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Ascanelli C, Dahir R, Wilson CH. Manipulating Myc for reparative regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1357589. [PMID: 38577503 PMCID: PMC10991803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1357589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Myc family of proto-oncogenes is a key node for the signal transduction of external pro-proliferative signals to the cellular processes required for development, tissue homoeostasis maintenance, and regeneration across evolution. The tight regulation of Myc synthesis and activity is essential for restricting its oncogenic potential. In this review, we highlight the central role that Myc plays in regeneration across the animal kingdom (from Cnidaria to echinoderms to Chordata) and how Myc could be employed to unlock the regenerative potential of non-regenerative tissues in humans for therapeutic purposes. Mastering the fine balance of harnessing the ability of Myc to promote transcription without triggering oncogenesis may open the door to many exciting opportunities for therapeutic development across a wide array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine H. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Holstein TW. The Hydra stem cell system - Revisited. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203846. [PMID: 37121433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians are >600 million years old and are considered the sister group of Bilateria based on numerous molecular phylogenetic studies. Apart from Hydra, the genomes of all major clades of Cnidaria have been uncovered (e.g. Aurelia, Clytia, Nematostella and Acropora) and they reveal a remarkable completeness of the metazoan genomic toolbox. Of particular interest is Hydra, a model system of aging research, regenerative biology, and stem cell biology. With the knowledge gained from scRNA research, it is now possible to characterize the expression profiles of all cell types with great precision. In functional studies, our picture of the Hydra stem cell biology has changed, and we are in the process of obtaining a clear picture of the homeostasis and properties of the different stem cell populations. Even though Hydra is often compared to plant systems, the new data on germline and regeneration, but also on the dynamics and plasticity of the nervous system, show that Hydra with its simple body plan represents in a nutshell the prototype of an animal with stem cell lineages, whose properties correspond in many ways to Bilateria. This review provides an overview of the four stem cell lineages, the two epithelial lineages that constitute the ectoderm and the endoderm, as well as the multipotent somatic interstitial lineage (MPSC) and the germline stem cell lineage (GSC), also known as the interstitial cells of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Lechable M, Tang X, Siebert S, Feldbacher A, Fernández-Quintero ML, Breuker K, Juliano CE, Liedl KR, Hobmayer B, Hartl M. High Intrinsic Oncogenic Potential in the Myc-Box-Deficient Hydra Myc3 Protein. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091265. [PMID: 37174665 PMCID: PMC10177328 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene myc has been intensively studied primarily in vertebrate cell culture systems. Myc transcription factors control fundamental cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control and stem cell maintenance. Myc interacts with the Max protein and Myc/Max heterodimers regulate thousands of target genes. The genome of the freshwater polyp Hydra encodes four myc genes (myc1-4). Previous structural and biochemical characterization showed that the Hydra Myc1 and Myc2 proteins share high similarities with vertebrate c-Myc, and their expression patterns suggested a function in adult stem cell maintenance. In contrast, an additional Hydra Myc protein termed Myc3 is highly divergent, lacking the common N-terminal domain and all conserved Myc-boxes. Single cell transcriptome analysis revealed that the myc3 gene is expressed in a distinct population of interstitial precursor cells committed to nerve- and gland-cell differentiation, where the Myc3 protein may counteract the stemness actions of Myc1 and Myc2 and thereby allow the implementation of a differentiation program. In vitro DNA binding studies showed that Myc3 dimerizes with Hydra Max, and this dimer efficiently binds to DNA containing the canonical Myc consensus motif (E-box). In vivo cell transformation assays in avian fibroblast cultures further revealed an unexpected high potential for oncogenic transformation in the conserved Myc3 C-terminus, as compared to Hydra Myc2 or Myc1. Structure modeling of the Myc3 protein predicted conserved amino acid residues in its bHLH-LZ domain engaged in Myc3/Max dimerization. Mutating these amino acid residues in the human c-Myc (MYC) sequence resulted in a significant decrease in its cell transformation potential. We discuss our findings in the context of oncogenic transformation and cell differentiation, both relevant for human cancer, where Myc represents a major driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lechable
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xuechen Tang
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelika Feldbacher
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Vogg MC, Buzgariu W, Suknovic NS, Galliot B. Cellular, Metabolic, and Developmental Dimensions of Whole-Body Regeneration in Hydra. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040725. [PMID: 34230037 PMCID: PMC8635000 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the developmental and homeostatic conditions necessary for Hydra regeneration. Hydra is characterized by populations of adult stem cells paused in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, ready to respond to injury signals. The body column can be compared to a blastema-like structure, populated with multifunctional epithelial stem cells that show low sensitivity to proapoptotic signals, and high inducibility of autophagy that promotes resistance to stress and starvation. Intact Hydra polyps also exhibit a dynamic patterning along the oral-aboral axis under the control of homeostatic organizers whose activity results from regulatory loops between activators and inhibitors. As in bilaterians, injury triggers the immediate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals that promote wound healing and contribute to the reactivation of developmental programs via cell death and the de novo formation of new organizing centers from somatic tissues. In aging Hydra, regeneration is rapidly lost as homeostatic conditions are no longer pro-regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christian Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Slavko Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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5
