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Gong ZX, Cheng FP, Xu JN, Yan WY, Wang ZL. The Juvenile-Hormone-Responsive Factor AmKr-h1 Regulates Caste Differentiation in Honey Bees. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1657. [PMID: 38002339 PMCID: PMC10669509 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are typical model organisms for the study of caste differentiation, and the juvenile hormone (JH) is a crucial link in the regulatory network of caste differentiation in honey bees. To investigate the mechanism of JH-mediated caste differentiation, we analyzed the effect of the JH response gene AmKr-h1 on this process. We observed that AmKr-h1 expression levels were significantly higher in queen larvae than in worker larvae at the 48 h, 84 h, and 120 h larval stages, and were regulated by JH. Inhibiting AmKr-h1 expression in honey bee larvae using RNAi could lead to the development of larvae toward workers. We also analyzed the transcriptome changes in honey bee larvae after AmKr-h1 RNAi and identified 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 682 differentially expressed alternative splicing events (DEASEs); of these, many were related to honey bee caste differentiation. Our results indicate that AmKr-h1 regulates caste differentiation in honey bees by acting as a JH-responsive gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xian Gong
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.-X.G.); (F.-P.C.); (J.-N.X.); (W.-Y.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fu-Ping Cheng
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.-X.G.); (F.-P.C.); (J.-N.X.); (W.-Y.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jia-Ning Xu
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.-X.G.); (F.-P.C.); (J.-N.X.); (W.-Y.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei-Yu Yan
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.-X.G.); (F.-P.C.); (J.-N.X.); (W.-Y.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.-X.G.); (F.-P.C.); (J.-N.X.); (W.-Y.Y.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang 330045, China
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Martín D, Chafino S, Franch-Marro X. How stage identity is established in insects: the role of the Metamorphic Gene Network. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:29-38. [PMID: 33075581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of adult insects requires the integration of spatial and temporal regulatory axes. Whereas spatial information confers identity to each tissue, organ and appendage, temporal information specifies at which stage of development the animal is. Regardless of the type of post-embryonic development, either hemimetabolous or holometabolous, temporal specificity is achieved through interactions between the temporal identity genes Kr-h1, E93 and Br-C, whose sequential expression is controlled by the two major developmental hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone and Juvenile hormone. Given the intimate regulatory connection between these three factors to specify life stage identity, we dubbed the regulatory axis that comprises these genes as the Metamorphic Gene Network (MGN). In this review, we survey the molecular mechanisms underlying the control by the MGN of stage identity and progression in hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Chafino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ge L, Jiang L, Zheng S, Zhou Y, Wu Q, Liu F. Frizzled 2 Functions in the Regulation of TOR-Mediated Embryonic Development and Fecundity in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter. Front Physiol 2020; 11:579233. [PMID: 33041875 PMCID: PMC7526694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.579233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, is an important predator of rice planthoppers in Asia. In a previous study, C. lividipennis fed on gramineous weeds with brown planthopper (BPH) eggs had reduced development compared to those fed on rice with BPH eggs. In the current study, the concentrations of selected amino acids (AAs) were higher in rice than five gramineous species, which might explain the enhanced growth of C. lividipennis on rice. When C. lividipennis was fed on AA-deprived artificial diets, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited. Furthermore, C. lividipennis females silenced for expression of Frizzled 2 (Fz2) showed a significant reduction in the Wnt/β-catenin and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways. Silencing Fz2 led to decreased expression of the vitellogenin gene (Vg), lower Vg accumulation in oocytes, reduced soluble protein in ovaries and fat bodies, reduced titers of juvenile hormone, prolonged preoviposition periods, and lower predation capacity, body weight, and egg numbers as controlled to controls. Fz2 silencing resulted in undeveloped ovaries and the inhibition of oocyte growth in the