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Zhang TQ, Lv QY, Jin WL. The cellular-centered view of hypoxia tumor microenvironment: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189137. [PMID: 38880161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a profoundly dynamic, heterogeneous and aggressive systemic ailment, with a coordinated evolution of various types of tumor niches. Hypoxia plays an indispensable role in the tumor micro-ecosystem, drastically enhancing the plasticity of cancer cells, fibroblasts and immune cells and orchestrating intercellular communication. Hypoxia-induced signals, particularly hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), drive the reprogramming of genetic, transcriptional, and proteomic profiles. This leads to a spectrum of interconnected processes, including augmented survival of cancer cells, evasion of immune surveillance, metabolic reprogramming, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and the development of resistance to conventional therapeutic modalities like radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Here, we summarize the latest research on the multifaceted effects of hypoxia, where a multitude of cellular and non-cellular elements crosstalk with each other and co-evolve in a synergistic manner. Additionally, we investigate therapeutic approaches targeting hypoxic niche, encompassing hypoxia-activated prodrugs, HIF inhibitors, nanomedicines, and combination therapies. Finally, we discuss some of the issues to be addressed and highlight the potential of emerging technologies in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qian-Yu Lv
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Begagić E, Bečulić H, Džidić-Krivić A, Kadić Vukas S, Hadžić S, Mekić-Abazović A, Šegalo S, Papić E, Muchai Echengi E, Pugonja R, Kasapović T, Kavgić D, Nuhović A, Juković-Bihorac F, Đuričić S, Pojskić M. Understanding the Significance of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2089. [PMID: 38893207 PMCID: PMC11171068 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the development, progression, and therapeutic potential of glioblastomas. METHODOLOGY The study, following PRISMA guidelines, systematically examined hypoxia and HIFs in glioblastoma using MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 104 relevant studies underwent data extraction. RESULTS Among the 104 studies, global contributions were diverse, with China leading at 23.1%. The most productive year was 2019, accounting for 11.5%. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) was frequently studied, followed by hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2α), osteopontin, and cavolin-1. Commonly associated factors and pathways include glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). HIF expression correlates with various glioblastoma hallmarks, including progression, survival, neovascularization, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSION Overcoming challenges such as treatment resistance and the absence of biomarkers is critical for the effective integration of HIF-related therapies into the treatment of glioblastoma with the aim of optimizing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Begagić
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hakija Bečulić
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Džidić-Krivić
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (S.K.V.)
| | - Samra Kadić Vukas
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (S.K.V.)
| | - Semir Hadžić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Mekić-Abazović
- Department of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabina Šegalo
- Department of Laboratory Technologies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.Š.); (E.P.)
| | - Emsel Papić
- Department of Laboratory Technologies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.Š.); (E.P.)
| | - Emmanuel Muchai Echengi
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Ragib Pugonja
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tarik Kasapović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dalila Kavgić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adem Nuhović
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Fatima Juković-Bihorac
- Department of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Slaviša Đuričić
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zenica, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Mirza Pojskić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Hassan M, Yasir M, Shahzadi S, Chun W, Kloczkowski A. Molecular Role of Protein Phosphatases in Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1097. [PMID: 38791058 PMCID: PMC11117500 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is distinguished by the gradual loss of cognitive function, which is associated with neuronal loss and death. Accumulating evidence supports that protein phosphatases (PPs; PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP4, PP5, PP6, and PP7) are directly linked with amyloid beta (Aβ) as well as the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) causing AD. Published data reported lower PP1 and PP2A activity in both gray and white matters in AD brains than in the controls, which clearly shows that dysfunctional phosphatases play a significant role in AD. Moreover, PP2A is also a major causing factor of AD through the deregulation of the tau protein. Here, we review recent advances on the role of protein phosphatases in the pathology of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of this problem may lead to the development of phosphatase-targeted therapies for neurodegenerative disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (W.C.)
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.); (W.C.)
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Mancini C, Lori G, Pranzini E, Taddei ML. Metabolic challengers selecting tumor-persistent cells. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:263-276. [PMID: 38071164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer therapy still represents one of the main obstacles to cancer treatment. Numerous components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute significantly to the acquisition of drug resistance. Microenvironmental pressures arising during cancer evolution foster tumor heterogeneity (TH) and facilitate the emergence of drug-resistant clones. In particular, metabolic pressures arising in the TME may favor epigenetic adaptations supporting the acquisition of persistence features in tumor cells. Tumor-persistent cells (TPCs) are characterized by high phenotypic and metabolic plasticity, representing a noticeable advantage in chemo- and radio-resistance. Understanding the crosslink between the evolution of metabolic pressures in the TME, epigenetics, and TPC evolution is significant for developing novel therapeutic strategies specifically targeting TPC vulnerabilities to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Mancini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Lori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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5
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Häger W, Toma-Dașu I, Astaraki M, Lazzeroni M. Overall survival prediction for high-grade glioma patients using mathematical modeling of tumor cell infiltration. Phys Med 2023; 113:102669. [PMID: 37603907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at applying a mathematical framework for the prediction of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) cell invasion into normal tissues for guiding the clinical target delineation, and at investigating the possibility of using tumor infiltration maps for patient overall survival (OS) prediction. MATERIAL & METHODS A model describing tumor infiltration into normal tissue was applied to 93 HGG cases. Tumor infiltration maps and corresponding isocontours with different cell densities were produced. ROC curves were used to seek correlations between the patient OS and the volume encompassed by a particular isocontour. Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) values were used to determine the isocontour having the highest predictive ability. The optimal cut-off volume, having the highest sensitivity and specificity, for each isocontour was used to divide the patients in two groups for a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS The highest AUC value was obtained for the isocontour of cell densities 1000 cells/mm3 and 2000 cells/mm3, equal to 0.77 (p < 0.05). Correlation with the GTV yielded an AUC of 0.73 (p < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis using the 1000 cells/mm3 isocontour and the ROC optimal cut-off volume for patient group selection rendered a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.7 (p < 0.05), while the GTV rendered a HR = 1.6 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The simulated tumor cell invasion is a stronger predictor of overall survival than the segmented GTV, indicating the importance of using mathematical models for cell invasion to assist in the definition of the target for HGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wille Häger
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Iuliana Toma-Dașu
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Astaraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Lazzeroni
