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Capão A, Aguiar-Oliveira ML, Caetano BC, Neves TK, Resende PC, Almeida WAF, Miranda MD, Martins-Filho OA, Brown D, Siqueira MM, Garcia CC. Analysis of Viral and Host Factors on Immunogenicity of 2018, 2019, and 2020 Southern Hemisphere Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults in Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081692. [PMID: 36016313 PMCID: PMC9413331 DOI: 10.3390/v14081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination against influenza is the best tool to prevent deaths and hospitalizations. Regular updates of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (TIV) are necessary due to high mutation rates in influenza viruses. TIV effectiveness is affected by antigenic mismatches, age, previous immunity, and other host factors. Studying TIV effectiveness annually in different populations is critical. The serological responses to Southern-Hemisphere TIV and circulating influenza strains were evaluated in 2018−2020 among Brazilian volunteers, using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Post-vaccination titers were corrected to account for pre-vaccination titers. Our population achieved >83% post-vaccination seroprotection levels, whereas seroconversion rates ranged from 10% to 46%. TIV significantly enhanced antibody titers and seroprotection against all prior and contemporary vaccine and circulating strains tested. Strong cross-reactive responses were detected, especially between H1N1 subtypes. A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016, included in the 2018 TIV, induced the poorest response. Significant titer and seroprotection reductions were observed 6 and 12 months after vaccination. Age had a slight effect on TIV response, whereas previous vaccination was associated with lower seroconversion rates and titers. Despite this, TIV induced high seroprotection for all strains, in all groups. Regular TIV evaluations, based on regional influenza strain circulation, should be conducted and the factors affecting response studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Capão
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Maria L. Aguiar-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Braulia C. Caetano
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Thayssa K. Neves
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Paola C. Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Walquiria A. F. Almeida
- Secretariat of Surveillance in Health (SVS), Ministry of Health (MoH), Brasília-Federal District, Rio de Janeiro 70723-040, Brazil;
| | - Milene D. Miranda
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Olindo A.ssis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Brazil;
| | - David Brown
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Marilda M. Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, National Influenza Center (NIC)/World Health Organization (WHO), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (M.L.A.-O.); (B.C.C.); (T.K.N.); (P.C.R.); (M.D.M.); (D.B.); (M.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Freeborn RA, Boss AP, Kaiser LM, Gardner EM, Rockwell CE. Trivalent arsenic impairs the effector response of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to influenza A virus ex vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Wagar L. Small centers of defense. Science 2022; 375:830. [PMID: 35201866 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering immune responses to viruses and vaccines using human tonsil organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagar
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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4
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Pickering H, Sen S, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Ishiyama K, Sun Y, Parmar R, Ahn RS, Sunga G, Llamas M, Hoffmann A, Deng M, Bunnapradist S, Schaenman JM, Gjertson DW, Rossetti M, Lanier LL, Reed EF. NK and CD8+ T cell phenotypes predict onset and control of CMV viremia after kidney transplant. JCI Insight 2021; 6:153175. [PMID: 34609965 PMCID: PMC8663544 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CMV causes mostly asymptomatic but lifelong infection. Primary infection or reactivation in immunocompromised individuals can be life-threatening. CMV viremia often occurs in solid organ transplant recipients and associates with decreased graft survival and higher mortality. Furthering understanding of impaired immunity that allows CMV reactivation is critical to guiding antiviral therapy and examining the effect of CMV on solid organ transplant outcomes. This study characterized longitudinal immune responses to CMV in 31 kidney transplant recipients with CMV viremia and matched, nonviremic recipients. Recipients were sampled 3 and 12 months after transplant, with additional samples 1 week and 1 month after viremia. PBMCs were stained for NK and T cell markers. PBMC transcriptomes were characterized by RNA-Seq. Plasma proteins were quantified by Luminex. CD8+ T cell transcriptomes were characterized by single-cell RNA-Seq. Before viremia, patients had high levels of IL-15 with concurrent expansion of immature CD56bright NK cells. After viremia, mature CD56dim NK cells and CD28–CD8+ T cells upregulating inhibitory and NK-associated receptors were expanded. Memory NK cells and NK-like CD28–CD8+ T cells were associated with control of viremia. These findings suggest that signatures of innate activation may be prognostic for CMV reactivation after transplant, while CD8+ T cell functionality is critical for effective control of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Subha Sen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janice Arakawa-Hoyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenichi Ishiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yumeng Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rajesh Parmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard S Ahn
