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Kulkarni R, Thakur A, Kumar H. Microtubule Dynamics Following Central and Peripheral Nervous System Axotomy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1358-1369. [PMID: 35451811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance in the neuronal network leads to instability in the microtubule (MT) railroad of axons, causing hindrance in the intra-axonal transport and making it difficult to re-establish the broken network. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons can stabilize their MTs, leading to the formation of regeneration-promoting structures called "growth cones". However, central nervous system (CNS) neurons lack this intrinsic reparative capability and, instead, form growth-incompetent structures called "retraction bulbs", which have a disarrayed MT network. It is evident from various studies that although axonal regeneration depends on both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors, any therapy that aims at axonal regeneration ultimately converges onto MTs. Understanding the neuronal MT dynamics will help develop effective therapeutic strategies in diseases where the MT network gets disrupted, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is also essential to know the factors that aid or inhibit MT stabilization. In this review, we have discussed the MT dynamics postaxotomy in the CNS and PNS, and factors that can directly influence MT stability in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Kulkarni
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Akshata Thakur
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Varier P, Raju G, Madhusudanan P, Jerard C, Shankarappa SA. A Brief Review of In Vitro Models for Injury and Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:816. [PMID: 35055003 PMCID: PMC8775373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve axonal injury and associated cellular mechanisms leading to peripheral nerve damage are important topics of research necessary for reducing disability and enhancing quality of life. Model systems that mimic the biological changes that occur during human nerve injury are crucial for the identification of cellular responses, screening of novel therapeutic molecules, and design of neural regeneration strategies. In addition to in vivo and mathematical models, in vitro axonal injury models provide a simple, robust, and reductionist platform to partially understand nerve injury pathogenesis and regeneration. In recent years, there have been several advances related to in vitro techniques that focus on the utilization of custom-fabricated cell culture chambers, microfluidic chamber systems, and injury techniques such as laser ablation and axonal stretching. These developments seem to reflect a gradual and natural progression towards understanding molecular and signaling events at an individual axon and neuronal-soma level. In this review, we attempt to categorize and discuss various in vitro models of injury relevant to the peripheral nervous system and highlight their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. Such models will help to recreate the post-injury microenvironment and aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can accelerate nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sahadev A. Shankarappa
- Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; (P.V.); (G.R.); (P.M.); (C.J.)
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3
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Pan B, Jing L, Cao M, Hu Y, Gao X, Bu X, Li Z, Feng H, Guo K. Melatonin promotes Schwann cell proliferation and migration via the shh signalling pathway after peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:720-731. [PMID: 33022764 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common and incurable disease in the clinic, but the effects of available treatments are still not satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new treatment methods. To explore the effect and mechanism of melatonin in peripheral nerve regeneration, we administered melatonin to mice with PNI by intraperitoneal injection. We applied microarray analysis to detect differentially expressed genes of mice with sciatic nerve injury after melatonin application. Then, we conducted gene ontology and protein-protein interactions to screen out the key genes related to peripheral nerve regeneration. Cell biology and molecular biology experiments were performed in Schwann cells in vitro to verify the key genes identified by microarray analysis. Our results showed that a total of 598 differentially expressed genes were detected after melatonin subcutaneously injecting into mice with sciatic nerve injury. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Shh may be the key gene for the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration by melatonin. In vitro, the proliferation and migration abilities of schwann cells in the melatonin group were significantly higher than those of Schwann cells in the control group; while after treating with both melatonin and luzindole (a Shh signalling pathway inhibitor), the proliferation and migration abilities of Schwann cells decreased compared with the melatonin group. Our study suggests that melatonin might improve the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells via the Shh signalling pathway after PNI, thus promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. Our study provides a new approach and target for the clinical treatment of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Menghan Cao
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youzhong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Kuitun Hospital, Ili Prefecture, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangbo Bu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaijin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shao X, You R, Hui TH, Fang C, Gong Z, Yan Z, Chang RCC, Shenoy VB, Lin Y. Tension- and Adhesion-Regulated Retraction of Injured Axons. Biophys J 2019; 117:193-202. [PMID: 31278003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-induced retraction of axons during traumatic brain injury is believed to play a key role in the disintegration of the neural network and to eventually lead to severe symptoms such as permanent memory loss and emotional disturbances. However, fundamental questions such as how axon retraction progresses and what physical factors govern this process still remain unclear. Here, we report a combined experimental and modeling study to address these questions. Specifically, a sharp atomic force microscope probe was used to transect axons and trigger their retraction in a precisely controlled manner. Interestingly, we showed that the retracting motion of a well-developed