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Dietary Supplementation of Antioxidant Compounds Prevents Light-Induced Retinal Damage in a Rat Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091177. [PMID: 34572363 PMCID: PMC8472009 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced retinal damage (LD) is characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and photoreceptor cell death. The use of natural antioxidants has emerged as promising approach for the prevention of LD. Among them, lutein and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) have been shown to be particularly effective due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, less is known about the possible efficacy of combining them in a multicomponent mixture. In a rat model of LD, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and electroretinography were used to demonstrate that lutein and C3G in combination or in a multicomponent mixture can prevent oxidative stress, inflammation, gliotic and apoptotic responses thus protecting photoreceptor cells from death with higher efficacy than each component alone. Combined efficacy on dysfunctional electroretinogram was also demonstrated by ameliorated rod and cone photoreceptor responses. These findings suggest the rationale to formulate multicomponent blends which may optimize the partnering compounds bioactivity and bioavailability.
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Kador PF, Salvi R. Multifunctional Redox Modulators Protect Auditory, Visual, and Cognitive Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 36:1136-1157. [PMID: 34162214 PMCID: PMC9221172 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative stress contributes to vision, hearing and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, no treatments prevent these disorders; therefore, there is an urgent need for redox modulators that can prevent these disorders. Recent Advances: Oxidative stress is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, metal dyshomeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we discuss the role that oxidative stress and metal dyshomeostasis play in hearing loss, visual impairments, and neurodegeneration and discuss the benefits of a new class of multifunctional redox modulators (MFRMs) that suppress sensory and neural degeneration. MFRMs not only reduce free radicals but also independently bind transition metals associated with the generation of hydroxyl radicals. The MFRMs redistribute zinc from neurotoxic amyloid beta zinc (Aβ:Zn) complexes to the cytoplasm, facilitating the degradation of Aβ plaques by matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2). Although MFRMs bind copper (Cu1+, Cu2+), iron (Fe2+, Fe3+), zinc (Zn2+), and manganese (Mn2+), they do not deplete free cytoplasmic Zn+2 and they protect mitochondria from Mn+2-induced dysfunction. Oral administration of MFRMs reduce ROS-induced cataracts, protect the retina from light-induced degeneration, reduce neurotoxic Aβ:Zn plaque formation, and protect auditory hair cells from noise-induced hearing loss. Critical Issues: Regulation of redox balance is essential for clinical efficacy in maintaining sensory functions. Future Directions: Future use of these MFRMs requires additional pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and toxicological data to bring them into widespread clinical use. Additional animal studies are also needed to determine whether MFRMs can prevent neurodegeneration, dementia, and other forms of vision and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Kador
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Chudhary M, Zhang C, Song S, Ren X, Kong L. Ginkgo biloba delays light-induced photoreceptor degeneration through antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:576. [PMID: 33850548 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense exposure to artificial bright light increases the risk of retinal damage resulting in blurred vision and blindness. Long-term exposure to bright light elevates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, which results in photoreceptor cell degeneration. However, to the best of our knowledge, the molecular mechanism associated with light-induced retinopathy remains unclear. In the present study, the mechanisms involved in light-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis were investigated along with the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in photoreceptor cell degeneration. EGb 761 was administered to mice at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg for 7 days prior to exposure to bright light (5,000 lux for 24 h). Furthermore, photoreceptor cell disorders were evaluated using electroretinogram (ERG) and H&E staining analyses. The expression levels of antioxidant genes and proteins ERK, thioredoxin (Trx) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and the induction of apoptosis cytochrome c (Cyc), cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. ERG and histological analysis revealed that exposure to bright light induced functional and morphological changes to the photoreceptor cells. Exposure to bright light increased the levels of Cyc, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and decreased the levels of phosphorylated (p-) Erk, Nrf-2 and thioredoxin (Trx). However, treatment of mice with EGb 761 increased the expression levels of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) and antioxidant (p-Erk, Trx and Nrf-2) proteins and decreased the expression levels of the apoptotic genes (Cyc, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax). Based on these findings, the present study suggested that prolonged exposure to light induces photoreceptor cell degeneration, where EGb 761 treatment may serve a therapeutic effect on the development of photoreceptor cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Chudhary
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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Qi S, Wang C, Song D, Song Y, Dunaief JL. Intraperitoneal injection of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. Mol Vis 2017; 23:171-178. [PMID: 28458506 PMCID: PMC5367892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin component of green tea, is reported to delay or prevent certain forms of cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we determined if systemically administered EGCG could protect the retina against light damage (LD) in mice. METHODS BALB/cJ mice were treated with either EGCG or saline via intraperitoneal (IP) injection, and then placed under constant cool white light-emitting diode (LED) light (10,000 lux) for 5 h. Retinal structure and function were evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology, and electroretinography (ERG) 7 days after LD. In addition, the mRNAs of several oxidative stress genes were quantified by qPCR before LD and 24 h after LD. RESULTS OCT and photomicrographs of mouse retinas showed morphologic protection of photoreceptors. Mice in the EGCG group had significantly higher ERG amplitudes for all three wave types compared with mice in the saline control group, which indicated that EGCG protected retinal function. Furthermore, qPCR results showed that EGCG administration can increase the mRNA level of the antioxidant gene Sod2 before LD and 24 h after LD. CONCLUSIONS The IP injection of EGCG attenuated the detrimental effects of bright light on the retinas of BALB/cJ mice by protecting the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounan Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China,F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China,F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Delu Song
