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Tan A, St John M, Chau D, Clair C, Chan H, Holzman R, Martin CH. A multi-peak performance landscape for scale biting in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247615. [PMID: 39054887 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The physical interactions between organisms and their environment ultimately shape diversification rates, but the contributions of biomechanics to evolutionary divergence are frequently overlooked. Here, we estimated a performance landscape for biting in an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes, including scale-biting and molluscivore specialists, and compared performance peaks with previous estimates of the fitness landscape in this system. We used high-speed video to film feeding strikes on gelatin cubes by scale eater, molluscivore, generalist and hybrid pupfishes and measured bite dimensions. We then measured five kinematic variables from 227 strikes using the SLEAP machine-learning model. We found a complex performance landscape with two distinct peaks best predicted gel-biting performance, corresponding to a significant non-linear interaction between peak gape and peak jaw protrusion. Only scale eaters and their hybrids were able to perform strikes within the highest performance peak, characterized by larger peak gapes and greater jaw protrusion. A performance valley separated this peak from a lower performance peak accessible to all species, characterized by smaller peak gapes and less jaw protrusion. However, most individuals exhibited substantial variation in strike kinematics and species could not be reliably distinguished by their strikes, indicating many-to-many mapping of morphology to performance. The two performance peaks observed in the lab were partially consistent with estimates of a two-peak fitness landscape measured in the wild, with the exception of the new performance peak for scale eaters. We thus reveal a new bimodal non-linear biomechanical model that connects morphology to performance to fitness in a sympatric radiation of trophic niche specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Tan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michelle St John
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Dylan Chau
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chloe Clair
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - HoWan Chan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Hori M, Kitamura JI, Maehata M, Takahashi S, Yasugi M. Dynamics of Laterality in Relation to the Predator-Prey Interaction between the Piscivorous Chub " Hasu" and Its Prey " Ayu" in Lake Biwa. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:231-237. [PMID: 34057347 DOI: 10.2108/zs200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A Japanese piscivorous chub, "hasu" (Opsariichthys uncirostris), and its main prey, "ayu" (Plecoglossus altivelis), both have laterally asymmetric bodies, similar to other fishes; each population consists of righty morphs and lefty morphs. This antisymmetric dimorphism has a genetic basis. Temporal changes in the ratios of laterality (i.e., frequency of righty morphs in a population) of these predator and prey fish species were investigated for a 20-year period at a pelagic site in the southwestern area of Lake Biwa, Japan. The dimorphism of each species was maintained dynamically throughout the period, and the ratio of laterality was found to change periodically in a semi-synchronized manner. Direct inspection of the relationship between the ratios of laterality of the two species indicated that the ratio of ayu followed that of hasu, suggesting that the predator-prey interaction was responsible for the semi-synchronized change. Stomach contents analysis of each hasu revealed that cross-predation, in which righty predators catch lefty prey and lefty predators catch righty prey, occurred more frequently than the reverse combination (parallel-predation). This differential predation is presumed to cause frequency-dependent selection on the two morphs of the predator and prey, and to drive semi-synchronized changes in the laterality of the two species. Some discussion pertaining to the atypical form of the semi-synchronized change in laterality found in this study is presented from the viewpoint of predator-prey interaction in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hori
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Maehata
- Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadanicho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Research Group of Environmental Sciences, Nara Woman's University, Kitauoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan,
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3
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Johnson ES, Nielsen ME, Johnson JB. Does Asymmetrical Gonopodium Morphology Predict Lateralized Behavior in the Fish Xenophallus umbratilis? Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.606856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Why bilaterally symmetrical organisms express handedness remains an important question in evolutionary biology. In some species, anatomical asymmetries have evolved that accompany behavioral handedness, yet we know remarkably little about causal links between asymmetric morphological traits and behavior. Here, we explore if a dextral or sinistral orientation of the male intromittent organ predicts side preferences in male behaviors. Our study addresses this question in the Costa Rican livebearing fish, Xenophallus umbratilis. This fish has a bilaterally symmetrical body plan, with one exception—the male anal fin (gonopodium), used to inseminate females, terminates with a distinct left- or right-handed corkscrew morphology. We used a detour assay to test males for side biases in approach behavior when exposed to four different stimuli (predator, potential mate, novel object, empty tank control). We found that left morph males preferred using their right eye to view potential mates, predators, and the control, and that right morph males preferred to use their left eye to view potential mates and predators, and their right eye to view the control. Males of both morphs displayed no eye bias when approaching the novel object. Our results suggest that there is a strong link between behavior and gonopodium orientation, with right and left morph males responding with opposite directional behaviors when presented with the same stimuli. This presents the intriguing possibility that mating preferences—in this case constrained by gonopodial morphology—could be driving lateralized decision making in a variety of non-mating behaviors.
