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Levanets A, Janse van Vuuren S. Morphology, taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of Micrasteriasfoliacea Bailey ex Ralfs (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae). PHYTOKEYS 2023; 226:33-51. [PMID: 37207079 PMCID: PMC10189646 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Micrasteriasfoliacea (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae) is an interesting desmid species as its filamentous life form is quite different from all other species within the genus. Due to the large size of the filaments and cells, accurate species identification is easy. After its original description from Rhode Island (USA) it was recorded from five continents, but no record could be found of its presence in Europe. In this paper a review of the worldwide distribution of M.foliacea (Desmidiales, Zygnematophyceae) is presented, together with notes on the species' ecology. In addition to its currently known geographical distribution, the paper also records the species' presence at two new locations in southern Africa, namely Botswana (Okavango River) and Mozambique (Palma, Cabo Delgado). The paper presents a discussion of taxonomical levels of intraspecific taxa, based on morphological characteristics. It is proposed that the taxonomical status of M.foliaceaBailey ex Ralfsf.nodosa should be raised to the variety, as its nodular cell wall thickenings are unique morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Levanets
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South AfricaNorth-West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Sanet Janse van Vuuren
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South AfricaNorth-West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
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Polinski JM, Bucci JP, Gasser M, Bodnar AG. Metabarcoding assessment of prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa in sediments from Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14820. [PMID: 31616016 PMCID: PMC6794287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) in the Gulf of Maine is a historic fishing ground renowned for remarkable productivity. Biodiversity conservation is a key management priority for SBNMS and yet data on the diversity of microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, is lacking. This study utilized next generation sequencing to characterize sedimentary communities within SBNMS at three sites over two seasons. Targeting 16S and 18S small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes and fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences, samples contained high diversity at all taxonomic levels and identified 127 phyla, including 115 not previously represented in the SBNMS Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. A majority of the diversity was bacterial, with 59 phyla, but also represented were nine Archaea, 18 Animalia, 14 Chromista, eight Protozoa, two Plantae, and 17 Fungi phyla. Samples from different sites and seasons were dominated by the same high abundance organisms but displayed considerable variation in rare taxa. The levels of biodiversity seen on this small spatial scale suggest that benthic communities of this area support a diverse array of micro- and macro-organisms, and provide a baseline for future studies to assess changes in community structure in response to rapid warming in the Gulf of Maine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Bucci
- Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Inc. Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA.,School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mark Gasser
- Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Inc. Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA.,The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea G Bodnar
- Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Inc. Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Zorz J, Willis C, Comeau AM, Langille MGI, Johnson CL, Li WKW, LaRoche J. Drivers of Regional Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:281. [PMID: 30846975 PMCID: PMC6393369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental role of bacteria in global biogeochemical cycles warrants a thorough understanding of the factors controlling bacterial community structure. In this study, the integrated effect of seasonal differences and spatial distribution on bacterial community structure and diversity were investigated at the regional scale. We conducted a comprehensive bacterial survey, with 451 samples of the Scotian Shelf sector of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean during spring and fall of 2014 and 2016, to analyze the effects of physicochemical gradients on bacterial community structure. Throughout the region, Pelagibacteraceae and Rhodobacteraceae were the most common in the free-living fraction, while Flavobacteriia and Deltaproteobacteria were more abundant in the particle-associated fraction. Overall, there was strong covariation of the microbial community diversity from the two size fractions. This relationship existed despite the statistically significant difference in community structure between the free-living and particle-associated size fractions. In both size fractions, distribution patterns of bacterial taxa, and species within taxa, displayed temporal and spatial preferences. Distinct bacterial assemblages specific to season and depth in the water column were identified. These distinct assemblages, consistent for both 2014 and 2016, suggested replicable patterns in microbial communities for spring and fall in this region. Over all sites, temperature and oxygen values were highly correlated with community similarity, and salinity and oxygen values were the most strongly positively- and negatively correlated with alpha diversity, respectively. However, the strengths of these correlations depended on the depth and season sampled. The bathymetry of the Scotian Shelf, the abrupt shelf break to the Scotian Slope and the major ocean currents dominating in the region led to the formation of distinct on-shelf and off-shelf bacterial communities both in spring and fall. The highest species richness was observed at the shelf break, where water masses from the two major currents meet. Our study establishes the baseline for assessing future changes in the bacterial community of the Scotian Shelf waters, a rapidly changing sector of the Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Zorz
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ciara Willis
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - André M Comeau
- CGEB-Integrated Microbiome Resource, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Morgan G I Langille