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, and
| | - Gemalene Sunga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan Llamas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mario Deng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suphamai Bunnapradist
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joanna M Schaenman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David W Gjertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Eiden J, Volckaert B, Rudenko O, Aitchison R, Herber R, Belshe R, Greenberg H, Coelingh K, Marshall D, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Bilsel P. Single Replication M2SR Influenza Vaccine Induced Immune Responses Associated with Protection Against Human Challenge with Highly Drifted H3N2 Influenza Strain. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:83-90. [PMID: 34323977 PMCID: PMC9373152 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current influenza vaccines are strain specific and demonstrate low vaccine efficacy against H3N2 influenza disease, especially when vaccine is mismatched to circulating virus. The novel influenza vaccine candidate, M2-deficient single replication (M2SR), induces a broad, multi-effector immune response. Methods A phase 2 challenge study was conducted to assess the efficacy of an M2SR vaccine expressing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/Brisbane/10/2007 (Bris2007 M2SR H3N2; clade 1). Four weeks after vaccination, recipients were challenged with antigenically distinct H3N2 virus (A/Belgium/4217/2015, clade 3C.3b) and assessed for infection and clinical symptoms. Results Adverse events after vaccination were mild and similar in frequency for placebo and M2SR recipients. A single dose of Bris2007 M2SR induced neutralizing antibody to the vaccine (48% of recipients) and challenge strain (27% of recipients). Overall, 54% of M2SR recipients were infected after challenge, compared with 71% of placebo recipients. The subset of M2SR recipients with a vaccine-induced microneutralization response against the challenge virus had reduced rates of infection after challenge (38% vs 71% of placebo recipients; P = .050) and reduced illness. Conclusions Study participants with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies were protected against infection and illness after challenge with an antigenically distinct virus. This is the first demonstration of vaccine-induced protection against a highly drifted H3N2 challenge virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Reens AL, Cabral DJ, Liang X, Norton JE, Therien AG, Hazuda DJ, Swaminathan G. Immunomodulation by the Commensal Microbiome During Immune-Targeted Interventions: Focus on Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643255. [PMID: 34054810 PMCID: PMC8155485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence in clinical and preclinical studies indicates that success of immunotherapies can be impacted by the state of the microbiome. Understanding the role of the microbiome during immune-targeted interventions could help us understand heterogeneity of treatment success, predict outcomes, and develop additional strategies to improve efficacy. In this review, we discuss key studies that reveal reciprocal interactions between the microbiome, the immune system, and the outcome of immune interventions. We focus on cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and vaccination as two crucial therapeutic areas with strong potential for immunomodulation by the microbiota. By juxtaposing studies across both therapeutic areas, we highlight three factors prominently involved in microbial immunomodulation: short-chain fatty acids, microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs), and inflammatory cytokines. Continued interrogation of these models and pathways may reveal critical mechanistic synergies between the microbiome and the immune system, resulting in novel approaches designed to influence the efficacy of immune-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Reens
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Damien J. Cabral
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James E. Norton
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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7
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Gustafson CE, Kim C, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Influence of immune aging on vaccine responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 145:1309-1321. [PMID: 32386655 PMCID: PMC7198995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired vaccine responses in older individuals are associated with alterations in both the quantity and quality of the T-cell compartment with age. As reviewed herein, the T-cell response to vaccination requires a fine balance between the generation of inflammatory effector T cells versus follicular helper T (TFH) cells that mediate high-affinity antibody production in tandem with the induction of long-lived memory cells for effective recall immunity. During aging, we find that this balance is tipped where T cells favor short-lived effector but not memory or TFH responses. Consistently, vaccine-induced antibodies commonly display a lower protective capacity. Mechanistically, multiple, potentially targetable, changes in T cells have been identified that contribute to these age-related defects, including posttranscription regulation, T-cell receptor signaling, and metabolic function. Although research into the induction of tissue-specific immunity by vaccines and with age is still limited, current mechanistic insights provide a framework for improved design of age-specific vaccination strategies that require further evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Gustafson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Chulwoo Kim
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif.