ovarioles, resulting in decreased numbers of offspring and reduced hatching rates. The silencing of Fz2 also resulted in aberrant embryos with undeveloped eyespots and organs, suggesting that Fz2 is an essential gene for embryonic development, oogenesis, and egg maturation. In summary, this study established a potential link between Wnt and TOR pathways, which interact synergistically to regulate C. lividipennis reproduction in response to AA signals. These results provide valuable new information that can be applied to large-scale rearing of C. lividipennis predators, which is important for reducing planthopper damage in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Knockout of juvenile hormone receptor, Methoprene-tolerant, induces black larval phenotype in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21501-21507. [PMID: 31570611 PMCID: PMC6815201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905729116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) analogs are used to control mosquitoes. However, both larval development and action of JH analogs are not well studied in these insects because RNA interference does not work well. A multiple single guide RNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method was used to knockout the methoprene-tolerant gene (Met, a JH receptor). The Met knockout larvae showed precocious development of pupal cuticle and expression of pupal/adult genes involved in the synthesis and melanization of cuticle and blood meal digestion. The methods developed here could help to overcome the major hurdle in functional genomics studies in Aedes aegypti and facilitate advances in understanding larval development and mode of action of JH analogs. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, vectors human pathogens. Juvenile hormones (JH) control almost every aspect of an insect’s life, and JH analogs are currently used to control mosquito larvae. Since RNA interference does not work efficiently during the larval stages of this insect, JH regulation of larval development and mode of action of JH analogs are not well studied. To overcome this limitation, we used a multiple single guide RNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method to knockout the methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene coding for a JH receptor. The Met knockout larvae exhibited a black larval phenotype during the L3 (third instar larvae) and L4 (fourth instar larvae) stages and died before pupation. However, Met knockout did not affect embryonic development or the L1 and L2 stages. Microscopy studies revealed the precocious synthesis of a dark pupal cuticle during the L3 and L4 stages. Gene expression analysis showed that Krüppel homolog 1, a key transcription factor in JH action, was down-regulated, but genes coding for proteins involved in melanization, pupal and adult cuticle synthesis, and blood meal digestion in adults were up-regulated in L4 Met mutants. These data suggest that, during the L3 and L4 stages, Met mediates JH suppression of pupal/adult genes involved in the synthesis and melanization of the cuticle and blood meal digestion. These results help to advance our knowledge of JH regulation of larval development and the mode of action of JH analogs in Ae. aegypti.
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Subcellular Localization Signals of bHLH-PAS Proteins: Their Significance, Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194746. [PMID: 31554340 PMCID: PMC6801399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH-PAS (basic helix-loop-helix/ Period-ARNT-Single minded) proteins are a family of transcriptional regulators commonly occurring in living organisms. bHLH-PAS members act as intracellular and extracellular "signals" sensors, initiating response to endo- and exogenous signals, including toxins, redox potential, and light. The activity of these proteins as transcription factors depends on nucleocytoplasmic shuttling: the signal received in the cytoplasm has to be transduced, via translocation, to the nucleus. It leads to the activation of transcription of particular genes and determines the cell response to different stimuli. In this review, we aim to present the current state of knowledge concerning signals that affect shuttling of bHLH-PAS transcription factors. We summarize experimentally verified and published nuclear localization signals/nuclear export signals (NLSs/NESs) in the context of performed in silico predictions. We have used most of the available NLS/NES predictors. Importantly, all our results confirm the existence of a complex system responsible for protein localization regulation that involves many localization signals, which activity has to be precisely controlled. We conclude that the current stage of knowledge in this area is still not complete and for most of bHLH-PAS proteins an experimental verification of the activity of further NLS/NES is needed.