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Guffens L, Derua R, Janssens V. PME-1 sensitizes glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress-induced cell death by attenuating PP2A-B55α-mediated inactivation of MAPKAPK2-RIPK1 signaling. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:265. [PMID: 37500619 PMCID: PMC10374899 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Current standard therapy is surgery followed by radiotherapy, with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy. GBM is characterized by almost uniformly fatal outcomes, highlighting the unmet clinical need for more efficient, biomarker-guided treatments. Protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1), a regulator of the tumor suppressive phosphatase PP2A, promotes PP2A demethylation and inactivation, and is overexpressed in 44% of GBM, associated with increased tumor grade and cellular proliferation. Here, we aimed to investigate how reactive oxygen species (ROS), a frequent by-product of radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy, regulate PP2A function via its methylesterase PME-1, and how PME-1 overexpression impacts the response of GBM cells to oxidative stress. We found that in two glioblastoma cell lines, U87MG and U251MG, expression of PME-1 is positively correlated with the sensitivity of the cells to H2O2 or t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. Experiments using the irreversible pharmacologic PME-1 inhibitor, AMZ30, and different PME-1 mutants, revealed that the methylesterase function, the PP2A binding capacity, and the nuclear localization of PME-1 are all important for the sensitizing effect of PME-1 expression. Furthermore, we identified increased nuclear localization of the PP2A-B55α subunit, increased binding of PP2A-B55α to PME-1, and increased B55α-bound PP2A-C demethylation upon oxidative stress. Lastly, we uncovered increased stress-induced phosphorylation and activity of MAPKAPK2 and RIPK1 in PME-1 overexpressing U87MG cells, which caused the observed sensitization to t-BHP treatment. Our data reveal a novel role for PME-1 in oxidative stress-induced GBM cell death, regulating nuclear PP2A-B55α activity and MAPKAPK2-RIPK1 signaling. Patients with GBM tumors overexpressing PME-1, although having a worse prognosis due to increased cellular proliferation of the tumor, could actually be more responsive to oxidative stress-inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Guffens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Chou YH, Pan SY, Lin SL. Pleotropic effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors: are they clinically relevant? Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:27-38. [PMID: 36634968 PMCID: PMC9902737 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is mainly caused by insufficient production of erythropoietin from fibrotic kidney. Because anemia impairs quality of life and overall prognosis, recombinant human erythropoietin-related products (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, ESAs) have been developed to increase hemoglobin level for decades. However, many safety concerns have been announced regarding the use of ESAs, including an increased occurrence of cardiovascular events, vascular access thrombosis, cancer progression, and recurrence. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is crucial to erythropoietin production, as a result, prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzyme inhibitors have been new therapeutic agents for the treatment of anemia in CKD. They can be administered orally, which is a preferred route for patients not undergoing hemodialysis. In clinical trials, PHD inhibitor could induce noninferior effect on erythropoiesis and improve functional iron deficiency compared with ESAs. Although no serious adverse events were reported, safety is still a concern because HIF stabilization induced by PHD inhibitor has pleotropic effects, such as angiogenesis, metabolic change, and cell survival, which might lead to unwanted deleterious effects, including fibrosis, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and tumor growth. More molecular mechanisms of PHD inhibition and long-term clinical trials are needed to observe these pleotropic effects for the confirmation of safety and efficacy of PHD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chou
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Pan
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuei-Liong Lin
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence: Shuei-Liong Lin Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. E-mail:
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The Pivotal Role of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415717. [PMID: 36555359 PMCID: PMC9779694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly complex heterotrimeric Ser/Thr phosphatase that regulates many cellular processes. PP2A is dysregulated in several human diseases, including oncological pathology; interestingly, PP2A appears to be essential for controlling cell growth and may be involved in cancer development. The role of PP2A as a tumor suppressor has been extensively studied and reviewed. To leverage the potential clinical utility of combination PP2A inhibition and radiotherapy treatment, it is vital that novel highly specific PP2A inhibitors be developed. In this review, the existing literature on the role of PP2A in brain tumors, especially in gliomas and glioblastoma (GBM), was analyzed. Interestingly, the review focused on the role of PP2A inhibitors, focusing on CIP2A inhibition, as CIP2A participated in tumor cell growth by stimulating cell-renewal survival, cellular proliferation, evasion of senescence and inhibition of apoptosis. This review suggested CIP2A inhibition as a promising strategy in oncology target therapy.
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Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Targeting T-type channels in cancer: What is on and what is off? Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:743-758. [PMID: 34838727 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, various studies have demonstrated a pivotal role of T-type calcium channels (TTCCs) in tumor progression. Cytotoxic effects of TTCC pharmacological blockers have been reported in vitro and in preclinical models. However, their roles in cancer physiology are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss evidence for the signaling pathways and cellular processes stemming from TTCC activity, mainly inferred by inverse reasoning from pharmacological blocks and, only in a few studies, by gene silencing or channel activation. A thorough analysis indicates that drug-induced cytotoxicity is partially an off-target effect. Dissection of on/off-target activity is paramount to elucidate the physiological roles of TTCCs, and to deliver efficacious therapies suited to different cancer types and stages.
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11
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Bisht VS, Giri K, Kumar D, Ambatipudi K. Oxygen and metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment influences metastasis homing. Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 22:493-512. [PMID: 34696706 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.1992233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of cancer mortality, often characterized by abnormal cell growth and invasion to distant organs. The cancer invasion due to epithelial to mesenchymal transition is affected by metabolic and oxygen availability in the tumor-associated micro-environment. A precise alteration in oxygen and metabolic signaling between healthy and metastatic cells is a substantial probe for understanding tumor progression and metastasis. Molecular heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment help to sustain the metastatic cell growth during their survival shift from low to high metabolic-oxygen-rich sites and reinforces the metastatic events. This review highlighted the crucial role of oxygen and metabolites in metastatic progression and exemplified the role of metabolic rewiring and oxygen availability in cancer cell adaptation. Furthermore, we have also addressed potential applications of altered oxygen and metabolic networking with tumor type that could be a signature pattern to assess tumor growth and chemotherapeutics efficacy in managing cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Bisht
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Kuldeep Giri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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12
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Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Cellular senescence or stemness: hypoxia flips the coin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:243. [PMID: 34325734 PMCID: PMC8323321 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex physiological state whose main feature is proliferative arrest. Cellular senescence can be considered the reverse of cell immortalization and continuous tumor growth. However, cellular senescence has many physiological functions beyond being a putative tumor suppressive trait. It remains unknown whether low levels of oxygen or hypoxia, which is a feature of every tissue in the organism, modulate cellular senescence, altering its capacity to suppress the limitation of proliferation. It has been observed that the lifespan of mammalian primary cells is increased under low oxygen conditions. Additionally, hypoxia promotes self-renewal and pluripotency maintenance in adult and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we discuss the role of hypoxia facilitating senescence bypass during malignant transformation and acquisition of stemness properties, which all contribute to tumor development and cancer disease aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Otero-Albiol
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain. .,CIBER de CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Cancer stem cell phosphatases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2899-2920. [PMID: 34319405 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the initiation and progression of human malignancies by enabling cancer tissue self-renewal capacity and constituting the therapy-resistant population of tumor cells. However, despite the exhausting characterization of CSC genetics, epigenetics, and kinase signaling, eradication of CSCs remains an unattainable goal in most human malignancies. While phosphatases contribute equally with kinases to cellular phosphoregulation, our understanding of phosphatases in CSCs lags severely behind our knowledge about other CSC signaling mechanisms. Many cancer-relevant phosphatases have recently become druggable, indicating that further understanding of the CSC phosphatases might provide novel therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes the current knowledge about fundamental, but yet poorly understood involvement of phosphatases in the regulation of major CSC signaling pathways. We also review the functional roles of phosphatases in CSC self-renewal, cancer progression, and therapy resistance; focusing particularly on hematological cancers and glioblastoma. We further discuss the small molecule targeting of CSC phosphatases and their therapeutic potential in cancer combination therapies.