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8
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Roy JG, McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP. Reliable reference genes for the quantification of mRNA in human T-cells and PBMCs stimulated with live influenza virus. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:4. [PMID: 32005148 PMCID: PMC6995044 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool that is particularly well-suited to measure mRNA levels in clinical samples, especially those with relatively low cell counts. However, a caveat of this approach is that reliable, stably expressed reference (housekeeping) genes are vital in order to ensure reproducibility and appropriate biological inference. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of six reference genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated CD3+ T-cells from young and old adults (n = 10), following ex vivo stimulation with mock (unstimulated) or live influenza virus. Our genes included: β-actin (ACTB), glyercaldehyde-3-phostphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13a), ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA), and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D2 (UBE2D2). Results Reference gene expression varied significantly depending on cell type and stimulation conditions, but not age. Using the comparative ΔCt method, and the previously published software BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm, we show that in PBMCs and T-cells, UBE2D2 and RPS18 were the most stable reference genes, followed by ACTB; however, the expression of UBE2D2 and RPS18 was found to increase with viral stimulation in isolated T-cells, while ACTB expression did not change significantly. No age-related differences in stability were observed for any gene Conclusions This study suggests the use of a combination of UBE2D2, RPS18, and ACTB for the study of influenza responses in PBMCs and T-cells, although ACTB alone may be the most optimal choice if choosing to compare target gene expression before and after viral stimulation. Both GAPDH and RPL13a were found to be poor reference genes and should be avoided for studies of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Roy
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E5J1, Canada
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E5J1, Canada
| | - Chris P Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E5J1, Canada.
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9
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Dhakal S, Klein SL. Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs. J Virol 2019; 93:e00797-19. [PMID: 31391269 PMCID: PMC6803252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00797-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a global public health problem. Current seasonal influenza vaccines have highly variable efficacy, and thus attempts to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines with durable protection are under way. While much attention is given to the virus-related factors contributing to inconsistent vaccine responses, host-associated factors are often neglected. Growing evidences suggest that host factors including age, biological sex, pregnancy, and immune history play important roles as modifiers of influenza virus vaccine efficacy. We hypothesize that host genetics, the hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota contribute to host-related differences in influenza virus vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the current insights and future perspectives into host-specific factors that impact influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection. Consideration of the host factors that affect influenza vaccine-induced immunity might improve influenza vaccines by providing empirical evidence for optimizing or even personalizing vaccine type, dose, and use of adjuvants for current seasonal and future universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs. J Virol 2019. [PMID: 31391269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00797‐19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a global public health problem. Current seasonal influenza vaccines have highly variable efficacy, and thus attempts to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines with durable protection are under way. While much attention is given to the virus-related factors contributing to inconsistent vaccine responses, host-associated factors are often neglected. Growing evidences suggest that host factors including age, biological sex, pregnancy, and immune history play important roles as modifiers of influenza virus vaccine efficacy. We hypothesize that host genetics, the hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota contribute to host-related differences in influenza virus vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the current insights and future perspectives into host-specific factors that impact influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection. Consideration of the host factors that affect influenza vaccine-induced immunity might improve influenza vaccines by providing empirical evidence for optimizing or even personalizing vaccine type, dose, and use of adjuvants for current seasonal and future universal influenza vaccines.
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11
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Shah NM, Imami N, Kelleher P, Barclay WS, Johnson MR. Pregnancy-related immune suppression leads to altered influenza vaccine recall responses. Clin Immunol 2019; 208:108254. [PMID: 31470087 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe influenza infection. Despite achieving seroprotective antibody titres post immunisation fewer pregnant women experience a reduction in influenza-like illness compared to non-pregnant cohorts. This may be due to the effects that immune-modulation in pregnancy has on vaccine efficacy leading to a less favourable immunologic response. To understand this, we investigated the antigen-specific cellular responses and leukocyte phenotype in pregnant and non-pregnant women who achieved seroprotection post immunisation. We show that pregnancy is associated with better antigen-specific inflammatory (IFN-γ) responses and an expansion of central memory T cells (Tcm) post immunisation, but low-level pregnancy-related immune regulation (HLA-G, PIBF) and associated reduced B-cell antibody maintenance (TGF-β) suggest poor immunologic responses compared to the non-pregnant. Thus far, studies of influenza vaccine immunogenicity have focused on the induction of antibodies but understanding additional vaccine-related cellular responses is needed to fully appreciate how pregnancy impacts on vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishel M Shah
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Nesrina Imami
