PMID: 27943213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of microvesicles and exosomes. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (40-120 nm sized) of endosomal origin released in the extracellular medium from cells when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane, whereas microvesicles (i.e., shedding vesicles, 100 nm to 1 μm sized) bud from the plasma membrane. Exosomes and microvesicles carry functional proteins and nucleic acids (especially mRNAs and microRNAs) that can be transferred to surrounding cells and tissues and can impact multiple dimensions of the cellular life. Most of the cells, if not all, from neuronal to immune cells, release exosomes and microvesicles in the extracellular medium, and all biological fluids including blood (serum/plasma), urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva contain EVs.Prion-infected cultured cells are known to secrete infectivity into their environment. We characterized this cell-free form of prions and showed that infectivity was associated with exosomes. Since exosomes are produced by a variety of cells, including cells that actively accumulate prions, they could be a vehicle for infectivity in body fluids and could participate to the dissemination of prions in the organism. In addition, such infectious exosomes also represent a natural, simple, biological material to get key information on the abnormal PrP forms associated with infectivity.In this chapter, we describe first a method that allows exosomes and microvesicles isolation from prion-infected cell cultures and in a second time the strategies to characterize the prions containing exosomes and their ability to disseminate the prion agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France.
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France.
| | | | | | - Laure Gallay
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS UMR5239, LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), CNRS UMR5310 - INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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Arellano-Anaya ZE, Huor A, Leblanc P, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Expression of Heterologous PrP and Prion Propagation in RK13 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1658:95-104. [PMID: 28861785 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7244-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cells are valuable models to study prion infections at the cellular level. Unfortunately, the vast majority of cell lines are resistant to the propagation of prion agents. The rabbit epithelial RK13 cell line is among the few cell lines permissive to prion infection. When genetically engineered to express heterologous PrP proteins, RK13 cells become permissive to several strains of prions from various animal species. Here, we describe the generation of stable RK13 cell clones expressing a heterologous PrP protein in an inducible manner, the establishment and maintenance of chronically infected cultures, and the selection of cell clones suitable for cell-based titration of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira E Arellano-Anaya
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France.
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076, Toulouse, France.
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10
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Vilette D, Laulagnier K, Huor A, Alais S, Simoes S, Maryse R, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Andreoletti O, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Leblanc P. Efficient inhibition of infectious prions multiplication and release by targeting the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4409-27. [PMID: 26047659 PMCID: PMC11113226 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles of endosomal origin present in biological fluids. Exosomes may serve as shuttles for amyloidogenic proteins, notably infectious prions, and may participate in their spreading in vivo. To explore the significance of the exosome pathway on prion infectivity and release, we investigated the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and the need for ceramide, both involved in exosome biogenesis. Silencing of HRS-ESCRT-0 subunit drastically impairs the formation of cellular infectious prion due to an altered trafficking of cholesterol. Depletion of Tsg101-ESCRT-I subunit or impairment of the production of ceramide significantly strongly decreases infectious prion release. Together, our data reveal that ESCRT-dependent and -independent pathways can concomitantly regulate the exosomal secretion of infectious prion, showing that both pathways operate for the exosomal trafficking of a particular cargo. These data open up a new avenue to regulate prion release and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France.
| | - Karine Laulagnier
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
- Inserm, U836, Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, UCBL, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Romao Maryse
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France.