- CGEB-Integrated Microbiome Resource, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Catherine L Johnson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - William K W Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Julie LaRoche
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Harding G, Dalziel J, Vass P. Bioaccumulation of methylmercury within the marine food web of the outer Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197220. [PMID: 30011281 PMCID: PMC6047777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury and methylmercury were measured in seawater and biota collected from the outer Bay of Fundy to better document mercury bioaccumulation in a temperate marine food web. The size of an organism, together with δ13 C and δ15 N isotopes, were measured to interpret mercury levels in biota ranging in size from microplankton (25μm) to swordfish, dolphins and whales. Levels of mercury in seawater were no different with depth and not elevated relative to upstream sources. The δ13 C values of primary producers were found to be inadequate to specify the original energy source of various faunas, however, there was no reason to separate the food web into benthic, demersal and pelagic food chains because phytoplankton has been documented to almost exclusively fuel the ecosystem. The apparent abrupt increase in mercury content from "seawater" to phytoplankton, on a wet weight basis, can be explained from an environmental volume basis by the exponential increase in surface area of smaller particles included in "seawater" determinations. This physical sorption process may be important up to the macroplankton size category dominated by copepods according to the calculated biomagnification factors (BMF). The rapid increase in methylmercury concentration, relative to the total mercury, between the predominantly phytoplankton (<125μm) and the zooplankton categories is likely augmented by gut microbe methylation. Further up the food chain, trophic transfer of methylmercury dominates resulting in biomagnification factors greater than 10 in swordfish, Atlantic bluefin tuna, harbour porpoise, Atlantic white-sided dolphin and common thresher shark. The biomagnification power of the northern Gulf of Maine ecosystem is remarkably similar to that measured in tropical, subtropical, other temperate and arctic oceanic ecozones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Harding
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Dalziel
- Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Vass
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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El-Swais H, Dunn KA, Bielawski JP, Li WKW, Walsh DA. Seasonal assemblages and short-lived blooms in coastal north-west Atlantic Ocean bacterioplankton. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3642-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba El-Swais
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; 7141 Sherbrooke St West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Katherine A. Dunn
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; 1355 Oxford St Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph P. Bielawski
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; 1355 Oxford St Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - William K. W. Li
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Bedford Institute of Oceanography; Dartmouth NS B2Y 4A2 Canada
| | - David A. Walsh
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; 7141 Sherbrooke St West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada
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Fernandes LF, Hubbard KA, Richlen ML, Smith J, Bates SS, Ehrman J, Léger C, Mafra LL, Kulis D, Quilliam M, Libera K, McCauley L, Anderson DM. Diversity and toxicity of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Gulf of Maine, Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH. PART II, TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2014; 103:139-162. [PMID: 25143669 PMCID: PMC4133141 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species in the toxic marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia have been identified in the Northwestern Atlantic region encompassing the Gulf of Maine (GOM), including the Bay of Fundy (BOF). To gain further knowledge of the taxonomic composition and toxicity of species in this region, Pseudo-nitzschia isolates (n=146) were isolated from samples collected during research cruises that provided broad spatial coverage across the GOM and the southern New England shelf, herein referred to as the GOM region, during 2007-2008. Isolates, and cells in field material collected at 38 stations, were identified using electron microscopy (EM). Eight species (P. americana, P. fraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. heimii, P. pungens, P. seriata, P. delicatissima and P. turgidula), and a novel form, Pseudo-nitzschia sp. GOM, were identified. Species identity was confirmed by sequencing the large subunit of the ribosomal rDNA (28S) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) for six species (36 isolates). Phylogenetic analyses (including neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood estimates and ITS2 secondary structure analysis) and morphometric data supported the placement of P. sp. GOM in a novel clade that includes morphologically and genetically similar isolates from Australia and Spain and is genetically most similar to P. pseudodelicatissima and P. cuspidata. Seven species (46 isolates) were grown in nutrient-replete batch culture and aliquots consisting of cells and growth medium were screened by Biosense ASP ELISA to measure total domoic acid (DA) produced (intracellular + extracellular); P. americana and P. heimii were excluded from all toxin analyses as they did not persist in culture long enough for testing. All 46 isolates screened produced DA in culture and total DA varied among species (e.g., 0.04 to 320 ng ml-1 for P. pungens and P. sp. GOM isolates, respectively) and among isolates of the same species (e.g., 0.24 - 320 ng ml-1 for P. sp. GOM). The 15 most toxic isolates corresponded to P. seriata, P. sp. GOM and P. pungens, and fg DA cell-1 was determined for whole cultures (cells and medium) using ELISA and liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection (FLD); for seven isolates, toxin levels were also estimated using LC - with mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorbance detection. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata was the most toxic species (up to 3,500 fg cell-1) and was observed in the GOM region during all cruises (i.e., during the months of April, May, June and October). Pseudo-nitzschia sp. GOM, observed only during September and October 2007, was less toxic (19 - 380 fg cell-1) than P. seriata but more toxic than P. pungens var. pungens (0. 4 fg cell-1). Quantitation of DA indicated that concentrations measured by LC and ELISA were positively and significantly correlated; the lower detection limit of the ELISA permitted quantification of toxicity in isolates that were found to be nontoxic with LC methods. The confirmation of at least seven toxic species and the broad spatial and temporal distribution of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have significant implications for the regional management of nearshore and offshore shellfisheries resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano F Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Department of Botany, Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA ; Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Juliette Smith