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Song
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kawada H, Kador PF. Orally Bioavailable Metal Chelators and Radical Scavengers: Multifunctional Antioxidants for the Coadjutant Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8796-805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Kawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6025, United States
| | - Peter F. Kador
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6025, United States
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Kador PF, Guo C, Kawada H, Randazzo J, Blessing K. Topical nutraceutical Optixcare EH ameliorates experimental ocular oxidative stress in rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 30:593-602. [PMID: 25188009 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the hypothesis that oral nutraceuticals do not adequately reach all ocular tissues in the anterior segment, we evaluated the ability of a 3% concentration of the ingredients in a topical nutraceutical antioxidant formulation called Optixcare Eye Health (Optixcare EH) to ameliorate oxidative stress in rat models of age-related ocular diseases. METHODS Diabetes was induced by tail-vein injection of streptozotocin, and the development of cataracts was monitored by slit lamp. Young rats were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, and the reduction in lens glutathione (GSH) levels and increase in 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE) were measured. Oxidative stress in the neural retina was generated by exposure of dark-adapted rats to 1,000 lx of light, and oxidative stress markers were measured. Dry eye was induced in rats by twice daily (b.i.d.) subcutaneous scopolamine injections. Topical Optixcare EH was administered b.i.d. and compared in select experiments to the multifunctional antioxidant JHX-4, the topical aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) Kinostat™, oral Ocu-GLO™, and the topical ocular comfort agents Optixcare Eye Lube, Optixcare Eye Lube + Hyaluron, and Idrop Vet Plus hyaluronic acid. RESULTS In diabetic rats, topical ARI treatment prevented cataract formation while the nutraceuticals delayed their development with Optixcare EH>Ocu-GLO. In UV-exposed rats, the reduction of GSH and increase in 4-HNE in the lens were normalized in order JHX-4>Optixcare EH>Ocu-GLO. In the retina, oxidative stress markers were reduced better by oral JHX-4 compared with topical Optixcare EH. In the scopolamine-induced dry-eye rats, tear flow was maintained by Optixcare EH treatment, while none of the comfort agents examined altered tear flow. CONCLUSIONS Topical administration of a 3% concentration of the ingredients in Optixcare EH reduces experimentally induced reactive oxygen species in rats exposed to several sources of ocular oxidative stress. In addition, Optixcare EH maintains tear volume in scopolamine-induced dry eye. This suggests that in the anterior segment, the ingredients in Optixcare EH may have clinical potential against ocular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Kador
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
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Weisfeld-Adams JD, McCourt EA, Diaz GA, Oliver SC. Ocular disease in the cobalamin C defect: a review of the literature and a suggested framework for clinical surveillance. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:537-46. [PMID: 25742969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The association between combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria of cblC type (cobalamin C defect, cblC) and ocular disease is now well recognized, and is a significant component of morbidity and disability associated with the condition. In this review, through collation of historically reported cases of early- and late-onset cblC and previously unreported cases, we have attempted to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathomechanisms of individual ocular features of cblC. These data suggest that maculopathy and nystagmus with abnormal vision are extremely common and affect the majority of children with early-onset cblC, usually before school age; strabismus and optic atrophy are also seen at relatively high frequency. The timing of progression of macular disease may coincide with a critical period of postnatal foveal development. Maculopathy and retinal disease may be subclinical and show only partial correlation with the extent of visual deficits, and visual deterioration may be relentlessly progressive in spite of aggressive treatment of biochemical abnormalities. In later-onset forms of the disease, visual loss and ocular complications appear to be infrequent. Finally, we discuss investigational strategies in diagnosing and characterizing eye disease in individuals with cblC, explore possible therapeutic avenues that may attenuate progression and severity of eye disease, and propose a clinical surveillance guideline for monitoring progression of ocular disease in children and adults with cblC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Weisfeld-Adams
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Emily A McCourt
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - George A Diaz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott C Oliver
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Lemmo W. Potential interactions of prescription and over‐the‐counter medications having antioxidant capabilities with radiation and chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Lemmo
- LEMMO Integrated Cancer Care Inc.Vancouver Canada
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Kiang AS, Humphries MM, Campbell M, Humphries P. Antioxidant therapy for retinal disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:783-9. [PMID: 24664771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Disease mechanisms associated with retinal disease are of immense complexity, mutations within 45 genes having been implicated, for example, in retinitis pigmentosa, while interplay between genetic, environmental, and demographic factors can lead to diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. In light of such diversity, any therapeutic modality that can be targeted to an early molecular process instrumental in multiple forms of disease, such as oxidative stress, holds much attraction. Here, we provide a brief overview of a selection of compounds displaying antioxidant activity, which have been shown to slow down degeneration of retinal tissues and highlight suggested modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophia Kiang