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Sandal P, Jong CJ, Merrill RA, Song J, Strack S. Protein phosphatase 2A - structure, function and role in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:270819. [PMID: 34228795 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability (ID), autism and schizophrenia, have high socioeconomic impact, yet poorly understood etiologies. A recent surge of large-scale genome or exome sequencing studies has identified a multitude of mostly de novo mutations in subunits of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme that are strongly associated with NDDs. PP2A is responsible for at least 50% of total Ser/Thr dephosphorylation in most cell types and is predominantly found as trimeric holoenzymes composed of catalytic (C), scaffolding (A) and variable regulatory (B) subunits. PP2A can exist in nearly 100 different subunit combinations in mammalian cells, dictating distinct localizations, substrates and regulatory mechanisms. PP2A is well established as a regulator of cell division, growth, and differentiation, and the roles of PP2A in cancer and various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, have been reviewed in detail. This Review summarizes and discusses recent reports on NDDs associated with mutations of PP2A subunits and PP2A-associated proteins. We also discuss the potential impact of these mutations on the structure and function of the PP2A holoenzymes and the etiology of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sandal
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Chian Ju Jong
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ronald A Merrill
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jianing Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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15
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Akkoc Y, Peker N, Akcay A, Gozuacik D. Autophagy and Cancer Dormancy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:627023. [PMID: 33816262 PMCID: PMC8017298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.627023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and relapse account for the great majority of cancer-related deaths. Most metastatic lesions are micro metastases that have the capacity to remain in a non-dividing state called “dormancy” for months or even years. Commonly used anticancer drugs generally target actively dividing cancer cells. Therefore, cancer cells that remain in a dormant state evade conventional therapies and contribute to cancer recurrence. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cancer dormancy are not fully understood. Recent studies indicate that a major cellular stress response mechanism, autophagy, plays an important role in the adaptation, survival and reactivation of dormant cells. In this review article, we will summarize accumulating knowledge about cellular and molecular mechanisms of cancer dormancy, and discuss the role and importance of autophagy in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Akkoc
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Peker
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Akcay
- Yeni Yüzyıl University, School of Medicine, Private Gaziosmanpaşa Hospital, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Ma Z, Xiang X, Li S, Xie P, Gong Q, Goh BC, Wang L. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1, for cancer treatment: Recent advances in developing small-molecule inhibitors from natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:379-390. [PMID: 33002608 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in molecular cancer biology coupled with the discovery of novel oncology drugs has opened new horizons for cancer target discovery. As one of the crucial signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) coordinates the activity of many transcription factors and their downstream molecules that impact tumor growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the transcriptional responses to acute hypoxia are mainly attributable to HIF-1α. Moreover, the overexpression of HIF-1α in several solid cancers has been found to be strongly associated with poor prognosis. Thus, pharmacological targeting of the HIF-1 signaling pathways has been considered as a new strategy for cancer therapy in the recent years. Although over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made in preclinical studies to develop new HIF-1 inhibitors from natural products (reservoirs of novel therapeutic agents), to date, these efforts have not been successfully translated into clinically available treatments. In this review, we provide new insights into the bio-pharmacological considerations for selecting natural compounds as potential HIF-1 inhibitors to accelerate anti-cancer drug development. In addition, we highlighted the importance of assessing the dependency of cancer on HIF1A to shortlist cancer types as suitable disease models. This may subsequently lead to new paradigms for discovering more HIF-1 inhibitors derived from natural products and facilitate the development of potent therapeutic agents targeting specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023k, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiya Li
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quan Gong
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023k, China.
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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17
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Barney LE, Hall CL, Schwartz AD, Parks AN, Sparages C, Galarza S, Platt MO, Mercurio AM, Peyton SR. Tumor cell-organized fibronectin maintenance of a dormant breast cancer population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4157. [PMID: 32195352 PMCID: PMC7065904 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors can undergo long periods of dormancy, with cancer cells entering a largely quiescent, nonproliferative state before reactivation and outgrowth. To understand the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating tumor dormancy, we created an in vitro cell culture system with carefully controlled ECM substrates to observe entrance into and exit from dormancy with live imaging. We saw that cell populations capable of surviving entrance into long-term dormancy were heterogeneous, containing quiescent, cell cycle-arrested, and actively proliferating cells. Cell populations capable of entering dormancy formed an organized, fibrillar fibronectin matrix via αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin adhesion, ROCK-generated tension, and TGFβ2 stimulation, and cancer cell outgrowth after dormancy required MMP-2-mediated fibronectin degradation. We propose this approach as a useful, in vitro method to study factors important in regulating dormancy, and we used it here to elucidate a role for fibronectin deposition and MMP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Christopher L. Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Akia N. Parks
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Christopher Sparages
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sualyneth Galarza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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18
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Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Boriero D, Mariotto S. Tumor Dormancy and Interplay with Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174305. [PMID: 31484342 PMCID: PMC6747268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a key factor in disease progression, local resistance, immune-escaping, and metastasis. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells and the aberrant structure of the blood vessels within tumors result in a marked heterogeneity in the perfusion of the tumor tissue with regions of hypoxia. Although most of the tumor cells die in these hypoxic conditions, a part of them can adapt and survive for many days or months in a dormant state. Dormant tumor cells are characterized by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase as well as a low metabolism, and are refractive to common chemotherapy, giving rise to metastasis. Despite these features, the cells retain their ability to proliferate when conditions improve. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of tumor dormancy is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cell populations. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the mechanisms allowing tumor dormancy and discuss the crucial role of the hypoxic microenvironment in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Hypoxia modulates protein phosphatase 2A through HIF-1α dependent and independent mechanisms in human aortic smooth muscle cells and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1745-1763. [PMID: 30825189 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although protein phosphatases regulate multiple cellular functions, their modulation under hypoxia remains unclear. We investigated expression of the protein phosphatase system under normoxic/hypoxic conditions and the mechanism by which hypoxia alters protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human cardiovascular cells were cultured in cell type specific media under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (1% O2 ). Effects on mRNA expression, phosphatase activity, post-translational modification, and involvement of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were assessed using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, an activity assay, and siRNA silencing. KEY RESULTS All components of the protein phosphatase system studied were expressed in each cell line. Hypoxia attenuated mRNA expression of the transcripts in a cell line- and time-dependent manner. In human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and AC16 cells, hypoxia decreased PP2Ac activity and mRNA expression without altering PP2Ac abundance. Hypoxia increased demethylated PP2Ac (DPP2Ac) and phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME-1) abundance but decreased leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT-1) abundance. HIF-1α siRNA prevented the hypoxia-mediated decrease in phosphatase activity and expression of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PPP2CA), independently of altering pPP2Ac, DPP2Ac, LCMT-1, or PME-1 abundance. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Cardiovascular cells express multiple components of the PP2A system. In HASMC and AC16 cells, hypoxia inhibits PP2A activity through HIF-1α-dependent and -independent mechanisms, with the latter being consistent with altered PP2A holoenzyme assembly. This indicates a complex inhibitory effect of hypoxia on the PP2A system, and highlights PP2A as a therapeutic target for diseases associated with dysregulated protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Paul Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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Protein Phosphatases-A Touchy Enemy in the Battle Against Glioblastomas: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020241. [PMID: 30791455 PMCID: PMC6406705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor arising from brain parenchyma. Although many efforts have been made to develop therapies for GBM, the prognosis still remains poor, mainly because of the difficulty in total resection of the tumor mass from brain tissue and the resistance of the residual tumor against standard chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, novel adjuvant therapies are urgently needed. Recent genome-wide analyses of GBM cases have clarified molecular signaling mechanisms underlying GBM biology. However, results of clinical trials targeting phosphorylation-mediated signaling have been unsatisfactory to date. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that antagonize phosphorylation signaling by dephosphorylating phosphorylated signaling molecules. Recently, the critical roles of phosphatases in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in malignant tumor cells have been reported, and tumorigenic roles of deregulated phosphatases have been demonstrated in GBM. However, a detailed mechanism underlying phosphatase-mediated signaling transduction in the regulation of GBM has not been elucidated, and such information is necessary to apply phosphatases as a therapeutic target for GBM. This review highlights and summarizes the phosphatases that have crucial roles in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in GBM cells.
