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Osten-Sacken N, Heddergott M, Schleimer A, Anheyer-Behmenburg HE, Runge M, Horsburgh GJ, Camp L, Nadler SA, Frantz AC. Similar yet different: co-analysis of the genetic diversity and structure of an invasive nematode parasite and its invasive mammalian host. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:233-243. [PMID: 29102623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal parasitic nematodes can cause serious diseases and their emergence in new areas can be an issue of major concern for biodiversity conservation and human health. Their ability to adapt to new environments and hosts is likely to be affected by their degree of genetic diversity, with gene flow between distinct populations counteracting genetic drift and increasing effective population size. The raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis), a gastrointestinal parasite of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), has increased its global geographic range after being translocated with its host. The raccoon has been introduced multiple times to Germany, but not all its populations are infected with the parasite. While fewer introduced individuals may have led to reduced diversity in the parasite, admixture between different founder populations may have counteracted genetic drift and bottlenecks. Here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the roundworm and its raccoon host at the intersection of distinct raccoon populations infected with B. procyonis. We found evidence for two parasite clusters resulting from independent introductions. Both clusters exhibited an extremely low genetic diversity, suggesting small founding populations subjected to inbreeding and genetic drift with no, or very limited, genetic influx from population admixture. Comparison of the population genetic structures of both host and parasite suggested that the parasite spread to an uninfected raccoon founder population. On the other hand, an almost perfect match between cluster boundaries also suggested that the population genetic structure of B. procyonis has remained stable since its introduction, mirroring that of its raccoon host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Osten-Sacken
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Fondation Faune-Flore, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mike Heddergott
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Schleimer
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Helena E Anheyer-Behmenburg
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Runge
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gavin J Horsburgh
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lauren Camp
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
| | - Steven A Nadler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
| | - Alain C Frantz
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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2
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Streito JC, Clouet C, Hamdi F, Gauthier N. Population genetic structure of the biological control agent Macrolophus pygmaeus in Mediterranean agroecosystems. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:859-876. [PMID: 27312029 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological control of agricultural pests relies on knowledge of agroecosystem functionality, particularly when affected by the use of mass-produced biological agents. Incorporating pre- and/or post-release information such as genetic diversity and structure on these agents using molecular-based approaches could advance our knowledge of how they perform in agroecosystems. We evaluated the population genetics of Macrolophus pygmaeus, the most widely used predatory mirid against many arthropod pests of greenhouse crops in the Mediterranean region, using the mitochondrial Cytb sequence and microsatellite data, and population genetics and phylogeny approaches. We investigated commercially mass-produced insects (i.e., commercial insects either mass-reared in the laboratory for many generations, or purchased by farmers and released in the greenhouses) and "wild" insects (i.e., that occur naturally outside or are collected in nature for release in the greenhouses). The mirids were mainly collected in agroecosystems in which solanaceous plants are grown in northern Spain, southern France and Greece. Both molecular markers and approaches distinguished 2 genetically differentiated populations. The less genetically diverse population, hereafter named the "commercial" strain included all individuals from laboratory mass-rearings and most releases of commercially bred individuals. The most genetically diverse population mainly comprised individuals originating from noncultivated environments, or from releases of "wild" individuals. Rare examples of hybridization between M. pygmaeus from the 2 populations were observed and asymmetric gene flow was revealed. These findings provide new insights into what happens to M. pygmaeus released in the agroecosystems we studied, and show that it is possible to monitor some commercial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Streito
- INRA, UMR (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Cécile Clouet
- INRA, UMR (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Faten Hamdi
- IRD, UMR (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Nathalie Gauthier
- IRD, UMR (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abdul-Aziz MA, Schöfl G, Mrotzek G, Haryanti H, Sugama K, Saluz HP. Population structure of the Indonesian giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon: a window into evolutionary similarities between paralogous mitochondrial DNA sequences and their genomes. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3570-84. [PMID: 26380687 PMCID: PMC4567862 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we used both microsatellites and mtCR (mitochondrial DNA control region) sequences as genetic markers to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of Penaeus monodon shrimp from six Indonesian regions. The microsatellite data showed that shrimp from the Indian and the Pacific Ocean were genetically distinct from each other. It has been reported previously that P. monodon mtCR sequences from the Indo-Pacific group into two major paralogous clades of unclear origin. Here we show that the population structure inferred from mtCR sequences matches the microsatellite-based population structure for one of these clades. This is consistent with the notion that this mtCR clade shares evolutionary history with nuclear DNA and may thus represent nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (Numts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslihudeen A Abdul-Aziz