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11
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Arellano-Anaya ZE, Huor A, Leblanc P, Lehmann S, Provansal M, Raposo G, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Prion strains are differentially released through the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1185-96. [PMID: 25227242 PMCID: PMC11113346 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transfer of prions is a crucial step in the spreading of prion infection through infected tissue. At the cellular level, several distinct pathways including direct cell-cell contacts and release of various types of infectious extracellular vesicles have been described that may potentially lead to infection of naïve cells. The relative contribution of these pathways and whether they may vary depending on the prion strain and/or on the infected cell type are not yet known. In this study we used a single cell type (RK13) infected with three different prion strains. We showed that in each case, most of the extracellular prions resulted from active cell secretion through the exosomal pathway. Further, quantitative analysis of secreted infectivity indicated that the proportion of prions eventually secreted was dramatically dependent on the prion strain. Our data also highlight that infectious exosomes secreted from cultured cells might represent a biologically pertinent material for spiking experiments. Also discussed is the appealing possibility that abnormal PrP from different prion strains may differentially interact with the cellular machinery to promote secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira E. Arellano-Anaya
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
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12
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hTERT-immortalized ovine microglia propagate natural scrapie isolates. Virus Res 2015; 198:35-43. [PMID: 25592246 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo propagation of natural prion isolates (i.e., propagated solely in the natural host) is crucial for the characterization and study of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Several well-established, prion-permissive cell culture systems are available; however, only a few cell lines are permissive to natural prion isolates and these cells are not pathophysiologically relevant (e.g., renal epithelium and fibroblast-like cells). Therefore, a pathophysiologically relevant cell line derived from a natural TSE host could be used for propagation of natural prion isolates. In this study, ovine brain macrophages (microglia) were immortalized by transfection with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene to identify cell lines (hTERT-microglia) permissive to natural scrapie prion isolates. Following transfection, hTERT-microglia were passaged up to 100 times and their lifespan was significantly longer compared to parental cells (Fisher's exact test, P<0.001). Multiple sublines were permissive to cell culture-adapted prions; two sublines were also permissive to natural scrapie isolates (i.e., derived from brain homogenates of sheep infected with scrapie). Prion infectivity and partial protease resistance of the prion protein were maintained in hTERT-microglia. Comparisons between scrapie-permissive and non-permissive hTERT-microglia sublines revealed that overall quantity of the normal cellular prion protein was not associated with prion permissiveness. The use of hTERT-microglia in future TSE studies may be more germane to the characterization of the cellular and subcellular pathophysiology of natural scrapie prion isolates and to investigate host-specific factors involved in prion replication.
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13
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Oelschlegel AM, Geissen M, Lenk M, Riebe R, Angermann M, Schaetzl H, Groschup MH. A bovine cell line that can be infected by natural sheep scrapie prions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117154. [PMID: 25565633 PMCID: PMC4286239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture systems represent a crucial part in basic prion research; yet, cell lines that are susceptible to prions, especially to field isolated prions that were not adapted to rodents, are very rare. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a cell line that was susceptible to ruminant-derived prions and to establish a stable prion infection within it. Based on species and tissue of origin as well as PrP expression rate, we pre-selected a total of 33 cell lines that were then challenged with natural and with mouse propagated BSE or scrapie inocula. Here, we report the successful infection of a non-transgenic bovine cell line, a sub-line of the bovine kidney cell line MDBK, with natural sheep scrapie prions. This cell line retained the scrapie infection for more than 200 passages. Selective cloning resulted in cell populations with increased accumulation of PrPres, although this treatment was not mandatory for retaining the infection. The infection remained stable, even under suboptimal culture conditions. The resulting infectivity of the cells was confirmed by mouse bioassay (Tgbov mice, Tgshp mice). We believe that PES cells used together with other prion permissive cell lines will prove a valuable tool for ongoing efforts to understand and defeat prions and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M. Oelschlegel
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
- Project Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Geissen
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Hamburg, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Roland Riebe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Marlies Angermann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
- Administrative District Office Goerlitz, Goerlitz, Germany
| | - Hermann Schaetzl