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Kolonko M, Greb-Markiewicz B. bHLH-PAS Proteins: Their Structure and Intrinsic Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153653. [PMID: 31357385 PMCID: PMC6695611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix–loop–helix/Per-ARNT-SIM (bHLH–PAS) proteins are a class of transcriptional regulators, commonly occurring in living organisms and highly conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates. These proteins exhibit a relatively well-conserved domain structure: the bHLH domain located at the N-terminus, followed by PAS-A and PAS-B domains. In contrast, their C-terminal fragments present significant variability in their primary structure and are unique for individual proteins. C-termini were shown to be responsible for the specific modulation of protein action. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge, based on NMR and X-ray analysis, concerning the structural properties of bHLH–PAS proteins. It is worth noting that all determined structures comprise only selected domains (bHLH and/or PAS). At the same time, substantial parts of proteins, comprising their long C-termini, have not been structurally characterized to date. Interestingly, these regions appear to be intrinsically disordered (IDRs) and are still a challenge to research. We aim to emphasize the significance of IDRs for the flexibility and function of bHLH–PAS proteins. Finally, we propose modern NMR methods for the structural characterization of the IDRs of bHLH–PAS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolonko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Greb-Markiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Liu F, Shi T, Qi L, Su X, Wang D, Dong J, Huang ZY. lncRNA profile of Apis mellifera and its possible role in behavioural transition from nurses to foragers. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:393. [PMID: 31113365 PMCID: PMC6528240 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioural transition from nurses to foragers in honey bees is known to be affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including colony demography, hormone levels, brain chemistry and structure, and gene expression in the brain. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this behavioural transition of honey bees is still obscure. RESULTS Through RNA sequencing, we performed a comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs in honey bee nurses and foragers. Nurses and foragers from both typical colonies and single-cohort colonies were used to prepare six libraries to generate 49 to 100 million clear reads per sample. We obtained 6863 novel lncRNAs, 1480 differentially expressed lncRNAs between nurses and foragers, and 9308 mRNAs. Consistent with previous studies, lncRNAs showed features distinct from mRNAs, such as shorter lengths, lower exon numbers, and lower expression levels compared to mRNAs. Bioinformatic analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mostly involved in the regulation of sensory-related events, such as olfactory receptor activity and odorant binding, and enriched Wnt and FoxO signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that lncRNAs TCONS_00356023, TCONS_00357367, TCONS_00159909 and mRNAs dop1, Kr-h1 and HR38 may play important roles in behavioural transition in honey bees. CONCLUSION This study characterized the expression profile of lncRNAs in nurses and foragers and provided a framework for further study of the role of lncRNAs in honey bee behavioural transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Lei Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Xin Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Deqian Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021 Hangzhou China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021 Hangzhou China
| | - Zachary Y. Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Shin SW, Jeon JH, Jeong SA, Kim JA, Park DS, Shin Y, Oh HW. A plant diterpene counteracts juvenile hormone-mediated gene regulation during Drosophila melanogaster larval development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200706. [PMID: 30011330 PMCID: PMC6047816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant species possess compounds with juvenile hormone disruptor (JHD) activity. In some plant species, such activity has been attributed to diterpene secondary metabolites. Plant JHD diterpenes disrupt insect development by interfering with the juvenile hormone (JH)-mediated formation of JH receptor complexes. Here, we demonstrate that a plant extract and a diterpene from Lindera erythrocarpa (methyl lucidone) interfere with the formation of both methoprene-tolerant (Met)/Taiman and Germ cell-expressed (GCE)/Taiman heterodimer complexes in yeast two-hybrid assays in vitro. In addition to the in vitro JHD activity, the diterpene and the plant extract from L. erythrocarpa also disrupt the development of larvae and pupae in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparing the transcriptomes of juvenile hormone analog (JHA, methoprene)- and JHD (methyl lucidone)-fed wandering third-instar larvae revealed a large number of genes that were coregulated by JHA and JHD. Moreover, most (83%) of the genes that were repressed by methyl lucidone were significantly activated by methoprene, indicating that JHDs and JHAs have opposing effects on the transcriptional regulation of many JH-dependent genes. Gene ontology analysis also suggested that some of the genes activated-by-JHA/repressed-by-JHD play roles in spermatogenesis. Affymetrix microarray-based analysis indicated that the expression of genes activated-by-JHA/repressed-by-JHD was testis-specific. Together, these results suggest that JH is involved in testis-specific gene expression and that plant JHD diterpenes function as JH antagonists in such JHA-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woon Shin
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SWS); (HWO)
| | - Jun Hyoung Jeon
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ah Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Kim
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Shin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkley, California, United States of America
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SWS); (HWO)
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CREB-binding protein plays key roles in juvenile hormone action in the red flour beetle, Tribolium Castaneum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1426. [PMID: 29362416 PMCID: PMC5780420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysteroids regulate many biological and metabolic processes. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a transcriptional co-regulator with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. Therefore, CBP is involved in activation of many transcription factors that regulate expression of genes associated with postembryonic development in insects. However, the function of CBP in JH action in insects is not well understood. Hence, we studied the role of CBP in JH action in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and the Tribolium cell line. CBP knockdown caused a decrease in JH induction of genes, Kr-h1, 4EBP and G13402 in T. castaneum larvae, adults and TcA cells whereas, Trichostatin A [TSA, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor] induced the expression of these JH-response genes. Western blot analysis with specific antibodies revealed the requirement of CBP for the acetylation of H3K18 and H3K27 in both T. castaneum and TcA cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (Chip) assays showed the importance of CBP-mediated acetylation of H3K27 for JH induction of Kr-h1, 4EBP, and G13402 in TcA cells. These data suggest that CBP plays an important role in JH action in the model insect, T.castaneum.