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 av. Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - James Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Claude Léger
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 av. Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Luiz L Mafra
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Center for Marine Studies, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - David Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Michael Quilliam
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Katie Libera
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Linda McCauley
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
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Kim M, Jeon JM, Oh CW, Kim YM, Lee DS, Kang CK, Kim HW. Molecular characterization of three crustin genes in the morotoge shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:161-71. [PMID: 22613817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crustins are among the most important antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in decapod crustaceans. They are small cationic AMPs (5-7 kDa) characterized by a proline-rich amino-terminal domain and a cysteine-rich carboxyl-terminal domain. Here, the first 3 crustin-like cDNAs (Pj-crus Ia, Ib, and II) were identified from the morotoge shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica. The full-length cDNAs of Pj-crus Ia, Ib, and II consisted of 1135, 580, and 700 nucleotides and encoded putative proteins containing 109, 119, and 186 amino acids residues, respectively. All 3 identified Pj-crus sequences exhibited the conserved domain organization for crustins, including a signal sequence, a cysteine-containing region, a glycine-rich region, and a whey-acidic protein (WAP) domain. Amino acid sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Pj-crus Ia and Ib belong to type I crustins (e.g., carcinin), which have been mostly identified from Brachyura and Astacidea, whereas Pj-crus II was classified as belonging to the type II crustins, which are mainly found in Dendrobranchiata. An analysis of the organization of these 3 Pj-crus genes revealed that the splicing site within the WAP domain may be an important key for classifying types I and II crustin family members. The tissue distribution profile results showed that the Pj-crus I genes were expressed in a tissue-specific manner but that the Pj-crus II gene was expressed ubiquitously, suggesting that these crustins may play different roles in various tissues or under different physiological conditions. The bacterial challenge results suggested that the Pj-crus genes may be transcriptionally influenced by different bacterial types. This comparative study of various crustin family members will help extend the knowledge on the crustacean innate immune response, which will provide important basic information for controlling shrimp immunity against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeeSun Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Ellis SL, Incze LS, Lawton P, Ojaveer H, MacKenzie BR, Pitcher CR, Shirley TC, Eero M, Tunnell JW, Doherty PJ, Zeller BM. Four regional marine biodiversity studies: approaches and contributions to ecosystem-based management. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18997. [PMID: 21559504 PMCID: PMC3084743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Ellis
- Aquatic Systems Group, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, United States of America.
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Johnson CL, Runge JA, Curtis KA, Durbin EG, Hare JA, Incze LS, Link JS, Melvin GD, O'Brien TD, Van Guelpen L. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Gulf of Maine: pattern and role of zooplankton and pelagic nekton. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16491. [PMID: 21304990 PMCID: PMC3031589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper forms part of a broader overview of biodiversity of marine life in the Gulf of Maine area (GoMA), facilitated by the GoMA Census of Marine Life program. It synthesizes current data on species diversity of zooplankton and pelagic nekton, including compilation of observed species and descriptions of seasonal, regional and cross-shelf diversity patterns. Zooplankton diversity in the GoMA is characterized by spatial differences in community composition among the neritic environment, the coastal shelf, and deep offshore waters. Copepod diversity increased with depth on the Scotian Shelf. On the coastal shelf of the western Gulf of Maine, the number of higher-level taxonomic groups declined with distance from shore, reflecting more nearshore meroplankton. Copepod diversity increased in late summer, and interdecadal diversity shifts were observed, including a period of higher diversity in the 1990s. Changes in species diversity were greatest on interannual scales, intermediate on seasonal scales, and smallest across regions, in contrast to abundance patterns, suggesting that zooplankton diversity may be a more sensitive indicator of ecosystem response to inter annual climate variation than zoo plankton abundance. Local factors such as bathymetry, proximity of the coast, and advection probably drive zooplankton and pelagic nekton diversity patterns in the GoMA, while ocean-basin scale diversity patterns probably contribute to the increase in diversity at the Scotian Shelf break, a zone of mixing between the cold-temperate community of the shelf and the warm-water community offshore. Pressing research needs include establishment of a comprehensive system for observing change in zooplankton and pelagic nekton diversity, enhanced observations of "underknown" but important functional components of the ecosystem, population and metapopulation studies, and development of analytical modeling tools to enhance understanding of diversity patterns and drivers. Ultimately, sustained observations and modeling analysis of biodiversity must be effectively communicated to managers and incorporated into ecosystem approaches for management of GoMA living marine resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Johnson
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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