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Isle of Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Halliez S, Jaumain E, Huor A, Douet JY, Lugan S, Cassard H, Lacroux C, Béringue V, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. White blood cell-based detection of asymptomatic scrapie infection by ex vivo assays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104287. [PMID: 25122456 PMCID: PMC4133197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion transmission can occur by blood transfusion in human variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in experimental animal models, including sheep. Screening of blood and its derivatives for the presence of prions became therefore a major public health issue. As infectious titer in blood is reportedly low, highly sensitive and robust methods are required to detect prions in blood and blood derived products. The objectives of this study were to compare different methods--in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays--to detect prion infectivity in cells prepared from blood samples obtained from scrapie infected sheep at different time points of the disease. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and bioassays in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein were the most efficient methods to identify infected animals at any time of the disease (asymptomatic to terminally-ill stages). However scrapie cell and cerebellar organotypic slice culture assays designed to replicate ovine prions in culture also allowed detection of prion infectivity in blood cells from asymptomatic sheep. These findings confirm that white blood cells are appropriate targets for preclinical detection and introduce ex vivo tools to detect blood infectivity during the asymptomatic stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Halliez
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Jaumain
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Yves Douet
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Lugan
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Cassard
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Lacroux
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beekes
- Applied Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Leunda A, Van Vaerenbergh B, Baldo A, Roels S, Herman P. Laboratory activities involving transmissible spongiform encephalopathy causing agents: risk assessment and biosafety recommendations in Belgium. Prion 2013; 7:420-33. [PMID: 24055928 PMCID: PMC3904386 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the appearance in 1986 of epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a new form of neurological disease in cattle which also affected human beings, many diagnostic and research activities have been performed to develop detection and therapeutic tools. A lot of progress was made in better identifying, understanding and controlling the spread of the disease by appropriate monitoring and control programs in European countries. This paper reviews the recent knowledge on pathogenesis, transmission and persistence outside the host of prion, the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in mammals with a particular focus on risk (re)assessment and management of biosafety measures to be implemented in diagnostic and research laboratories in Belgium. Also, in response to the need of an increasing number of European diagnostic laboratories stopping TSE diagnosis due to a decreasing number of TSE cases reported in the last years, decontamination procedures and a protocol for decommissioning TSE diagnostic laboratories is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Leunda
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Aline Baldo
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Orientation and Veterinary Support; National Reference Laboratory for TSE (Belgium & Luxemburg); Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit; Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique; Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Boerner S, Wagenführ K, Daus ML, Thomzig A, Beekes M. Towards further reduction and replacement of animal bioassays in prion research by cell and protein misfolding cyclic amplification assays. Lab Anim 2013; 47:106-15. [PMID: 23479773 DOI: 10.1177/0023677213476856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory animals have long since been used extensively in bioassays for prions in order to quantify, usually in terms of median infective doses [ID50], how infectious these pathogens are in vivo. The identification of aberrant prion protein as the main component and self-replicating principle of prions has given rise to alternative approaches for prion titration. Such approaches often use protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) for the cell-free biochemical measurement of prion-associated seeding activity, or cell assays for the titration of in vitro infectivity. However, median seeding and cell culture infective doses (SD50 and CCID50, respectively) of prions are neither formally congruent nor definitely representative for ID50 titres in animals and can be therefore only tentatively translated into the latter. This may potentially impede the acceptance and use of alternative methods to animal bioassays in prion research. Thus, we suggest performing PMCA and cell assays jointly, and to check whether these profoundly different test principles deliver consistent results in order to strengthen the reliability and credibility of prion ID50 assessments by in vitro methods. With regard to this rationale, we describe three pairs of PMCA and glial cell assays for different hamster-adapted prion agents (the frequently used 263K scrapie strain, and 22A-H scrapie and BSE-H). In addition, we report on the adaptation of quantitative PMCA to human variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) prions on steel wires for prion disinfection studies. Our rationale and methodology can be systematically extended to other types of prions and used to further reduce or replace prion bioassays in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Boerner
- Work Group Unconventional Pathogens and Their Inactivation, Division of Applied Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Cellular aspects of prion replication in vitro. Viruses 2013; 5:374-405. [PMID: 23340381 PMCID: PMC3564126 DOI: 10.3390/v5010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in mammals that are caused by unconventional agents predominantly composed of aggregated misfolded prion protein (PrP). Prions self-propagate by recruitment of host-encoded PrP into highly ordered β-sheet rich aggregates. Prion strains differ in their clinical, pathological and biochemical characteristics and are likely to be the consequence of distinct abnormal prion protein conformers that stably replicate their alternate states in the host cell. Understanding prion cell biology is fundamental for identifying potential drug targets for disease intervention. The development of permissive cell culture models has greatly enhanced our knowledge on entry, propagation and dissemination of TSE agents. However, despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of prion infection and potential strain effects remain enigmatic. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell biology and propagation of prions derived from cell culture experiments. We discuss recent findings on the trafficking of cellular and pathologic PrP, the potential sites of abnormal prion protein synthesis and potential co-factors involved in prion entry and propagation.