- Ocular Genetics Unit, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland,
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Bennet D, Kim S. Effects of agmatine and resveratrol on RGC-5 cell behavior under light stimulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:84-97. [PMID: 24929477 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A light radiation causes dysfunction and death of retinal cells and leads to degeneration. Present study, investigated the light-induced cell dysfunction, and their activity. Further, the effects of agmatine and resveratrol on light-induced damage and these underlying photo-oxidative and protective mechanisms were monitored by real-time bio-impedance system. After light exposure retinal ganglion cells underwent death in a time dependent manner. During light exposure the cells elevate free radicals and Ca(2+), followed by nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which can be facilitated to cell demise. The results revealed that these drugs can control the elevation of free radical, calcium gating, NO level, and increased TNF-α, which could diminish cell photo-damage. In summary, resveratrol helps more to rescue damaged cells compared to agmatine. The proposed system suggested mechanism could meet to identify the photo-toxic effects in retinal cells, and provides high throughput screening for early stages photo-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasier Bennet
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 461-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 461-701, Republic of Korea; Graduate Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760, Republic of Korea.
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Liu P, Zhang M, Shoeb M, Hogan D, Tang L, Syed MF, Wang CZ, Campbell GA, Ansari NH. Metal chelator combined with permeability enhancer ameliorates oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration in rat eyes with elevated intraocular pressure. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:289-99. [PMID: 24509160 PMCID: PMC4005814 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Because as many as half of glaucoma patients on intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering therapy continue to experience optic nerve toxicity, it is imperative to find other effective therapies. Iron and calcium ions play key roles in oxidative stress, a hallmark of glaucoma. Therefore, we tested metal chelation by means of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined with the permeability enhancer methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) applied topically on the eye to determine if this noninvasive treatment is neuroprotective in rat optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by elevated IOP. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was injected into the anterior chamber of the rat eye to elevate the IOP. EDTA-MSM was applied topically to the eye for 3 months. Eyeballs and optic nerves were processed for histological assessment of cytoarchitecture. Protein-lipid aldehyde adducts and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected immunohistochemically. HA administration increased IOP and associated oxidative stress and inflammation. Elevated IOP was not affected by EDTA-MSM treatment. However, oxidative damage and inflammation were ameliorated as reflected by a decrease in formation of protein-lipid aldehyde adducts and COX-2 expression, respectively. Furthermore, EDTA-MSM treatment increased retinal ganglion cell survival and decreased demyelination of optic nerve compared with untreated eyes. Chelation treatment with EDTA-MSM ameliorates sequelae of IOP-induced toxicity without affecting IOP. Because most current therapies aim at reducing IOP and damage occurs even in the absence of elevated IOP, EDTA-MSM has the potential to work in conjunction with pressure-reducing therapies to alleviate damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - M Shoeb
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - D Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - Luosheng Tang
- Ophthalmology Department, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - M F Syed
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - C Z Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - G A Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
| | - N H Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA.
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Shu Q, Xu Y, Zhuang H, Fan J, Sun Z, Zhang M, Xu G. Ras homolog enriched in the brain is linked to retinal ganglion cell apoptosis after light injury in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:243-51. [PMID: 24664437 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in the brain (Rheb) is a small GTPase of the Ras family. It has been confirmed that Rheb activation not only regulates cell growth and migration but also induces neuron apoptosis after toxic stimuli. However, the function of Rheb in the retina is still not fully understood. To find out whether Rheb was involved in retinal neuron death, the expression profile of Rheb in light-damaged retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult rats was investigated. Western blotting showed the expression of Rheb was significantly upregulated in the injured retina. Rheb was mainly detected in apoptotic RGCs by using double immunofluorescent staining. Active caspase-3 was upregulated and co-labeled with Rheb. Meanwhile, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that Rheb-positive RGCs underwent apoptosis after light exposure, which suggested that Rheb might be relevant to RGC apoptosis following phototoxicity. Furthermore, Western blotting and immunofluorescence showed that the expression profiles of CyclinD1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) were parallel with that of Rheb in a time-space dependent manner. Based on this study, it is speculated that Rheb might play an important role in physiological and pathological process in light-induced retina damage, which might provide a potential therapeutic avenue of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmeng Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences and Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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14
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Fliesler SJ. Take Two Iron Chelators and Call Me in the Morning. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2012; 1:2a. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.1.3.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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