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has long been thought to be an immunosuppressive disease and abnormalities in T-cell subset distribution and function have been observed in many studies. However, the role of T cells (if any) in disease progression remains unclear and has not been directly studied. This has changed with the advent of new therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-T cells, which actively use retargeted patient-derived T cells as "living drugs" for CLL. However complete responses are relatively low (~26%) and recent studies have suggested the differentiation status of patient T cells before therapy may influence efficacy. Non-chemotherapeutic drugs, such as idelalisib and ibrutinib, also have an impact on T cell populations in CLL patients. This review will highlight what is known about T cells in CLL during disease progression and after treatment, and discuss the prospects of using T cells as predictive biomarkers for immune status and response to therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Piperidines
- Purines/therapeutic use
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolinones/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Man
- Section of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Henley
- Section of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Voigt EA, Grill DE, Zimmermann MT, Simon WL, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Transcriptomic signatures of cellular and humoral immune responses in older adults after seasonal influenza vaccination identified by data-driven clustering. Sci Rep 2018; 8:739. [PMID: 29335477 PMCID: PMC5768803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PBMC transcriptomes after influenza vaccination contain valuable information about factors affecting vaccine responses. However, distilling meaningful knowledge out of these complex datasets is often difficult and requires advanced data mining algorithms. We investigated the use of the data-driven Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) gene clustering method to identify vaccine response-related genes in PBMC transcriptomic datasets collected from 138 healthy older adults (ages 50-74) before and after 2010-2011 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination. WGCNA separated the 14,197 gene dataset into 15 gene clusters based on observed gene expression patterns across subjects. Eight clusters were strongly enriched for genes involved in specific immune cell types and processes, including B cells, T cells, monocytes, platelets, NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, and antiviral signaling. Examination of gene cluster membership identified signatures of cellular and humoral responses to seasonal influenza vaccination, as well as pre-existing cellular immunity. The results of this study illustrate the utility of this publically available analysis methodology and highlight genes previously associated with influenza vaccine responses (e.g., CAMK4, CD19), genes with functions not previously identified in vaccine responses (e.g., SPON2, MATK, CST7), and previously uncharacterized genes (e.g. CORO1C, C8orf83) likely related to influenza vaccine-induced immunity due to their expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Voigt
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Kumar A, McElhaney JE, Walrond L, Cyr TD, Merani S, Kollmann TR, Halperin SA, Scheifele DW. Cellular immune responses of older adults to four influenza vaccines: Results of a randomized, controlled comparison. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017. [PMID: 28635557 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1337615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity is important for protection against the serious complications of influenza in older adults. As it is unclear if newer influenza vaccines elicit greater cellular responses than standard vaccines, we compared responses to 2 standard and 2 newer licensed trivalent inactivated vaccines (TIVs) in a randomized trial in older adults. Non-frail adults ≥ 65 y old were randomly assigned to receive standard subunit, MF59-adjuvanted subunit, standard split-virus or intradermal split-virus TIV. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) harvested pre- and 3-weeks post-vaccination were stimulated with live A/H3N2 virus. PBMC supernatants were tested for interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and lysates for granzyme B (GrB). Flow cytometry identified CD4+ and CD8+ T- cells expressing intracellular IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, GrB, or perforin. Differences following immunization were assessed for paired subject samples and among vaccines. 120 seniors participated, 29-31 per group, which were well matched demographically. Virus-stimulated PBMCs were GrB-rich before and after vaccination, with minimal increases evident. Immunization did not increase secretion of IFN-γ or IL-10. However, cytolytic effector T-cells (CD8+GrB+perforin+) increased significantly in percentage post-vaccination in all groups, to similar mean values across groups. CD4+GrB+perforin+ T-cells also increased significantly after each vaccine, to similar mean values among vaccines. Vaccination did not increase the low baseline percentages of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-10 . In conclusion, participants had pre-existing cellular immunity to H3N2 virus. All 4 vaccines boosted cellular responses to a similar but limited extent, particularly cytolytic effector CD8+ T-cells associated with clinical protection against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada.,b Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada.,c VITALITY Research Center , Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Lisa Walrond
- e Regulatory Research Division , Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Terry D Cyr
- e Regulatory Research Division , Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Shahzma Merani
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,f Vaccine Evaluation Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,g Canadian Center for Vaccinology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - David W Scheifele
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,f Vaccine Evaluation Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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15
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid/chitosan nanogel greatly enhances the efficacy and heterosubtypic cross-reactivity of H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44839. [PMID: 28322289 PMCID: PMC5359587 DOI: 10.1038/srep44839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, the global outbreak of an influenza pandemic emphasized the need for an effective vaccine adjuvant. In this study, we examined the efficacy of poly-γ-glutamic acid/chitosan (PC) nanogel as an adjuvant for the influenza vaccine. PC nanogel significantly enhanced antigen-specific cross-presentation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. Compared with alum, the protective efficacy of the pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) vaccine was substantially increased by PC nanogel, with increased hemagglutination-inhibition titers, CTL activity, and earlier virus clearance after homologous and heterosubtypic [A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2)] virus challenges. However, CD8+ T cell-depleted mice displayed no protection against the heterosubtypic virus challenge after immunization with PC nanogel-adjuvanted pH1N1 vaccine. We also observed that using PC nanogel as a vaccine adjuvant had a dose-sparing effect and significantly enhanced the long-lasting protection of the pH1N1 vaccine. Together, these results suggest that PC nanogel is a promising vaccine adjuvant that could broadly prevent influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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17