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4
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Miletto Petrazzini ME, Sovrano VA, Vallortigara G, Messina A. Brain and Behavioral Asymmetry: A Lesson From Fish. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:11. [PMID: 32273841 PMCID: PMC7113390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the left and right hemispheres of human brains display both anatomical and functional asymmetries. For more than a century, brain and behavioral lateralization have been considered a uniquely human feature linked to language and handedness. However, over the past decades this idea has been challenged by an increasing number of studies describing structural asymmetries and lateralized behaviors in non-human species extending from primates to fish. Evidence suggesting that a similar pattern of brain lateralization occurs in all vertebrates, humans included, has allowed the emergence of different model systems to investigate the development of brain asymmetries and their impact on behavior. Among animal models, fish have contributed much to the research on lateralization as several fish species exhibit lateralized behaviors. For instance, behavioral studies have shown that the advantages of having an asymmetric brain, such as the ability of simultaneously processing different information and perform parallel tasks compensate the potential costs associated with poor integration of information between the two hemispheres thus helping to better understand the possible evolutionary significance of lateralization. However, these studies inferred how the two sides of the brains are differentially specialized by measuring the differences in the behavioral responses but did not allow to directly investigate the relation between anatomical and functional asymmetries. With respect to this issue, in recent years zebrafish has become a powerful model to address lateralization at different level of complexity, from genes to neural circuitry and behavior. The possibility of combining genetic manipulation of brain asymmetries with cutting-edge in vivo imaging technique and behavioral tests makes the zebrafish a valuable model to investigate the phylogeny and ontogeny of brain lateralization and its relevance for normal brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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5
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St John ME, Holzman R, Martin CH. Rapid adaptive evolution of scale-eating kinematics to a novel ecological niche. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217570. [PMID: 32029459 PMCID: PMC7097200 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The origins of novel trophic specialization, in which organisms begin to exploit resources for the first time, may be explained by shifts in behavior such as foraging preferences or feeding kinematics. One way to investigate behavioral mechanisms underlying ecological novelty is by comparing prey capture kinematics among species. We investigated the contribution of kinematics to the origins of a novel ecological niche for scale-eating within a microendemic adaptive radiation of pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We compared prey capture kinematics across three species of pupfish while they consumed shrimp and scales in the lab, and found that scale-eating pupfish exhibited peak gape sizes twice as large as in other species, but also attacked prey with a more obtuse angle between their lower jaw and suspensorium. We then investigated how this variation in feeding kinematics could explain scale-biting performance by measuring bite size (surface area removed) from standardized gelatin cubes. We found that a combination of larger peak gape and more obtuse lower jaw and suspensorium angles resulted in approximately 40% more surface area removed per strike, indicating that scale-eaters may reside on a performance optimum for scale biting. To test whether feeding performance could contribute to reproductive isolation between species, we also measured F1 hybrids and found that their kinematics and performance more closely resembled generalists, suggesting that F1 hybrids may have low fitness in the scale-eating niche. Ultimately, our results suggest that the evolution of strike kinematics in this radiation is an adaptation to the novel niche of scale eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E St John