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22
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Signal transduction pathways and resistance to targeted therapies in glioma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:118-129. [PMID: 30685341 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although surgical techniques and adjuvant therapies have undergone progressive development for decades, the therapeutic outcomes for treating glioblastoma (GBM) remain poor. The main reasons for the poor prognosis of gliomas are that limited tumor tissue that can be resected (to preserve brain functions) and that residual tumors are often resistant to irradiation and chemotherapy. Therefore, overcoming the resistance of residual tumors against adjuvant therapy is urgently needed for glioma treatment. Recent large cohort studies of genetic alterations in GBM demonstrated that both genetic information and intracellular molecular signaling are networked in gliomas and that such information may help clarify which molecules or signals serve essential roles in resistance against radiation or chemotherapy, highlighting them as potential novel therapeutic targets against refractory gliomas. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of molecular networks that govern glioma biology, mainly based on cohort studies or recent evidence, with a focus on how intracellular signaling molecules in gliomas associate with each other and regulate refractoriness against current therapy.
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Sagrillo-Fagundes L, Bienvenue-Pariseault J, Vaillancourt C. Melatonin: The smart molecule that differentially modulates autophagy in tumor and normal placental cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0202458. [PMID: 30629581 PMCID: PMC6328125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has protective roles in normal cells and cytotoxic actions in cancer cells, with effects involving autophagy and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor pathways. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induces oxidative damage and apoptosis. These consequences activate autophagy, which degrades damaged cellular content, as well as activates Nrf2 the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor, and thereby the expression of protective genes. Melatonin has protective roles in normal cells and cytotoxic actions in cancer cells, with effects involving autophagy and Nrf2 pathways. The current study shows melatonin to differentially modulate autophagy and Nrf2 pathways in tumor and normal placental cells exposed to H/R. BeWo, a human placental choriocarcinoma cell line, and primary villous cytotrophoblasts isolated from normal term placenta, were maintained in normoxia (8% O2) for 24 h or exposed to hypoxia (0.5% of O2 for 4 h) followed by 20 h of normoxia, creating a situation of H/R, in the presence or absence of 1 mM melatonin. Melatonin induced a 7-fold increase in the activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α, an upstream modulator of autophagy, rising to a 16-fold increase in BeWo cells co-exposed to H/R and melatonin, compared to controls. H/R induced autophagosome formation via the increased expression of Beclin-1 (by 94%) and ATG7 (by 97%) in BeWo cells. Moreover, H/R also induced autophagic activity, indicated by the by the 630% increase in P62, and increased Nrf2 by 314% in BeWo cells. In H/R conditions, melatonin reduced autophagic activity by 74% and Nrf2 expression activation by 300%, leading to BeWo cell apoptosis. In contrast, In human primary villous cytotrophoblasts, H/R induced autophagy and Nrf2, which melatonin further potentiated, thereby affording protection against H/R. This study demonstrates that melatonin differentially modulates autophagy and the Nrf2 pathway in normal vs. tumor trophoblast cells, being cytoprotective in normal cells whilst increasing apoptosis in tumoral trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sagrillo-Fagundes
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Centre, Laval, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Josianne Bienvenue-Pariseault
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Centre, Laval, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Centre, Laval, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Role of protein phosphatases in the cancer microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Böttcher MA, Held-Feindt J, Synowitz M, Lucius R, Traulsen A, Hattermann K. Modeling treatment-dependent glioma growth including a dormant tumor cell subpopulation. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:376. [PMID: 29614985 PMCID: PMC5883287 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors comprise a variety of specialized cell phenotypes adapted to different ecological niches that massively influence the tumor growth and its response to treatment. Methods In the background of glioblastoma multiforme, a highly malignant brain tumor, we consider a rapid proliferating phenotype that appears susceptible to treatment, and a dormant phenotype which lacks this pronounced proliferative ability and is not affected by standard therapeutic strategies. To gain insight in the dynamically changing proportions of different tumor cell phenotypes under different treatment conditions, we develop a mathematical model and underline our assumptions with experimental data. Results We show that both cell phenotypes contribute to the distinct composition of the tumor, especially in cycling low and high dose treatment, and therefore may influence the tumor growth in a phenotype specific way. Conclusion Our model of the dynamic proportions of dormant and rapidly growing glioblastoma cells in different therapy settings suggests that phenotypically different cells should be considered to plan dose and duration of treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Böttcher
- Department Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
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26
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Gao XL, Zhang M, Tang YL, Liang XH. Cancer cell dormancy: mechanisms and implications of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5219-5228. [PMID: 29138574 PMCID: PMC5667781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More recently, disease metastasis and relapse in many cancer patients several years (even some decades) after surgical remission are regarded as tumor dormancy. However, the knowledge of this phenomenon is cripplingly limited. Substantial quantities of reviews have summarized three main potential models that can be put forth to explain such process, including angiogenic dormancy, immunologic dormancy, and cellular dormancy. In this review, newly uncovered mechanisms governing cancer cell dormancy are discussed, with an emphasis on the cross talk between dormant cancer cells and their microenvironments. In addition, potential mechanisms of reactivation of these dormant cells in certain anatomic sites including lymph nodes and bone marrow are discussed. Molecular mechanism of cellular dormancy in head and neck cancer is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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27
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Phosphatases and solid tumors: focus on glioblastoma initiation, progression and recurrences. Biochem J 2017; 474:2903-2924. [PMID: 28801478 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases and cancer have been related for many years now, as these enzymes regulate key cellular functions, including cell survival, migration, differentiation and proliferation. Dysfunctions or mutations affecting these enzymes have been demonstrated to be key factors for oncogenesis. The aim of this review is to shed light on the role of four different phosphatases (PTEN, PP2A, CDC25 and DUSP1) in five different solid tumors (breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer), in order to better understand the most frequent and aggressive primary cancer of the central nervous system, glioblastoma.