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Nakaya HI, Hagan T, Duraisingham SS, Lee EK, Kwissa M, Rouphael N, Frasca D, Gersten M, Mehta AK, Gaujoux R, Li GM, Gupta S, Ahmed R, Mulligan MJ, Shen-Orr S, Blomberg BB, Subramaniam S, Pulendran B. Systems Analysis of Immunity to Influenza Vaccination across Multiple Years and in Diverse Populations Reveals Shared Molecular Signatures. Immunity 2016; 43:1186-98. [PMID: 26682988 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems approaches have been used to describe molecular signatures driving immunity to influenza vaccination in humans. Whether such signatures are similar across multiple seasons and in diverse populations is unknown. We applied systems approaches to study immune responses in young, elderly, and diabetic subjects vaccinated with the seasonal influenza vaccine across five consecutive seasons. Signatures of innate immunity and plasmablasts correlated with and predicted influenza antibody titers at 1 month after vaccination with >80% accuracy across multiple seasons but were not associated with the longevity of the response. Baseline signatures of lymphocyte and monocyte inflammation were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with antibody responses at 1 month. Finally, integrative analysis of microRNAs and transcriptomic profiling revealed potential regulators of vaccine immunity. These results identify shared vaccine-induced signatures across multiple seasons and in diverse populations and might help guide the development of next-generation vaccines that provide persistent immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder I Nakaya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo 05508, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1648 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Thomas Hagan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0412, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sai S Duraisingham
- Department of Immunology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7J, UK
| | - Eva K Lee
- Center for Operations Research in Medicine & Healthcare, School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Elis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of Emory University, 500 Irvin Court/Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA
| | - Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Merril Gersten
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0412, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aneesh K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1648 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Renaud Gaujoux
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 1 Efron Street, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Gui-Mei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0412, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Hope Clinic of Emory University, 500 Irvin Court/Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA
| | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 1 Efron Street, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0412, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1648 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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18
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Strindhall J, Ernerudh J, Mörner A, Waalen K, Löfgren S, Matussek A, Bengner M. Humoral response to influenza vaccination in relation to pre-vaccination antibody titres, vaccination history, cytomegalovirus serostatus and CD4/CD8 ratio. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:436-42. [PMID: 27030916 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual vaccination against influenza virus is generally recommended to elderly and chronically ill, but the relative importance of factors influencing the outcome is not fully understood. METHODS In this study of 88 individuals all aged 69 years, the increase in haemagglutinin-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine was correlated with HI titres before vaccination, prior vaccinations against influenza, cytomegalovirus serostatus and, as an estimate of immune risk profile, the ratio between CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. RESULTS Vaccine responses were impaired by high pre-existing HI antibody titres. For influenza B repeated vaccinations and an inverse CD4/CD8 ratio had a negative impact on the vaccine response. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity had no apparent effect on HI titres before or after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that both pre-existing HI antibodies and previous vaccinations to influenza may influence the humoral response to influenza vaccination and that a CD4/CD8 ratio < 1 may indicate an impaired ability to respond to repeated antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Strindhall
- a School of Health Sciences, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine , Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- b Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Andreas Mörner
- c Department of Microbiology , Public Health Agency of Sweden , Sweden
| | - Kristian Waalen
- d Department of Virology , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sture Löfgren
- e Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Microbiology, Ryhov County Hospital , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Andreas Matussek
- e Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Microbiology, Ryhov County Hospital , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Malin Bengner
- f Department of Infectious Diseases , Ryhov County Hospital , Jönköping , Sweden
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19