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Roy A, George S, Palli SR. Multiple functions of CREB-binding protein during postembryonic development: identification of target genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:996. [PMID: 29284404 PMCID: PMC5747157 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysteroids control postembryonic development in insects. They serve as valuable targets for pest management. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of their action is of crucial importance. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a universal transcriptional co-regulator. It controls the expression of several genes including those from hormone signaling pathways through co-activation of many transcription factors. However, the role of CBP during postembryonic development in insects is not well understood. Therefore, we have studied the role of CBP in postembryonic development in Tribolium, a model coleopteran insect. Results CBP is ubiquitously expressed in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of CBP resulted in a decrease in JH induction of Kr-h1 gene expression in Tribolium larvae and led to a block in their development. Moreover, the injection of CBP double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) showed lethal phenotypes within 8 days of injection. RNA-seq and subsequent differential gene expression analysis identified CBP target genes in Tribolium. Knockdown of CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 1306 genes coding for transcription factors and other proteins associated with growth and development. Depletion of CBP impaired the expression of several JH response genes (e.g., Kr-h1, Hairy, early trypsin) and ecdysone response genes (EcR, E74, E75, and broad complex). Further, GO enrichment analyses of the downregulated genes showed enrichment in different functions including developmental processes, pigmentation, anatomical structure development, regulation of biological and cellular processes, etc. Conclusion These data suggest diverse but crucial roles for CBP during postembryonic development in the coleopteran model insect, Tribolium. It can serve as a target for RNAi mediated pest management of this stored product pest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4373-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,Present address, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, Prague 6, 165 21, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Nalepa CA. What Kills the Hindgut Flagellates of Lower Termites during the Host Molting Cycle? Microorganisms 2017; 5:E82. [PMID: 29258251 PMCID: PMC5748591 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsocial wood feeding cockroaches in the genus Cryptocercus, the sister group of termites, retain their symbiotic gut flagellates during the host molting cycle, but in lower termites, closely related flagellates die prior to host ecdysis. Although the prevalent view is that termite flagellates die because of conditions of starvation and desiccation in the gut during the host molting cycle, the work of L.R. Cleveland in the 1930s through the 1960s provides a strong alternate hypothesis: it was the changed hormonal environment associated with the origin of eusociality and its concomitant shift in termite developmental ontogeny that instigates the death of the flagellates in termites. Although the research on termite gut microbial communities has exploded since the advent of modern molecular techniques, the role of the host hormonal environment on the life cycle of its gut flagellates has been neglected. Here Cleveland's studies are revisited to provide a basis for re-examination of the problem, and the results framed in the context of two alternate hypotheses: the flagellate symbionts are victims of the change in host social status, or the flagellates have become incorporated into the life cycle of the eusocial termite colony. Recent work on parasitic protists suggests clear paths for exploring these hypotheses and for resolving long standing issues regarding sexual-encystment cycles in flagellates of the Cryptocercus-termite lineage using molecular methodologies, bringing the problem into the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Nalepa
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.
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Reversal of hyperactive Wnt signaling-dependent adipocyte defects by peptide boronic acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7469-E7478. [PMID: 28827348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621048114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Wnt signaling and altered lipid metabolism have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and various cancers, highlighting the importance of identifying inhibitors that can modulate Wnt signaling and aberrant lipid metabolism. We have established a Drosophila model with hyperactivated Wnt signaling caused by partial loss of axin, a key component of the Wnt cascade. The Axin mutant larvae are transparent and have severe adipocyte defects caused by up-regulation of β-catenin transcriptional activities. We demonstrate pharmacologic mitigation of these phenotypes in Axin mutants by identifying bortezomib and additional peptide boronic acids. We show that the suppressive effect of peptide boronic acids on hyperactive Wnt signaling is dependent on α-catenin; the rescue effect is completely abolished with the depletion of α-catenin in adipocytes. These results indicate that rather than targeting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway directly, pharmacologic modulation of β-catenin activity through α-catenin is a potentially attractive approach to attenuating Wnt signaling in vivo.