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyBeutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schöfl
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyBeutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- DKMS Life Science Lab GmbHFiedlerstr. 34, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Grit Mrotzek
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyBeutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Haryanti Haryanti
- Institute for Mariculture Research and Development – IMRAD, Ds PenyabanganBr. Gondol PO. Box 140, Singaraja, Bali, 81101, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Sugama
- Research and Development Center for AquacultureJL Ragunan 20, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, 12540, Indonesia
| | - Hans Peter Saluz
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyBeutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena, Germany
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Zepeda-Paulo F, Lavandero B, Mahéo F, Dion E, Outreman Y, Simon JC, Figueroa CC. Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid? Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2149-61. [PMID: 26078852 PMCID: PMC4461417 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host recognition and use in female parasitoids strongly relies on host fidelity, a plastic behavior which can significantly restrict the host preferences of parasitoids, thus reducing the gene flow between parasitoid populations attacking different insect hosts. However, the effect of migrant males on the genetic differentiation of populations has been frequently ignored in parasitoids, despite its known impact on gene flow between populations. Hence, we studied the extent of gene flow mediated by female and male parasitoids by assessing sibship relationships among parasitoids within and between populations, and its impact on geographic and host-associated differentiation in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. We report evidences of a high gene flow among parasitoid populations on different aphid hosts and geographic locations. The high gene flow among parasitoid populations was found to be largely male mediated, suggested by significant differences in the distribution of full-sib and paternal half-sib dyads of parasitoid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Dion
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Outreman
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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6
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Fuentes-Contreras E, Basoalto E, Franck P, Lavandero B, Knight AL, Ramírez CC. Measuring local genetic variability in populations of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) across an unmanaged and commercial orchard interface. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:520-527. [PMID: 24763103 DOI: 10.1603/en13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic structure of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), populations was characterized both inside a managed apple, Malus domestica Borkdhausen, orchard and in surrounding unmanaged hosts and nonhost trees in central Chile during 2006-2007. Adult males were collected using an array of sex pheromone-baited traps. Five microsatellite genetic markers were used to study the population genetic structure across both spatial (1-100 ha) and temporal (generations within a season) gradients. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) found a significant, but weak, association in both the spatial and temporal genetic structures. Discriminant analysis also found significant differentiation between the first and second generation for traps located either inside or outside the managed orchard. The Bayesian assignment test detected three genetic clusters during each of the two generations, which corresponded to different areas within the unmanaged and managed apple orchard interface. The lack of a strong spatial structure at a local scale was hypothesized to be because of active adult movement between the managed and unmanaged hosts and the asymmetry in the insecticide selection pressure inside and outside the managed habitats. These data highlight the importance of developing area-wide management programs that incorporate management tactics effective at the landscape level for successful codling moth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
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Khidr SK, Hardy ICW, Zaviezo T, Mayes S. Development of microsatellite markers and detection of genetic variation between Goniozus wasp populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:43. [PMID: 25373190 PMCID: PMC4206244 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic markers reveal differences between genotypes according to the presence of alleles (the same or different) at target loci. Microsatellite markers are especially useful co-dominant markers that have been used in a wide range of studies to elucidate the population structure and dynamics of a range of organisms, including agriculturally beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps (parasitoids). In the present study, twelve primer pairs were designed for the south Asian , Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and 24 for its New World congener, Goniozus legneri Gordh, parasitoids of the larvae of the lepidopteran coconut pest Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Crytophasidae) and other lepidopteran pests, respectively, in order to investigate polymorphism within and between populations. The wasps fingerprinted were a total of 85 G. nephantidis and G. legneri, including individuals belonging to three putatively different strains of G. legneri. Annealing gradient tests (50-65°C) were conducted to study the quality of the PCR amplification across an annealing temperature gradient using a mixed genotype DNA template from each species separately. Seven primer pairs, which amplified clear products of approximately the expected size of G. nephantidis and 18 of G. legneri, were then selected for capillary analysis for fragment size determination on a Beckmann CEQ 8000. Neither G. nephantidis nor G. legneri were polymorphic within populations. However, there were six primer pairs that did show polymorphism between G. legneri populations that originated from different geographical areas within South America (Uruguay and Chile). Furthermore, one primer pair revealed diversity between the two strains collected within Chile. One of the markers was subsequently used to provide unbiased assessment of primary sex ratio in G. legneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand K Khidr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12, 5RD, UK