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Hagan T, Nakaya HI, Subramaniam S, Pulendran B. Systems vaccinology: Enabling rational vaccine design with systems biological approaches. Vaccine 2015; 33:5294-301. [PMID: 25858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have drastically reduced the mortality and morbidity of many diseases. However, vaccines have historically been developed empirically, and recent development of vaccines against current pandemics such as HIV and malaria has been met with difficulty. The advent of high-throughput technologies, coupled with systems biological methods of data analysis, has enabled researchers to interrogate the entire complement of a variety of molecular components within cells, and characterize the myriad interactions among them in order to model and understand the behavior of the system as a whole. In the context of vaccinology, these tools permit exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which vaccines induce protective immune responses. Here we review the recent advances, challenges, and potential of systems biological approaches in vaccinology. If the challenges facing this developing field can be overcome, systems vaccinology promises to empower the identification of early predictive signatures of vaccine response, as well as novel and robust correlates of protection from infection. Such discoveries, along with the improved understanding of immune responses to vaccination they impart, will play an instrumental role in development of the next generation of rationally designed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hagan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department of Pathology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Díez-Domingo J, Baldó JM, Planelles-Catarino MV, Garcés-Sánchez M, Ubeda I, Jubert-Rosich A, Marès J, Garcia-Corbeira P, Moris P, Teko M, Vanden Abeele C, Gillard P. Phase II, randomized, open, controlled study of AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine in children aged 3 to 9 years: follow-up of safety and immunogenicity persistence at 24 months post-vaccination. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:68-77. [PMID: 25652873 PMCID: PMC4353319 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine elicited broad and persistent immune responses with an acceptable safety profile up to 6 months following the first vaccination in children aged 3–9 years. Methods In this follow-up of the Phase II study, we report immunogenicity persistence and safety at 24 months post-vaccination in children aged 3–9 years. The randomized, open-label study assessed two doses of H5N1 A/Vietnam/1194/2004 influenza vaccine (1·9 μg or 3·75 μg hemagglutinin antigen) formulated with AS03A or AS03B (11·89 mg or 5·93 mg tocopherol, respectively). Control groups received seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine. Safety was assessed prospectively and included potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs). Immunogenicity was assessed by hemagglutination-inhibition assay 12 and 24 months after vaccination; cross-reactivity and cell-mediated responses were also assessed. (NCT00502593). Results The safety population included 405 children. Over 24 months, five events fulfilled the criteria for pIMDs, of which four occurred in H5N1 vaccine recipients, including uveitis (n = 1) and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 1), which were considered to be vaccine-related. Overall, safety profiles of the vaccines were clinically acceptable. Humoral immune responses at 12 and 24 months were reduced versus those observed after the second dose of vaccine, although still within the range of those observed after the first dose. Persistence of cell-mediated immunity was strong, and CD4+ T cells with a TH1 profile were observed. Conclusions Two doses of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine in children showed low but persistent humoral immune responses and a strong persistence of cell-mediated immunity, with clinically acceptable safety profiles up to 24 months following first vaccination.
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21
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Derhovanessian E, Maier AB, Hähnel K, McElhaney JE, Slagboom EP, Pawelec G. Latent infection with cytomegalovirus is associated with poor memory CD4 responses to influenza A core proteins in the elderly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3624-31. [PMID: 25187662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza remains a major pathogen in older people. Infection with CMV and the accumulation of late-differentiated T cells associated with it have been implicated in poor Ab responsiveness to influenza vaccination in the elderly, most of whom are CMV positive. However, whether CMV infection also affects memory T cell responses to influenza remains unknown. To investigate this, we assessed T cell responses to influenza A matrix protein and nucleoprotein ex vivo in 166 Dutch individuals (mean age 62.2 y, range 42-82) and validated the results in a second cohort from North America (mean age 73.1 y, range 65-81, n = 28). We found that less than half of the CMV-infected older subjects mounted a CD4 T cell response to influenza Ags, whereas ∼80% of uninfected elderly did so. A similar proportion of younger subjects possessed influenza A virus-responsive CD4 T cells, and, interestingly, this was the case whether they were CMV-infected. Thus, the effect of CMV was only seen in the older donors, who may have been exposed to the virus for decades. The percentage of donors with CD8 responses to influenza A virus was lower than those with CD4; this was not influenced by whether the subjects were CMV seropositive or seronegative. CMV-seropositive responders had significantly higher frequencies of late-differentiated CD4 T-cells (CD45RA(+/-)CCR7(-)CD27(-)CD28(-)) compared with CMV-infected nonresponders. These data add to the accumulating evidence that infection with CMV has profound but heterogeneous effects on responses to the products of other viruses and have implications for the design of influenza vaccines, especially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany;
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Health Aging, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Hähnel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; and
| | - Eline P Slagboom
- Netherlands Consortium for Health Aging, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany
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22
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Haq K, McElhaney JE. Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Haq K, McElhaney JE. Ageing and respiratory infections: the airway of ageing. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:323-8. [PMID: 24973652 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease burden worldwide especially among the elderly. Furthermore, a direct relationship between ageing and susceptibility to infections has been reported, which may be caused by impaired immune function, frailty and degree of exposure to infectious diseases. Many complex changes, including structural and age-associated decline in immunity are associated with increased pulmonary diseases worldwide and result in a high age-related disease burden. The common respiratory infections that present serious risks for the elderly include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and a number of bacterial pathogens including pneumococcus and tuberculosis. Vaccines are available for a limited number of these pathogens including influenza, pneumococcal and pertussis vaccines. This mini review article examines the age-related changes in immune function that predispose the elderly population to respiratory infections and potential loss of vaccine efficacy with a focus on ageing and influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1.