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Eilat 6997801, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Dynamics of Laterality in Lake Tanganyika Scale-Eaters Driven by Cross-Predation. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scale-eating cichlid fishes, Perissodus spp., in Lake Tanganyika have laterally asymmetrical bodies, and each population is composed of righty and lefty morphs. Righty morphs attack the right side of prey and lefty morphs do the opposite. This anti-symmetric dimorphism has a genetic basis. Temporal changes in the frequencies of morphs in two cohabiting scale-eating species (Perissodus microlepis and P. straeleni) were investigated over a 31-year period on a rocky shore at the southern end of the lake. Dimorphism was maintained dynamically during the period in both species, and the frequencies oscillated with a period of about four years in a semi-synchronized manner. Recent studies have indicated that this type of anti-symmetric dimorphism is shared widely among fishes, and is maintained by frequency-dependent selection between predator and prey species. The combinations of laterality in each scale-eater and its victim were surveyed. The results showed that “cross-predation”, in which righty predators catch lefty prey and lefty predators catch righty prey, occurred more frequently than the reverse combination (“parallel-predation”). The cause of the predominance of cross-predation is discussed from the viewpoint of the physical and sensory abilities of fishes.
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7
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Butt ZD, O'Brien E, Volkoff H. Effects of fasting on the gene expression of appetite regulators in three Characiformes with different feeding habits (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Metynnis argenteus and Exodon paradoxus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Gosavi SM, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Navarange SS. Interplay between behavior, morphology and physiology supports lepidophagy in the catfish Pachypterus khavalchor (Siluriformes: Horabagridae). ZOOLOGY 2018; 126:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Takeuchi Y, Hata H, Maruyama A, Yamada T, Nishikawa T, Fukui M, Zatha R, Rusuwa B, Oda Y. Detailed movement and laterality of fin-biting behaviour with special mouth morphology in Genyochromis mento in Lake Malawi. J Exp Biol 2018; 222:jeb.191676. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several vertebrates, including fish, exhibit behavioural laterality and associated morphological asymmetry. Laterality may increase individual fitness, and foraging strength, accuracy, and speed. However, little is known about which behaviours are affected by laterality or what fish species exhibit obvious laterality. Previous research on the predatory behaviour of the scale-eating Lake Tanganyika cichlid Perissodus microlepis indicates behavioural laterality that reflects asymmetric jaw morphology. The Lake Malawi cichlid Genyochromis mento feeds on the fins of other fish, a behaviour that G. mento developed independently from the Tanganyikan Perissodini scale-eaters. We investigated stomach contents and behavioural laterality of predation in aquarium to clarify the functional roles and evolution of laterality in cichlids. We also compared the behavioural laterality and mouth asymmetry of G. mento and P. microlepis. The diet of G. mento mostly includes fin fragments, but also scales of several fish species. Most individual G. mento specimens showed significant attack bias favouring the skew mouth direction. However, there was no difference in success rate between attacks from the preferred side and those from the non-preferred side, and no lateralized kinetic elements in predation behaviour. G. mento showed weaker laterality than P. microlepis, partly because of their different feeding habits, the phylogenetic constraints from their shorter evolutionary history, and their origin from ancestor Haplochromini omnivorous/herbivorous species. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the functional roles of behavioural laterality: Predatory fish aiming for prey that show escape behaviours frequently exhibit lateralized behaviour in predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyocho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maruyama
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1–5, Seta-Oe, Otsu, Shiga 520–2194, Japan
| | - Takuto Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuma Nishikawa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1–5, Seta-Oe, Otsu, Shiga 520–2194, Japan
| | - Makiko Fukui
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyocho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Richard Zatha
- Department of Biology, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Bosco Rusuwa