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Qiu GZ, Jin MZ, Dai JX, Sun W, Feng JH, Jin WL. Reprogramming of the Tumor in the Hypoxic Niche: The Emerging Concept and Associated Therapeutic Strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:669-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hypoxia Downregulates MAPK/ERK but Not STAT3 Signaling in ROS-Dependent and HIF-1-Independent Manners in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4386947. [PMID: 28819544 PMCID: PMC5551543 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4386947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is involved in the regulation of stem cell fate, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the master regulator of hypoxic response. Here, we focus on the effect of hypoxia on intracellular signaling pathways responsible for mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell maintenance. We employed wild-type and HIF-1α-deficient ES cells to investigate hypoxic response in the ERK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways. Cultivation in 1% O2 for 24 h resulted in the strong dephosphorylation of ERK and its upstream kinases and to a lesser extent of Akt in an HIF-1-independent manner, while STAT3 phosphorylation remained unaffected. Downregulation of ERK could not be mimicked either by pharmacologically induced hypoxia or by the overexpression. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) 1, 5, and 6 are hypoxia-sensitive MAPK-specific phosphatases involved in ERK downregulation, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates both ERK and Akt. However, combining multiple approaches, we revealed the limited significance of DUSPs and PP2A in the hypoxia-mediated attenuation of ERK signaling. Interestingly, we observed a decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in hypoxia and a similar phosphorylation pattern for ERK when the cells were supplemented with glutathione. Therefore, we suggest a potential role for the ROS-dependent attenuation of ERK signaling in hypoxia, without the involvement of HIF-1.
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MiR-181b modulates EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:5006-5022. [PMID: 28459461 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) originate as circulating monocytes, and are recruited to gliomas, where they facilitate tumor growth and migration. Understanding the interaction between TAM and cancer cells may identify therapeutic targets for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of cancer cells, which is involved in interactions with immune cells. Analysis of the glioma patient database and tissue immunohistochemistry showed that VCAM-1 expression correlated with the clinico-pathological grade of gliomas. Here, we found that VCAM-1 expression correlated positively with monocyte adhesion to GBM, and knockdown of VCAM-1 abolished the enhancement of monocyte adhesion. Importantly, upregulation of VCAM-1 is dependent on epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) expression, and inhibition of EGFR effectively reduced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion activity. Moreover, GBM possessing higher EGFR levels (U251 cells) had higher VCAM-1 levels compared to GBMs with lower levels of EGFR (GL261 cells). Using two- and three-dimensional cultures, we found that monocyte adhesion to GBM occurs via integrin α4β1, which promotes tumor growth and invasion activity. Increased proliferation and tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ levels were also observed in the adherent monocytes. Using a genetic modification approach, we demonstrated that VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion were regulated by the miR-181 family, and lower levels of miR-181b correlated with high-grade glioma patients. Our results also demonstrated that miR-181b/protein phosphatase 2A-modulated SP-1 de-phosphorylation, which mediated the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to GBM. We also found that the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression is mediated by the p38/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our study suggested that VCAM-1 is a critical modulator of EGFR-dependent interaction of monocytes with GBM, which raises the possibility of developing effective and improved therapies for GBM.
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Padró M, Louie RJ, Lananna BV, Krieg AJ, Timmerman LA, Chan DA. Genome-independent hypoxic repression of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:203. [PMID: 28320353 PMCID: PMC5358051 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 75-80% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and are treated with endocrine-target therapeutics, making this the premier therapeutic modality in the breast cancer clinic. However, acquired resistance is common and about 20% of resistant tumors loose ER-α expression via unknown mechanisms. Inhibition of ER-α loss could improve endocrine therapeutic efficacy, benefiting a significant number of patients. Here we test whether tumor hypoxia might commonly produce ER-α loss. METHODS Using standard molecular and cellular biological assays and a work station/incubator with controllable oxygen levels, we analyze the effects of hypoxia on ER-α protein, mRNA, and transcriptional activity in a panel of independently-derived ER-α positive cell lines. These lines were chosen to represent the diverse genetic backgrounds and mutations commonly present in ER-α positive tumors. Using shRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression studies we also elucidate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in the hypoxia-induced decrease in ER-α abundance. RESULTS We present the first comprehensive overview of the effects of bona fide low environmental oxygen (hypoxia) and HIF-1α activity on ER-α abundance and transcriptional activity. We find that stabilized HIF-1α induces rapid loss of ER-α protein in all members of our diverse panel of breast cancer cell lines, which involves proteolysis rather than transcriptional repression. Reduced ER-α severely attenuates ER-α directed transcription, and inhibits cell proliferation without overt signs of cell death in the cell lines tested, despite their varying genomic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a common hypoxia response that produces reduced ER-α expression and cell cycle stalling, and demonstrate a common role for HIF-1α in ER-α loss. We hypothesize that inhibitors of HIF-1α or the proteasome might stabilize ER-α expression in breast tumors in vivo, and work in combination with endocrine therapies to reduce resistance. Our data also suggests that disease re-occurrence in patients with ER-α positive tumors may arise from tumor cells chronically resident in hypoxic environments. We hypothesize that these non-proliferating cells may survive undetected until conditions change to oxygenate the environment, or cells eventually switch to proliferation via other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Padró
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Raymond J Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Brian V Lananna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Adam J Krieg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Luika A Timmerman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
| | - Denise A Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, UCSF Mail stop 0875, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N361, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
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Yadav L, Tamene F, Göös H, van Drogen A, Katainen R, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M, Varjosalo M. Systematic Analysis of Human Protein Phosphatase Interactions and Dynamics. Cell Syst 2017; 4:430-444.e5. [PMID: 28330616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated activities of protein kinases and phosphatases ensure phosphorylation homeostasis, which, when perturbed, can instigate diseases, including cancer. Yet, in contrast to kinases, much less is known about protein phosphatase functions and their interactions and complexes. Here, we used quantitative affinity proteomics to assay protein-protein interactions for 54 phosphatases distributed across the three major protein phosphatase families, with additional analysis of their 12 co-factors. We identified 838 high-confidence interactions, of which 631, to our knowledge, have not been reported before. We show that inhibiting the activity of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A by okadaic acid disrupts their specific interactions, supporting the potential of therapeutics that target these proteins. Additional analyses revealed candidate physical and functional interaction links to phosphatase-based regulation of several signaling pathways and to human cancer. Our study provides an initial glimpse of the protein interaction landscape of phosphatases and their functions in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Yadav
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Fitsum Tamene
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Helka Göös
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Riku Katainen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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Protein Phosphatase 2A: a Double-Faced Phosphatase of Cellular System and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1750-1761. [PMID: 28224476 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase, is a vitally important phosphatase for the cellular system. Structurally, it is constituted of three different subunits, namely catalytic subunit (PP2Ac), structural scaffold subunit (PP2A-A), and regulatory subunit (PP2A-B). All subunits have various isoforms, and catalytic and scaffold subunits are ubiquitously expressed, whereas regulatory subunits are more specific to tissue and cell type. It is the numerous possibilities of PP2A holoenzyme assembly with varying isoform components that make it possess a dual nature of activator or the inhibitory character in different signaling pathways, namely neural developmental pathways, Akt/protein kinase B pathway, NF-kB pathway, MAPK pathway, apoptosis pathway, and cell cycle progression to name a few. Importantly, the expression of PP2A in the brain is highest among the serine phosphatases and is known to actively participate in the neural development process. However, the exact mechanism of action of PP2A is still debated and enunciating the holoenzyme components, especially the regulatory subunit of PP2A involved in regulating neural developmental process is still poorly understood. In this review, we try to throw some light on the involvement of various PP2A holoenzyme forms in the process of neurogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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34
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The broken "Off" switch in cancer signaling: PP2A as a regulator of tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 6:87-99. [PMID: 27556014 PMCID: PMC4986044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways can transform a normal cell to a malignant one and can impart survival properties that render cancer cells resistant to therapy. A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such RAS, PI3K/AKT, and PKC. Signal transduction is a dynamic process involving both "On" and "Off" switches. Activating mutations of RAS or PI3K can be viewed as the switch being stuck in the "On" position resulting in continued signaling by a survival and/or proliferation pathway. On the other hand, inactivation of protein phosphatases such as the PP2A family can be seen as the defective "Off" switch that similarly can activate these pathways. A problem for therapeutic targeting of PP2A is that the enzyme is a hetero-trimer and thus drug targeting involves complex structures. More importantly, since PP2A isoforms generally act as tumor suppressors one would want to activate these enzymes rather than suppress them. The elucidation of the role of cellular inhibitors like SET and CIP2A in cancer suggests that targeting these proteins can have therapeutic efficacy by mechanisms involving PP2A activation. Furthermore, drugs such as FTY-720 can activate PP2A isoforms directly. This review will cover the current state of knowledge of PP2A role as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells and as a mediator of processes that can impact drug resistance and immune surveillance.