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Lang PO. Why Influenza Viruses Continue to Pose a Significant Threat to Aging and Aged Populations Worldwide. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-013-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Vaccine-induced boosting of influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells in younger and aged humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77164. [PMID: 24155927 PMCID: PMC3796569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current yearly influenza virus vaccines induce strain-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses providing protective immunity to closely matched viruses. However, these vaccines are often poorly effective in high-risk groups such as the elderly and challenges exist in predicting yearly or emerging pandemic influenza virus strains to include in the vaccines. Thus, there has been considerable emphasis on understanding broadly protective immunological mechanisms for influenza virus. Recent studies have implicated memory CD4 T cells in heterotypic immunity in animal models and in human challenge studies. Here we examined how influenza virus vaccination boosted CD4 T cell responses in younger versus aged humans. Our results demonstrate that while the magnitude of the vaccine-induced CD4 T cell response and number of subjects responding on day 7 did not differ between younger and aged subjects, fewer aged subjects had peak responses on day 14. While CD4 T cell responses were inefficiently boosted against NA, both HA and especially nucleocaspid protein- and matrix-(NP+M) specific responses were robustly boosted. Pre-existing CD4 T cell responses were associated with more robust responses to influenza virus NP+M, but not H1 or H3. Finally pre-existing strain-specific NAb decreased the boosting of CD4 T cell responses. Thus, accumulation of pre-existing influenza virus-specific immunity in the form of NAb and cross-reactive T cells to conserved virus proteins (e.g. NP and M) over a lifetime of exposure to infection and vaccination may influence vaccine-induced CD4 T cell responses in the aged.
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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, McKinney BA, Ovsyannikova IG, Lambert ND, Jacobson RM, Oberg AL. Vaccinomics, adversomics, and the immune response network theory: individualized vaccinology in the 21st century. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:89-103. [PMID: 23755893 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines, like drugs and medical procedures, are increasingly amenable to individualization or personalization, often based on novel data resulting from high throughput "omics" technologies. As a result of these technologies, 21st century vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of a "one size fits all" approach to vaccine dosing and delivery, as well as the abandonment of the empiric "isolate-inactivate-inject" paradigm for vaccine development. In this review, we discuss the immune response network theory and its application to the new field of vaccinomics and adversomics, and illustrate how vaccinomics can lead to new vaccine candidates, new understandings of how vaccines stimulate immune responses, new biomarkers for vaccine response, and facilitate the understanding of what genetic and other factors might be responsible for rare side effects due to vaccines. Perhaps most exciting will be the ability, at a systems biology level, to integrate increasingly complex high throughput data into descriptive and predictive equations for immune responses to vaccines. Herein, we discuss the above with a view toward the future of vaccinology.