axon can be arrested by strong cell-substrate attachment. However, axon retraction was found to be retriggered if a second transection was conducted, albeit with a lower shrinking amplitude. Furthermore, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton or cell-substrate adhesion significantly altered the retracting dynamics of injured axons. Finally, a mathematical model was developed to explain the observed injury response of neural cells in which the retracting motion was assumed to be driven by the pre-tension in the axon and progress against neuron-substrate adhesion as well as the viscous resistance of the cell. Using realistic parameters, model predictions were found to be in good agreement with our observations under a variety of experimental conditions. By revealing the essential physics behind traumatic axon retraction, findings here could provide insights on the development of treatment strategies for axonal injury as well as its possible interplay with other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ran You
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Hin Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zishen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Su LN, Song XQ, Xue ZX, Zheng CQ, Yin HF, Wei HP. Network analysis of microRNAs, transcription factors, and target genes involved in axon regeneration. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:293-304. [PMID: 29616505 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration is crucial for recovery from neurological diseases. Numerous studies have identified several genes, microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcription factors (TFs) that influence axon regeneration. However, the regulatory networks involved have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed a regulatory network of 51 miRNAs, 27 TFs, and 59 target genes, which is involved in axon regeneration. We identified 359 pairs of feed-forward loops (FFLs), seven important genes (Nap1l1, Arhgef12, Sema6d, Akt3, Trim2, Rab11fip2, and Rps6ka3), six important miRNAs (hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, and hsa-miR-15b-5p), and eight important TFs (Smada2, Fli1, Wt1, Sp6, Sp3, Smad4, Smad5, and Creb1), which appear to play an important role in axon regeneration. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that axon-associated genes are involved mainly in the regulation of cellular component organization, axonogenesis, and cell morphogenesis during neuronal differentiation. However, these findings need to be validated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ning Su
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Song
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Zhan-Xia Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Chen-Qing Zheng
- Shenzhen RealOmics (Biotech) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518081, China
| | - Hai-Feng Yin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
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Abstract
Glaucoma is both the most common optic neuropathy worldwide and the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The only proven treatment for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is lowering the intraocular pressure, achieved with a variety of pharmacological, laser, and surgical approaches. Over the past 2 decades there has been much basic and clinical research into achieving treatment of the underlying optic nerve damage with neuroprotective approaches. However, none has resulted in regulatory approval based on successful phase 3 studies. This chapter discusses the reasons for this "lost in translation" aspect of glaucoma neuroprotection, and outlines issues at the laboratory and clinical trial level that need to be addressed for successful development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- McGill Academic Eye Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve West, Suite 400, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3S5
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kern JK, Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Mehta JA, Geier MR. Shared Brain Connectivity Issues, Symptoms, and Comorbidities in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome. Brain Connect 2015; 5:321-35. [PMID: 25602622 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS), has increased over the past two decades. Currently, about one in six children in the United States is diagnosed as having a neurodevelopmental disorder. Evidence suggests that ASD, ADHD, and TS have similar neuropathology, which includes long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity. They also share similar symptomatology with considerable overlap in their core and associated symptoms and a frequent overlap in their comorbid conditions. Consequently, it is apparent that ASD, ADHD, and TS diagnoses belong to a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental illness. Biologically, long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity are plausibly related to neuronal insult (e.g., neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, sustained microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines, toxic exposure, and oxidative stress). Therefore, these disorders may a share a similar etiology. The main purpose of this review is to critically examine the evidence that ASD, ADHD, and TS belong to a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental illness, an abnormal connectivity spectrum disorder, which results from neural long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity. The review also discusses the possible reasons for these neuropathological connectivity findings. In addition, this review examines the role and issue of axonal injury and regeneration in order to better understand the neuropathophysiological interplay between short- and long-range axons in connectivity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Kern
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David A Geier
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jyutika A Mehta
- 3 Communication Sciences & Disorders, Texas Woman's University , Denton, Texas
| | - Mark R Geier
- 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc. , Silver Spring, Maryland
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Yaka C, Björk P, Schönberg T, Erlandsson A. A Novel In Vitro Injury Model Based on Microcontact Printing Demonstrates Negative Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Axonal Regeneration both in Absence and Presence of Glia. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:392-402. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cane Yaka
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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