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12, 5RD, UK
| | - Tania Zaviezo
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306 - 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sean Mayes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12, 5RD, UK
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Kirk H, Dorn S, Mazzi D. Molecular genetics and genomics generate new insights into invertebrate pest invasions. Evol Appl 2013; 6:842-856. [PMID: 29387170 PMCID: PMC5779122 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate pest invasions and outbreaks are associated with high social, economic, and ecological costs, and their significance will intensify with an increasing pressure on agricultural productivity as a result of human population growth and climate change. New molecular genetic and genomic techniques are available and accessible, but have been grossly underutilized in studies of invertebrate pest invasions, despite that they are useful tools for applied pest management and for understanding fundamental features of pest invasions including pest population demographics and adaptation of pests to novel and/or changing environments. Here, we review current applications of molecular genetics and genomics in the study of invertebrate pest invasions and outbreaks, and we highlight shortcomings from the current body of research. We then discuss recent conceptual and methodological advances in the areas of molecular genetics/genomics and data analysis, and we highlight how these advances will further our understanding of the demographic, ecological, and evolutionary features of invertebrate pest invasions. We are now well equipped to use molecular data to understand invertebrate dispersal and adaptation, and this knowledge has valuable applications in agriculture at a time when these are critically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kirk
- ETH ZurichInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied EntomologyZurichSwitzerland
- Present address:
University of ZurichInstitute of Systematic BotanyZurichSwitzerland
| | - Silvia Dorn
- ETH ZurichInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied EntomologyZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dominique Mazzi
- ETH ZurichInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, Applied EntomologyZurichSwitzerland
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Lavandero B, Tylianakis JM. Genotype matching in a parasitoid-host genotypic food web: an approach for measuring effects of environmental change. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:229-38. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta; Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología; Universidad de Talca; 2 Norte 685; Casilla; 747; Talca; Chile
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Private Bag; 4800; Christchurch; New Zealand
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Lavandero B, Rojas P, Ramirez CC, Salazar M, Caligari PD. Genetic structure of the aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, and its role as a vector of the Strawberry Yellow Edge Virus to a native strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis in Chile. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:110. [PMID: 23438175 PMCID: PMC3605023 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The monoecious anholocyclical aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Aphididae), was collected on a native strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne (Rosales: Rosaceae) from different sites in Chile. The presence of this aphid was recorded during two consecutive years. F. chiloensis plants were collected from seven natural and cultivated growing areas in central and southern Chile. Aphids were genotyped by cross-species amplification of four microsatellite loci from other aphid species. In addition, the aphid borne virus Strawberry mild yellow edge virus was confirmed in F. chiloensis plants by double-antibody sandwich ELISA and RT-PCR. Genetic variability and structure of the aphid populations was assessed from the geo-referenced individuals through AMOVA and a Bayesian assignment test. The presence of C. fragaefolii, during the two-year study was detected in only four of the seven sites (Curepto, Contulmo, Chilián and Cucao). Genetic variation among these populations reached 19% of the total variance. When assigning the individuals to groups, these were separated in three genetic clusters geographically disjunct. Of the seven sampled sites, six were positive for the virus by RT-PCR, and five by double-antibody sandwich ELISA . The incidence of the virus ranged from 0-100%. Presence of the virus corresponded with the presence of the aphid in all but two sites (Chilian and Vilches). The greatest incidence of Strawberry mild yellow edge virus was related to the abundance of aphids. On the other hand, sequences of the coat protein gene of the different virus samples did not show correspondence with either the genetic groups of the aphids or the sampling sites. The genetic structure of aphids could suggest that dispersal is mainly through human activities, and the spread to natural areas has not yet occurred on a great scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Lavandero
- Laboratories de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Pamela Rojas
- Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
- Present address: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional Rayentue, Rengo, Chile
| | - Claudio C. Ramirez
- Laboratories de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcela Salazar
- Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
- Present address: Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
| | - Peter D.S. Caligari
- Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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