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The Occurrence of the Holometabolous Pupal Stage Requires the Interaction between E93, Krüppel-Homolog 1 and Broad-Complex. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006020. [PMID: 27135810 PMCID: PMC4852927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete metamorphosis (Holometaboly) is a key innovation that underlies the spectacular success of holometabolous insects. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Holometabola form a monophyletic group that evolved from ancestors exhibiting hemimetabolous development (Hemimetaboly). However, the nature of the changes underlying this crucial transition, including the occurrence of the holometabolan-specific pupal stage, is poorly understood. Using the holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model insect, here we show that the transient up-regulation of the anti-metamorphic Krüppel-homolog 1 (TcKr-h1) gene at the end of the last larval instar is critical in the formation of the pupa. We find that depletion of this specific TcKr-h1 peak leads to the precocious up-regulation of the adult-specifier factor TcE93 and, hence, to a direct transformation of the larva into the adult form, bypassing the pupal stage. Moreover, we also find that the TcKr-h1-dependent repression of TcE93 is critical to allow the strong up-regulation of Broad-complex (TcBr-C), a key transcription factor that regulates the correct formation of the pupa in holometabolous insects. Notably, we show that the genetic interaction between Kr-h1 and E93 is also present in the penultimate nymphal instar of the hemimetabolous insect Blattella germanica, suggesting that the evolution of the pupa has been facilitated by the co-option of regulatory mechanisms present in hemimetabolan metamorphosis. Our findings, therefore, contribute to the molecular understanding of insect metamorphosis, and indicate the evolutionary conservation of the genetic circuitry that controls hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis, thereby shedding light on the evolution of complete metamorphosis.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis among parental inbred and crosses reveals the role of dominance gene expression in heterosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21124. [PMID: 26928435 PMCID: PMC4772002 DOI: 10.1038/srep21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed heteroses for body weight in Drosophila melanogaster after generating hybrids from three inbred lines. To better understand the mechanism for this phenomenon at the mRNA level, we compared the mRNA profiles of the parental and hybrid lines using high-throughput RNA-seq. A total of 5877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found and about 92% of these exhibited parental expression level dominance. Genes in the dominance category were functionally characterized using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and the gene classifications offered by the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium. The analysis identified genes associated with crucial processes such as development and growth in all three crosses. Functional assignments involving aminoglycan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and galactose metabolism are significantly overrepresented amongst the 215 common dominance DEGs. We conclude that dominance DEGs are important in heteroses in Drosophila melanogaster and contribute specifically to body weight heterosis.
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Li JY, Ye LP, Che JQ, Song J, You ZY, Yun KC, Wang SH, Zhong BX. Comparative proteomic analysis of the silkworm middle silk gland reveals the importance of ribosome biogenesis in silk protein production. J Proteomics 2015; 126:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ou J, Deng HM, Zheng SC, Huang LH, Feng QL, Liu L. Transcriptomic analysis of developmental features of Bombyx mori wing disc during metamorphosis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:820. [PMID: 25261999 PMCID: PMC4196006 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wing discs of B. mori are transformed to pupal wings during the larva-to-pupa metamorphosis with dramatic morphological and structural changes. To understand these changes at a transcriptional level, RNA-seq of the wing discs from 6-day-old fifth instar larvae (L5D6), prepupae (PP) and pupae (P0) was performed. Results In total, 12,254 transcripts were obtained from the wing disc, out of which 5,287 were identified to be differentially expressed from L5D6 to PP and from PP to P0. The results of comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data showed that during larvae-to-pupae metamorphosis, many genes of 20E signaling pathway were up-regulated and those of JH signaling pathway were down-regulated. Seventeen transcription factors were significantly up-regulated. Cuticle protein genes (especially wing cuticle protein genes), were most abundant and significantly up-regulated at P0 stage. Genes responsible for the degradation and de novo synthesis of chitin were significantly up-regulated. There were A and B two types of chitin synthases in B. mori, whereas only chitin synthase A was up-regulated. Both trehalose and D-fructose, which are precursors of chitin synthesis, were detected in the hemolymph of L5D6, PP and P0, suggesting de novo synthesis of chitin. However, most of the genes that are related to early wing disc differentiation were down-regulated. Conclusions Extensive transcriptome and DGE profiling data of wing disc during metamorphosis of silkworm have been generated, which provided comprehensive gene expression information at the transcriptional level. These results implied that during the larva-to-pupa metamorphosis, pupal wing development and transition might be mainly controlled by 20E signaling in B. mori. The 17 up-regulated transcription factors might be involved in wing development. Chitin required for pupal wing development might be generated from both degradation of componential chitin and de novo synthesis. Chitin synthase A might be responsible for the chitin synthesis in the pupal wing, while both trehalose and D-fructose might contribute to the de novo synthesis of chitin during the formation of pupal wing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-820) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qi-Li Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Zhang T, Liao Y, Hsu FN, Zhang R, Searle JS, Pei X, Li X, Ryoo HD, Ji JY, Du W. Hyperactivated Wnt signaling induces synthetic lethal interaction with Rb inactivation by elevating TORC1 activities. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004357. [PMID: 24809668 PMCID: PMC4014429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the Rb tumor suppressor can lead to increased cell proliferation or cell death depending on specific cellular context. Therefore, identification of the interacting pathways that modulate the effect of Rb loss will provide novel insights into the roles of Rb in cancer development and promote new therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify a novel synthetic lethal interaction between Rb inactivation and deregulated Wg/Wnt signaling through unbiased genetic screens. We show that a weak allele of axin, which deregulates Wg signaling and increases cell proliferation without obvious effects on cell fate specification, significantly alters metabolic gene expression, causes hypersensitivity to metabolic stress induced by fasting, and induces synergistic apoptosis with mutation of fly Rb ortholog, rbf. Furthermore, hyperactivation of Wg signaling by other components of the Wg pathway also induces synergistic apoptosis with rbf. We show that hyperactivated Wg signaling significantly increases TORC1 activity and induces excessive energy stress with rbf mutation. Inhibition of TORC1 activity significantly suppressed synergistic cell death induced by hyperactivated Wg signaling and rbf inactivation, which is correlated with decreased energy stress and decreased induction of apoptotic regulator expression. Finally the synthetic lethality between Rb and deregulated Wnt signaling is conserved in mammalian cells and that inactivation of Rb and APC induces synergistic cell death through a similar mechanism. These results suggest that elevated TORC1 activity and metabolic stress underpin the evolutionarily conserved synthetic lethal interaction between hyperactivated Wnt signaling and inactivated Rb tumor suppressor. Inactivation of Rb tumor suppressor is common in cancers. Therefore, identification of genes and pathways that are synthetic lethal with Rb will provide new insights into the role of Rb in cancer development and promote the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here we identified a novel synthetic lethal interaction between Rb inactivation and hyperactivated Wnt signaling and showed that this synthetic lethal interaction is conserved in mammalian systems. We demonstrate that hyperactivated Wnt signaling activate TORC1 activity and induce excessive energy stress with inactivated Rb tumor suppressor, which underpins the evolutionarily conserved synthetic lethal interaction. This study provides novel insights into the interactions between the Rb, Wnt, and mTOR pathways in regulating cellular energy balance, cell growth, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yang Liao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S Searle
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xun Pei
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Du
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Jindra M, Palli SR, Riddiford LM. The juvenile hormone signaling pathway in insect development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 58:181-204. [PMID: 22994547 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular action of juvenile hormone (JH), a regulator of vital importance to insects, was until recently regarded as a mystery. The past few years have seen an explosion of studies of JH signaling, sparked by a finding that a JH-resistance gene, Methoprene-tolerant (Met), plays a critical role in insect metamorphosis. Here, we summarize the recently acquired knowledge on the capacity of Met to bind JH, which has been mapped to a particular ligand-binding domain, thus establishing this bHLH-PAS protein as a novel type of an intracellular hormone receptor. Next, we consider the significance of JH-dependent interactions of Met with other transcription factors and signaling pathways. We examine the regulation and biological roles of genes acting downstream of JH and Met in insect metamorphosis. Finally, we discuss the current gaps in our understanding of JH action and outline directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jindra
- Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Bernardo TJ, Dubrovsky EB. Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Activation by Juvenile Hormone: A Critical Role for bHLH-PAS and Nuclear Receptor Proteins. INSECTS 2012; 3:324-38. [PMID: 26467963 PMCID: PMC4553631 DOI: 10.3390/insects3010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is responsible for controlling many biological processes. In several insect species JH has been implicated as a key regulator of developmental timing, preventing the premature onset of metamorphosis during larval growth periods. However, the molecular basis of JH action is not well-understood. In this review, we highlight recent advances which demonstrate the importance of transcription factors from the bHLH-PAS and nuclear receptor families in mediating the response to JH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward B Dubrovsky
- Department of Biology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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