- Department of Biology, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Yoichi Oda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Kolmann MA, Huie JM, Evans K, Summers AP. Specialized specialists and the narrow niche fallacy: a tale of scale-feeding fishes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171581. [PMID: 29410862 PMCID: PMC5792939 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although rare within the context of 30 000 species of extant fishes, scale-feeding as an ecological strategy has evolved repeatedly across the teleost tree of life. Scale-feeding (lepidophagous) fishes are diverse in terms of their ecology, behaviour, and specialized morphologies for grazing on scales and mucus of sympatric species. Despite this diversity, the underlying ontogenetic changes in functional and biomechanical properties of associated feeding morphologies in lepidophagous fishes are less understood. We examined the ontogeny of feeding mechanics in two evolutionary lineages of scale-feeding fishes: Roeboides, a characin, and Catoprion, a piranha. We compare these two scale-feeding taxa with their nearest, non-lepidophagous taxa to identify traits held in common among scale-feeding fishes. We use a combination of micro-computed tomography scanning and iodine staining to measure biomechanical predictors of feeding behaviour such as tooth shape, jaw lever mechanics and jaw musculature. We recover a stark contrast between the feeding morphology of scale-feeding and non-scale-feeding taxa, with lepidophagous fishes displaying some paedomorphic characters through to adulthood. Few traits are shared between lepidophagous characins and piranhas, except for their highly-modified, stout dentition. Given such variability in development, morphology and behaviour, ecological diversity within lepidophagous fishes has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kolmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Huie
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kory Evans
- College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Adam P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
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11
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Hori M, Nakajima M, Hata H, Yasugi M, Takahashi S, Nakae M, Yamaoka K, Kohda M, Kitamura JI, Maehata M, Tanaka H, Okada N, Takeuchi Y. Laterality is Universal Among Fishes but Increasingly Cryptic Among Derived Groups. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:267-274. [DOI: 10.2108/zs160196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hori
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mifuyu Nakajima
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyocho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Research Group of Environmental Sciences, Nara Woman's University, Kitauoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakae
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Kosaku Yamaoka
- Kochi University, Monobe-B, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masanori Kohda
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka City University, Sugimotocho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Jyun-ichi Kitamura
- Mie Prefectural Museum, Isshinden-kouzubeta 3060, Tsu, Mie 514-0061, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maehata
- Kobe Gakuin University, Arise 518, Ikawadanicho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka City University, Sugimotocho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Okada
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yuichi Takeuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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12
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Matsui S, Takeuchi Y, Hori M. Relation between morphological antisymmetry and behavioral laterality in a poeciliid fish. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:613-8. [PMID: 23915153 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many animals show lateral bias in various behaviors. In fish, behavioral laterality has been studied from the perspective of its relation with brain lateralization. On the other hands, in some fishes, head dimorphism (righty or lefty) corresponds to behavioral laterality, such as foraging behavior. To examine the correlation between morphological asymmetry and behavioral laterality associated with brain lateralization, we conducted two behavioral tests (the detour test and fast-start test) using a poeciliid fish, Girardinus metallicus. In both behavioral tests, some individuals tended to move rightward, while others tended to move leftward, in a manner associated with head incline. In the detour-test, righty individuals primarily detoured leftward, whereas lefty individuals primarily detoured rightward. In the fast-start tests, the reverse tendency was seen; righty individuals tended to escape rightward, whereas lefty individuals tended to escape leftward. Such results indicate that brain lateralization may be also associated with morphological asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Matsui
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto, Japan.