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19
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Sobrova P, Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Capillary electromigration based techniques in diagnostics of prion protein caused diseases. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3644-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
The human cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored membrane glycoprotein with two N-glycosylation sites at residues 181 and 197. This protein migrates in several bands by Western blot analysis (WB). Interestingly, PNGase F treatment of human brain homogenates prior to the WB, which is known to remove the N-glycosylations, unexpectedly gives rise to two dominant bands, which are now known as C-terminal (C1) and N-terminal (N1) fragments. This resembles the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer disease (AD), which can be physiologically processed by α-, β-, and γ-secretases. The processing of APP has been extensively studied, while the identity of the cellular proteases involved in the proteolysis of PrP(C) and their possible role in prion biology has remained limited and controversial. Nevertheless, there is a strong correlation between the neurotoxicity caused by prion proteins and the blockade of their normal proteolysis. For example, expression of non-cleavable PrP(C) mutants in transgenic mice generates neurotoxicity, even in the absence of infectious prions, suggesting that PrP(C) proteolysis is physiologically and pathologically important. As many mouse models of prion diseases have recently been developed and the knowledge about the proteases responsible for the PrP(C) proteolysis is accumulating, we examine the historical experimental evidence and highlight recent studies that shed new light on this issue.
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Makarava N, Savtchenko R, Alexeeva I, Rohwer RG, Baskakov IV. Fast and ultrasensitive method for quantitating prion infectivity titre. Nat Commun 2012; 3:741. [PMID: 22415832 PMCID: PMC3518416 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay by end-point dilution has been used for decades for routine determination of prion infectivity titre. Here we show that the new protein misfolding cyclic amplification with beads (PMCAb) technique can be used to estimate titres of the infection-specific forms of the prion protein with a higher level of precision and in 3-6 days as opposed to 2 years, when compared with the bioassay. For two hamster strains, 263 K and SSLOW, the median reactive doses determined by PCMAb (PMCAb(50)) were found to be 10(12.8) and 10(12.2) per gram of brain tissue, which are 160- and 4,000-fold higher than the corresponding median infectious dose (ID(50)) values measured by bioassay. The 10(2)- to 10(3)-fold differences between ID(50) and PMCAb(50) values could be due to a large excess of PMCAb-reactive prion protein seeds with little or no infectivity. Alternatively, the differences between ID(50) and PMCAb(50) could be due to higher rate of clearance of infection-specific prion protein seeds in animals versus PMCAb reactions. A well-calibrated PMCAb reaction can be an efficient and cost-effective method for the estimation of infection-specific prion protein titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore 21201, USA
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22
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Savistchenko J, Arellano-Anaya ZE, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Mammalian prions: tracking the infectious entities. Prion 2011; 5:84-7. [PMID: 21597318 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.2.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is central to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Among these disorders, prion diseases are unique because they are transmissible. The conversion of the host-encoded GPI-anchored PrP protein into a structurally altered form is crucially associated with the infectious and neurotoxic properties of the resulting abnormal PrP. Many lines of evidence indicate that distinct aggregated forms with different size and protease resistance are produced during prion multiplication. The recent isolation of various subsets of abnormal PrP, along with the improved biochemical tools and infectivity detection assays have shed light on the diversity of abnormal PrP protein and may give insights into the features of the more infectious subsets of abnormal PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Savistchenko
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
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