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Duraisingham SS, Rouphael N, Cavanagh MM, Nakaya HI, Goronzy JJ, Pulendran B. Systems biology of vaccination in the elderly. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 363:117-42. [PMID: 22903566 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging population demographics, combined with suboptimal vaccine responses in the elderly, make the improvement of vaccination strategies in the elderly a developing public health issue. The immune system changes with age, with innate and adaptive cell components becoming increasingly dysfunctional. As such, vaccine responses in the elderly are impaired in ways that differ depending on the type of vaccine (e.g., live attenuated, polysaccharide, conjugate, or subunit) and the mediators of protection (e.g., antibody and/or T cell). The rapidly progressing field of systems biology has been shown to be useful in predicting immunogenicity and offering insights into potential mechanisms of protection in young adults. Future application of systems biology to vaccination in the elderly may help to identify gene signatures that predict suboptimal responses and help to identify more accurate correlates of protection. Moreover, the identification of specific defects may be used to target novel vaccination strategies that improve efficacy in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai S Duraisingham
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Dolfi DV, Mansfield KD, Polley AM, Doyle SA, Freeman GJ, Pircher H, Schmader KE, Wherry EJ. Increased T-bet is associated with senescence of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in aged humans. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:825-36. [PMID: 23440501 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged individuals have increased morbidity and mortality following influenza and other viral infections, despite previous exposure or vaccination. Mouse and human studies suggest increased senescence and/or exhaustion of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells with advanced age. However, neither the relationship between senescence and exhaustion nor the underlying transcriptional pathways leading to decreased function of influenza virus-specific cellular immunity in elderly humans are well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that increased percentages of CD8 T cells from aged individuals express CD57 and KLRG1, along with PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors, markers of senescence, or exhaustion, respectively. Expression of T-box transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, were also increased in CD8 T cells from aged subjects and correlated closely with expression of CD57 and KLRG1. Influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells from aged individuals exhibited decreased functionality with corresponding increases in CD57, KLRG1, and T-bet, a molecular regulator of terminal differentiation. However, in contrast to total CD8 T cells, influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells had altered expression of inhibitory receptors, including lower PD-1, in aged compared with young subjects. Thus, our data suggest a prominent role for senescence and/or terminal differentiation for influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas V Dolfi
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Nikolich-Žugich J, Li G, Uhrlaub JL, Renkema KR, Smithey MJ. Age-related changes in CD8 T cell homeostasis and immunity to infection. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:356-64. [PMID: 22554418 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of CD8 T cell responses to vaccination or infection with various pathogens in both animal models and human subjects have revealed a markedly consistent array of age-related defects. In general, recent work shows that aged CD8 T cell responses are decreased in magnitude, and show poor differentiation into effector cells, with a reduced arsenal of effector functions. Here we review potential mechanisms underlying these defects. We specifically address phenotypic and numeric changes to the naïve CD8 T cell precursor pool, the impact of persistent viral infection(s) and inflammation, and contributions of the aging environment in which these cells are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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30
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Abstract
A clear understanding of immunity in individuals infected with influenza virus is critical for the design of effective vaccination and treatment strategies. Whereas myriad studies have teased apart innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza infection in murine models, much less is known about human immunity as a result of the ethical and technical constraints of human research. Still, these murine studies have provided important insights into the critical correlates of protection and pathogenicity in human infection and helped direct the human studies that have been conducted. Here, we examine and review the current literature on immunity in humans infected with influenza virus, noting evidence offered by select murine studies and suggesting directions in which future research is most warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Oshansky
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Wagar LE, Rosella L, Crowcroft N, Lowcock B, Drohomyrecky PC, Foisy J, Gubbay J, Rebbapragada A, Winter AL, Achonu C, Ward BJ, Watts TH. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to pandemic H1N1 influenza in a Canadian cohort one year post-pandemic: implications for vaccination. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28063. [PMID: 22132212 PMCID: PMC3223223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a cohort of Canadian donors for T cell and antibody responses against influenza A/California/7/2009 (pH1N1) at 8-10 months after the 2nd pandemic wave by flow cytometry and microneutralization assays. Memory CD8 T cell responses to pH1N1 were detectable in 58% (61/105) of donors. These responses were largely due to cross-reactive CD8 T cell epitopes as, for those donors tested, similar recall responses were obtained to A/California 2009 and A/PR8 1934 H1N1 Hviruses. Longitudinal analysis of a single infected individual showed only a small and transient increase in neutralizing antibody levels, but a robust CD8 T cell response that rose rapidly post symptom onset, peaking at 3 weeks, followed by a gradual decline to the baseline levels seen in a seroprevalence cohort post-pandemic. The magnitude of the influenza-specific CD8 T cell memory response at one year post-pandemic was similar in cases and controls as well as in vaccinated and unvaccinated donors, suggesting that any T cell boosting from infection was transient. Pandemic H1-specific antibodies were only detectable in approximately half of vaccinated donors. However, those who were vaccinated within a few months following infection had the highest persisting antibody titers, suggesting that vaccination shortly after influenza infection can boost or sustain antibody levels. For the most part the circulating influenza-specific T cell and serum antibody levels in the population at one year post-pandemic were not different between cases and controls, suggesting that natural infection does not lead to higher long term T cell and antibody responses in donors with pre-existing immunity to influenza. However, based on the responses of one longitudinal donor, it is possible for a small population of pre-existing cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells to expand rapidly following infection and this response may aid in viral clearance and contribute to a lessening of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Wagar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Rosella
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Julie Foisy
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anu Rebbapragada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian J. Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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