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13
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Hata H, Yasugi M, Takeuchi Y, Takahashi S, Hori M. Measuring and evaluating morphological asymmetry in fish: distinct lateral dimorphism in the jaws of scale-eating cichlids. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4641-7. [PMID: 24363893 PMCID: PMC3867900 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The left-right asymmetry of scale-eating Tanganyikan cichlids is described as a unilateral topographical shift of the quadratomandibular joints. This morphological laterality has a genetic basis and has therefore been used as a model for studying negative frequency-dependent selection and the resulting oscillation in frequencies of two genotypes, lefty and righty, in a population. This study aims were to confirm this laterality in Perissodus microlepis Boulenger and P. straeleni (Poll) and evaluate an appropriate method for measuring and testing the asymmetry. Left-right differences in the height of the mandible posterior ends (HMPE) and the angle between the neurocranium and vertebrae of P. microlepis and P. straeleni were measured on skeletal specimens. Snout-bending angle was also measured using a dorsal image of the same individuals following a previous method. To define which distribution model, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), directional asymmetry (DA), or antisymmetry (AS), best fit to the lateral asymmetry of the traits, we provided an R package, IASD. As a result, HMPE and neurocranium-vertebrae angle of both species were best fitted to AS, suggesting that P. microlepis and P. straeleni showed a distinct dimorphism in these traits, although snout-bending angle of P. microlepis was best fitted to FA. Measurement error was low for HMPE comparing the snout-bending angle in P. microlepis, indicating that measuring HMPE is a more accurate method. The scale-eating tribe Perissodini showed distinct antisymmetry in the jaw skeleton and neurocranium-vertebrae angle, and this laterality remains a valid marker for further evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University 509-3, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Research Group of Information and Computer Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, Nara Women's University Kitauoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Michio Hori
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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14
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Martin CH, Wainwright PC. On the measurement of ecological novelty: scale-eating pupfish are separated by 168 my from other scale-eating fishes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71164. [PMID: 23976994 PMCID: PMC3747246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of new adaptive zones is widely recognized as one of the hallmarks of adaptive radiation. However, the adoption of novel resources during this process is rarely distinguished from phenotypic change because morphology is a common proxy for ecology. How can we quantify ecological novelty independent of phenotype? Our study is split into two parts: we first document a remarkable example of ecological novelty, scale-eating (lepidophagy), within a rapidly-evolving adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. This specialized predatory niche is known in several other fish groups, but is not found elsewhere among the 1,500 species of atherinomorphs. Second, we quantify this ecological novelty by measuring the time-calibrated phylogenetic distance in years to the most closely-related species with convergent ecology. We find that scale-eating pupfish are separated by 168 million years of evolution from the nearest scale-eating fish. We apply this approach to a variety of examples and highlight the frequent decoupling of ecological novelty from phenotypic divergence. We observe that novel ecology is not always tightly correlated with rates of phenotypic or species diversification, particularly within recent adaptive radiations, necessitating the use of additional measures of ecological novelty independent of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Martin
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Yasugi M, Hori M. Lateralized behavior in the attacks of largemouth bass on Rhinogobius gobies corresponding to their morphological antisymmetry. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:2390-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.068155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Vertebrates show left–right biases in turning direction, limb usage, predator-escape response and use of sensory organs. In particular, some fishes are known to have lateral biases in predatory behaviors corresponding to their morphological antisymmetry. To reveal the effects of these laterally biased behaviors on predator–prey interaction, we conducted behavioral tests of predatory events between largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and freshwater gobies, Rhinogobius sp., both of which have individuals with a well-developed left side and individuals with a well-developed right side. The left-developed bass tended to approach the goby clockwise from behind, whereas right-developed individuals tended to approach counterclockwise. Congruently, left-developed gobies began their escape maneuvers at a longer distance from bass when they were approached clockwise than when they were approached counterclockwise, whereas right-developed gobies showed the reverse tendency. The longer the distance between bass and gobies at the start of goby escape, the more the subsequent bass strike or dash was delayed. Under these conditions, predation should be more successful when a left (right)-developed bass meets a right (left)-developed goby, and less successful when a left (right)-developed bass meets a left (right)-developed goby. This prediction was consistent with the difference in predation success in our test and in field data from Lake Biwa, Japan. We conclude that lateral biases in the behavioral direction of each morphological type will generate bias in predation success between different combinations of predator and prey types, leading to the maintenance of antisymmetric dimorphism through negative frequency-dependent natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yasugi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michio Hori
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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