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Jeong AL, Han S, Lee S, Su Park J, Lu Y, Yu S, Li J, Chun KH, Mills GB, Yang Y. Patient derived mutation W257G of PPP2R1A enhances cancer cell migration through SRC-JNK-c-Jun pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27391. [PMID: 27272709 PMCID: PMC4895347 DOI: 10.1038/srep27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of PPP2R1A has been observed at high frequency in endometrial serous carcinomas but at low frequency in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. However, the biological role of mutation of PPP2R1A in ovarian and endometrial cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, we found that PPP2R1A expression is elevated in high-grade primary tumor patients with papillary serous tumors of the ovary. To determine whether increased levels or mutation of PPP2R1A might contribute to cancer progression, the effects of overexpression or mutation of PPP2R1A on cell proliferation, migration, and PP2A phosphatase activity were investigated using ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines. Among the mutations, PPP2R1A-W257G enhanced cell migration in vitro through activating SRC-JNK-c-Jun pathway. Overexpression of wild type (WT) PPP2R1A increased its binding ability with B56 regulatory subunits, whereas PPP2R1A-mutations lost the ability to bind to most B56 subunits except B56δ. Total PP2A activity and PPP2R1A-associated PP2Ac activity were significantly increased in cells overexpressing PPP2R1A-WT. In addition, overexpression of PPP2R1A-WT increased cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Lee Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shuangxing Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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Sullivan JM, Havrda MC, Kettenbach AN, Paolella BR, Zhang Z, Gerber SA, Israel MA. Phosphorylation Regulates Id2 Degradation and Mediates the Proliferation of Neural Precursor Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1321-31. [PMID: 26756672 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins (Id1-Id4) function to inhibit differentiation and promote proliferation of many different cell types. Among the Id family members, Id2 has been most extensively studied in the central nervous system (CNS). Id2 contributes to cultured neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation as well as to the proliferation of CNS tumors such as glioblastoma that are likely to arise from NPC-like cells. We identified three phosphorylation sites near the N-terminus of Id2 in NPCs. To interrogate the importance of Id2 phosphorylation, Id2(-/-) NPCs were modified to express wild type (WT) Id2 or an Id2 mutant protein that could not be phosphorylated at the identified sites. We observed that NPCs expressing this mutant lacking phosphorylation near the N-terminus had higher steady-state levels of Id2 when compared to NPCs expressing WT Id2. This elevated level was the result of a longer half-life and reduced proteasome-mediated degradation. Moreover, NPCs expressing constitutively de-phosphorylated Id2 proliferated more rapidly than NPCs expressing WT Id2, a finding consistent with the well-characterized function of Id2 in driving proliferation. Observing that phosphorylation of Id2 modulates the degradation of this important cell-cycle regulator, we sought to identify a phosphatase that would stabilize Id2 enhancing its activity in NPCs and extended our analysis to include human glioblastoma-derived stem cells (GSCs). We found that expression of the phosphatase PP2A altered Id2 levels. Our findings suggest that inhibition of PP2A may be a novel strategy to regulate the proliferation of normal NPCs and malignant GSCs by decreasing Id2 levels. Stem Cells 2016;34:1321-1331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Sullivan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mark A Israel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Karsy M, Guan J, Jensen R, Huang LE, Colman H. The Impact of Hypoxia and Mesenchymal Transition on Glioblastoma Pathogenesis and Cancer Stem Cells Regulation. World Neurosurg 2015; 88:222-236. [PMID: 26724617 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with potential for wide dissemination and resistance to standard treatments. Although GBM represents a single histopathologic diagnosis under current World Health Organization criteria, data from multiplatform molecular profiling efforts, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, indicate that multiple subgroups with distinct markers and biology exist. It remains unclear whether treatment resistance differs based on subgroup. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia, or absence of normal tissue oxygenation, is important in generating tumor resistance through a signaling cascade driven by hypoxia-inducible factors and vascular endothelial growth factor. Hypoxia can result in isolation of tumor cells from therapeutic agents and activation of downstream tumor protective mechanisms. In addition, there are links between hypoxia and the phenomenon of mesenchymal transition in gliomas. Mesenchymal transformation in gliomas resembles at many levels the epithelial-mesenchymal transition that has been described in other solid tumors in which epithelial cells lose their epithelial characteristics and take on a more mesenchymal phenotype, but the mesenchymal transition in brain tumors is also distinct, perhaps related to the unique cell types and cellular organization in the brain and brain tumors. Cancer stem cells, which are specific cell populations involved in self-renewal, differentiation, and GBM pathophysiology, are also importantly regulated by hypoxia signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the interplay of hypoxia and mesenchymal signaling in GBM including the key pathway regulators and downstream genes, the effect of these processes in regulation of the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells, and their role in treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Randy Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - L Eric Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Howard Colman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Nuclear Protein Phosphatase 1 α (PP1A) Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in p53 Expressing Glioblastomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:287-92. [PMID: 26253838 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphatase 1 α (PP1A) is an enzyme intimately associated with cell cycle, the over expression of which has been demonstrated in glioblastoma (GBM). Further, the nuclear expression of PP1A has been shown to be highly specific to GBM. In addition, PP1A has been shown to be a connecting molecule in the p53 containing GBM sub network. In view of these, we evaluated the prognostic relevance of PP1A. METHODS GBM tissues were examined for protein expression of PP1A by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Nuclear expression of PP1A was scored in all tumor tissue samples. Survival analyses were performed by Cox-Regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with Log Rank tests. IDH1, ATRX and p53 IHC and stratification of all GBM cases were performed and subgroup specific evaluation of nuclear PP1A correlation with overall and progression free survival was performed. RESULTS PP1A protein expression showed no correlation with prognosis in all cases of GBM or on stratification based on IDH1 or ATRX expression. However on p53 stratification nuclear PP1A expression emerged as strong independent predictor of poor overall survival only in p53 positive GBMs both in univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS While PP1A expression uniquely associates with poor prognosis only in p53 expressing GBMs, there is a notable absence of such correlation in p53 negative GBMs; thus skewing the overall relation of this molecule with prognosis in GBM. PP1A emerging as a strong prognostic marker in p53 expressing GBMs, enables us to foresee this molecule as a potential therapeutic target.
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Lv P, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang Z, Li JL, Hong CS, Zhuang Z, Zeng YX. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A with a small molecule LB100 radiosensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts by inducing mitotic catastrophe and blocking DNA damage repair. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7512-24. [PMID: 25245035 PMCID: PMC4202140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), while uncommon worldwide, is a major health problem in China. Although local radiation and surgery provide good control of NPC, better treatments that permit reductions in radiation dosing are needed. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a ubiquitous multifunctional enzyme with critical roles in cell cycle regulation and DNA-damage response, reportedly sensitizes cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy. We studied PP2A inhibition with LB100, a small molecule currently in a Phase I clinical trial, on radiosensitization of two human nasopharyngeal cell lines: CNE1, which is reportedly radioresistant, and CNE2. In both cell lines, LB100 exposure increased intracellular p-Plk1, TCTP, and Cdk1 and decreased p53, changes associated with cell cycle arrest, mitotic catastrophe and radio-inhibition of cell proliferation. Mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of either cell line were administered 1.5 mg/kg LB100 daily for three days and a single dose of 20 Gy radiation (day 3), which produced marked and prolonged tumor mass regression (dose enhancement factors of 2.98 and 2.27 for CNE1 and CNE2 xenografts, respectively). Treatment with either LB100 or radiation alone only transiently inhibited xenograft growth. Our results support further exploration of PP2A inhibition as part of radiotherapy regimens for NPC and potentially other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lv
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) ,Beijing , People's Republic of China. Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute for Medical Device Standardization Administration, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) ,Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) ,Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Li Li
- Institute for Medical Device Standardization Administration, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher S Hong
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ,USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ,USA
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) ,Beijing , People's Republic of China. Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong , People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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Glioblastoma Circulating Cells: Reality, Trap or Illusion? Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:182985. [PMID: 26078762 PMCID: PMC4452868 DOI: 10.1155/2015/182985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastases are the hallmark of cancer. This event is in direct relationship with the ability of cancer cells to leave the tumor mass and travel long distances within the bloodstream and/or lymphatic vessels. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent primary brain neoplasm, is mainly characterized by a dismal prognosis. The usual fatal issue for GBM patients is a consequence of local recurrence that is observed most of the time without any distant metastases. However, it has recently been documented that GBM cells could be isolated from the bloodstream in several studies. This observation raises the question of the possible involvement of glioblastoma-circulating cells in GBM deadly recurrence by a “homing metastasis” process. Therefore, we think it is important to review the already known molecular mechanisms underlying circulating tumor cells (CTC) specific properties, emphasizing their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) abilities and their possible involvement in tumor initiation. The idea is here to review these mechanisms and speculate on how relevant they could be applied in the forthcoming battles against GBM.
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Bache M, Rot S, Keßler J, Güttler A, Wichmann H, Greither T, Wach S, Taubert H, Söling A, Bilkenroth U, Kappler M, Vordermark D. mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in human glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3155-61. [PMID: 25963717 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in the development of malignancy and tumour progression are well known. However, there are a limited number of studies analysing the impact of mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in the tissues of brain tumours and glioblastoma patients. In this study, tumour tissues from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and tumour adjacent tissues were analysed. We investigated mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and osteopontin (OPN), and stem cell-associated genes survivin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), Nanog and octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our data revealed higher mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in tumour tissue than levels in the tumour adjacent tissues in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. A strong positive correlation between the mRNA expression levels of HIF-2α, CA9, VEGF, GLUT-1 and OPN suggests a specific hypoxia-associated profile of mRNA expression in glioblastoma multiforme. Additionally, the results indicate the role of stem-cell-related genes in tumour hypoxia. Kaplan-Maier analysis revealed that high mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced markers showed a trend towards shorter overall survival in glioblastoma patients (P=0.061). Our data suggest that mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced genes are important tumour markers in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Swetlana Rot
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Keßler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Güttler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Clinic of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariane Söling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Ameri K, Jahangiri A, Rajah AM, Tormos KV, Nagarajan R, Pekmezci M, Nguyen V, Wheeler ML, Murphy MP, Sanders TA, Jeffrey SS, Yeghiazarians Y, Rinaudo PF, Costello JF, Aghi MK, Maltepe E. HIGD1A Regulates Oxygen Consumption, ROS Production, and AMPK Activity during Glucose Deprivation to Modulate Cell Survival and Tumor Growth. Cell Rep 2015; 10:891-899. [PMID: 25683712 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible gene domain family member 1A (HIGD1A) is a survival factor induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 regulates many responses to oxygen deprivation, but viable cells within hypoxic perinecrotic solid tumor regions frequently lack HIF-1α. HIGD1A is induced in these HIF-deficient extreme environments and interacts with the mitochondrial electron transport chain to repress oxygen consumption, enhance AMPK activity, and lower cellular ROS levels. Importantly, HIGD1A decreases tumor growth but promotes tumor cell survival in vivo. The human Higd1a gene is located on chromosome 3p22.1, where many tumor suppressor genes reside. Consistent with this, the Higd1a gene promoter is differentially methylated in human cancers, preventing its hypoxic induction. However, when hypoxic tumor cells are confronted with glucose deprivation, DNA methyltransferase activity is inhibited, enabling HIGD1A expression, metabolic adaptation, and possible dormancy induction. Our findings therefore reveal important new roles for this family of mitochondrial proteins in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Ameri
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arman Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony M Rajah
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn V Tormos
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ravi Nagarajan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yerem Yeghiazarians
- Department of Medicine/CVRI/Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paolo F Rinaudo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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43
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Tight regulation between cell survival and programmed cell death in GBM stem-like cells by EGFR/GSK3b/PP2A signaling. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:19-29. [PMID: 25344882 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas represent one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, displaying high mortality rates and limited treatment options. Specific subpopulations of cells residing in the tumor niche with stem-like characteristics have been postulated to initiate and maintain neoplasticity while resisting conventional therapies. The study presented here aims to define the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3b) in patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cell (GSC) proliferation, apoptosis and invasion. To evaluate the potential role of GSK3b in GBM, protein profiles from 68 GBM patients and 20 normal brain samples were analyzed for EGFR-mediated PI3kinase/Akt and GSK3b signaling molecules including protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). To better understand the function of GSK3b in GBM, GSCs were isolated from GBM patient samples. Blocking GSK3b phosphorylation at Serine 9 attenuated cell proliferation while concomitantly stimulating apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3 in patient-derived GSCs. Increasing GSK3b protein content resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation and stimulated programmed cell death. Depleting GSK3b in GSCs down regulated PP2A. Furthermore, knocking down PP2A or blocking its activity by okadaic acid inactivated GSK3b by increasing GSK3b phosphorylation at Serine 9. Our data suggests that GSK3b may function as a regulator of apoptosis and tumorigenesis in GSCs. Therapeutic approaches targeting GSK3b in glioblastoma stem-like cells may be a useful addition to our current therapeutic armamentarium.
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McDermott MSJ, Browne BC, Conlon NT, O’Brien NA, Slamon DJ, Henry M, Meleady P, Clynes M, Dowling P, Crown J, O’Donovan N. PP2A inhibition overcomes acquired resistance to HER2 targeted therapy. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:157. [PMID: 24958351 PMCID: PMC4230643 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2 targeted therapies including trastuzumab and more recently lapatinib have significantly improved the prognosis for HER2 positive breast cancer patients. However, resistance to these agents is a significant clinical problem. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for resistance to trastuzumab, the mechanisms of lapatinib resistance remain largely unknown. In this study we generated new models of acquired resistance to HER2 targeted therapy and investigated mechanisms of resistance using phospho-proteomic profiling. RESULTS Long-term continuous exposure of SKBR3 cells to low dose lapatinib established a cell line, SKBR3-L, which is resistant to both lapatinib and trastuzumab. Phospho-proteomic profiling and immunoblotting revealed significant alterations in phospho-proteins involved in key signaling pathways and molecular events. In particular, phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which inactivates eEF2, was significantly decreased in SKBR3-L cells compared to the parental SKBR3 cells. SKBR3-L cells exhibited significantly increased activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a phosphatase that dephosphorylates eEF2. SKBR3-L cells showed increased sensitivity to PP2A inhibition, with okadaic acid, compared to SKBR3 cells. PP2A inhibition significantly enhanced response to lapatinib in both the SKBR3 and SKBR3-L cells. Furthermore, treatment of SKBR3 parental cells with the PP2A activator, FTY720, decreased sensitivity to lapatinib. The alteration in eEF2 phosphorylation, PP2A activity and sensitivity to okadaic acid were also observed in a second HER2 positive cell line model of acquired lapatinib resistance, HCC1954-L. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that decreased eEF2 phosphorylation, mediated by increased PP2A activity, contributes to resistance to HER2 inhibition and may provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention in HER2 positive breast cancer which is resistant to HER2 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina SJ McDermott
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brigid C Browne
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil T Conlon
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Neil A O’Brien
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dennis J Slamon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Henry
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Norma O’Donovan
- Molecular Therapeutics for Cancer Ireland, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Velpula KK, Bhasin A, Asuthkar S, Tsung AJ. Combined Targeting of PDK1 and EGFR Triggers Regression of Glioblastoma by Reversing the Warburg Effect. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7277-89. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Hide T, Makino K, Nakamura H, Yano S, Anai S, Takezaki T, Kuroda JI, Shinojima N, Ueda Y, Kuratsu JI. New treatment strategies to eradicate cancer stem cells and niches in glioblastoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53:764-72. [PMID: 24140771 PMCID: PMC4508715 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra2013-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) harbors are not only rapidly dividing cells but also small populations of slowly dividing and dormant cells with tumorigenesity, self-renewal, and multi-lineage differentiation capabilities. Known as glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), they are resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy and may be a causative factor in recurrence. The treatment outcome in patients with GBM remains unsatisfactory and their mean survival time has not improved sufficiently. We studied clinical evidence and basic research findings to assess the possibility of new treatment strategies that target GSCs and their specific microenvironments (GBM niches) and raise the possibility of adding new treatments to eradicate GSCs and GBM niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuichiro Hide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
- Address reprint requests to: Takuichiro Hide, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan. e-mail:
| | - Keishi Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Shigetoshi Yano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Shigeo Anai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Tatsuya Takezaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Jun-ichiro Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Naoki Shinojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
| | - Jun-ichi Kuratsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Kumamoto
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47
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Khammanivong A, Wang C, Sorenson BS, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) negatively regulates G2/M cell cycle progression and growth of squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69395. [PMID: 23874958 PMCID: PMC3706396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation results in abnormal cell cycle regulation and uncontrolled growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and other cancers. S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) is a calcium-binding heterodimeric protein complex implicated in cell cycle regulation, but the specific mechanism and role in cell cycle control and carcinoma growth are not well understood. In HNSCC, S100A8/A9 is downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. We now report that downregulation of S100A8/A9 correlates strongly with a loss of cell cycle control and increased growth of carcinoma cells. To show its role in carcinogenesis in an in vitro model, S100A8/A9 was stably expressed in an S100A8/A9-negative human carcinoma cell line (KB cells, HeLa-like). S100A8/A9 expression increases PP2A phosphatase activity and p-Chk1 (Ser345) phosphorylation, which appears to signal inhibitory phosphorylation of mitotic p-Cdc25C (Ser216) and p-Cdc2 (Thr14/Tyr15) to inactivate the G2/M Cdc2/cyclin B1 complex. Cyclin B1 expression then downregulates and the cell cycle arrests at the G2/M checkpoint, reducing cell division. As expected, S100A8/A9-expressing cells show both decreased anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and mitotic progression. Using shRNA, silencing of S100A8/A9 expression in the TR146 human HNSCC cell line increases growth and survival and reduces Cdc2 inhibitory phosphorylation at Thr14/Tyr15. The level of S100A8/A9 endogenous expression correlates strongly with the reduced p-Cdc2 (Thr14/Tyr14) level in HNSCC cell lines, SCC-58, OSCC-3 and UMSCC-17B. S100A8/A9-mediated control of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint is, therefore, a likely suppressive mechanism in human squamous cell carcinomas and may suggest new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chengxing Wang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brent S. Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karen F. Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaudhry NS, Shah AH, Ferraro N, Snelling BM, Bregy A, Madhavan K, Komotar RJ. Predictors of long-term survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: advancements from the last quarter century. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:287-308. [PMID: 23614654 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.789899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last quarter century there has been significant progress toward identifying certain characteristics and patterns in GBM patients to predict survival times and outcomes. We sought to identify clinical predictors of survival in GBM patients from the past 24 years. We examined patient survival related to tumor locations, surgical treatment, postoperative course, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, patient age, GBM recurrence, imaging characteristics, serum, and molecular markers. We present predictors that may increase, decrease, or play no significant role in determining a GBM patient's long-term survival or affect the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman S Chaudhry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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ASHIZAWA TADASHI, MIYATA HARUO, IIZUKA AKIRA, KOMIYAMA MASARU, OSHITA CHIE, KUME AKIKO, NOGAMI MASAHIRO, YAGOTO MIKA, ITO ICHIRO, OISHI TAKUMA, WATANABE REIKO, MITSUYA KOICHI, MATSUNO KENJI, FURUYA TOSHIO, OKAWARA TADASHI, OTSUKA MASAMI, OGO NAOHISA, ASAI AKIRA, NAKASU YOKO, YAMAGUCHI KEN, AKIYAMA YASUTO. Effect of the STAT3 inhibitor STX-0119 on the proliferation of cancer stem-like cells derived from recurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:219-27. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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50
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Safronova OS. Post-translational modifications of proteins in gene regulation under hypoxic conditions. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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