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Buzgariu W, Curchod ML, Perruchoud C, Galliot B. Combining BrdU-Labeling to Detection of Neuronal Markers to Monitor Adult Neurogenesis in Hydra. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2047:3-24. [PMID: 31552646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9732-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system is produced and maintained in adult Hydra through the continuous production of nerve cells and mechanosensory cells (nematocytes or cnidocytes). De novo neurogenesis occurs slowly in intact animals that replace their dying nerve cells, at a faster rate in animals regenerating their head as a complete apical nervous system is built in few days. To dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie these properties, a precise monitoring of the markers of neurogenesis and nematogenesis is required. Here we describe the conditions for an efficient BrdU-labeling coupled to an immunodetection of neuronal markers, either regulators of neurogenesis, here the homeoprotein prdl-a, or neuropeptides such as RFamide or Hym-355. This method can be performed on whole-mount animals as well as on macerated tissues when cells retain their morphology. Moreover, when antibodies are not available, BrdU-labeling can be combined with the analysis of gene expression by whole-mount in situ hybridization. This co-immunodetection procedure is well adapted to visualize and quantify the dynamics of de novo neurogenesis. Upon continuous BrdU labeling, the repeated measurements of BrdU-labeling indexes in specific cellular populations provide a precise monitoring of nematogenesis as well as neurogenesis, in homeostatic or developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Curchod
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Perruchoud
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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6
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Reddy PC, Gungi A, Ubhe S, Pradhan SJ, Kolte A, Galande S. Molecular signature of an ancient organizer regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signalling during primary body axis patterning in Hydra. Commun Biol 2019; 2:434. [PMID: 31799436 PMCID: PMC6879750 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been shown to play a critical role during head organizer formation in Hydra. Here, we characterized the Wnt signalling regulatory network involved in formation of the head organizer. We found that Wnt signalling regulates genes that are important in tissue morphogenesis. We identified that majority of transcription factors (TFs) regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signalling belong to the homeodomain and forkhead families. Silencing of Margin, one of the Wnt regulated homeodomain TFs, results in loss of the ectopic tentacle phenotype typically seen upon activation of Wnt signalling. Furthermore, we show that the Margin promoter is directly bound and regulated by β-catenin. Ectopic expression of Margin in zebrafish embryos results in body axis abnormalities suggesting that Margin plays a role in axis patterning. Our findings suggest that homeobox TFs came under the regulatory umbrella of Wnt/β-catenin signalling presumably resulting in the evolution of primary body axis in animal phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Akhila Gungi
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Suyog Ubhe
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Saurabh J. Pradhan
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Amol Kolte
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008 India
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7
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Boundary maintenance in the ancestral metazoan Hydra depends on histone acetylation. Dev Biol 2019; 458:200-214. [PMID: 31738910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Much of boundary formation during development remains to be understood, despite being a defining feature of many animal taxa. Axial patterning of Hydra, a member of the ancient phylum Cnidaria which diverged prior to the bilaterian radiation, involves a steady-state of production and loss of tissue, and is dependent on an organizer located in the upper part of the head. We show that the sharp boundary separating tissue in the body column from head and foot tissue depends on histone acetylation. Histone deacetylation disrupts the boundary by affecting numerous developmental genes including Wnt components and prevents stem cells from entering the position dependent differentiation program. Overall, our results suggest that reversible histone acetylation is an ancient regulatory mechanism for partitioning the body axis into domains with specific identity, which was present in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians, at least 600 million years ago.
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8
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Transgenesis in Hydra to characterize gene function and visualize cell behavior. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2069-2090. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Moros M, Kyriazi ME, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Tortiglione C, Kanaras AG. DNA-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of mRNA in Live Hydra Vulgaris Animals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13905-13911. [PMID: 30525369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanoparticle design have led to the development of nanoparticulate systems that can sense intracellular molecules, alter cellular processes, and release drugs to specific targets in vitro. In this work, we demonstrate that oligonucleotide-coated gold nanoparticles are suitable for the detection of mRNA in live Hydra vulgaris, a model organism, without affecting the animal's integrity. We specifically focus on the detection of Hymyc1 mRNA, which is responsible for the regulation of the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Myc deregulation is found in more than half of human cancers, thus the ability to detect in vivo related mRNAs through innovative fluorescent systems is of outmost interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moros
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E.Caianiello" , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli 80078 , Italy
| | | | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering , Suez University , Suez 43721 , Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E.Caianiello" , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli 80078 , Italy
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10
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Hartl M, Glasauer S, Gufler S, Raffeiner A, Puglisi K, Breuker K, Bister K, Hobmayer B. Differential regulation of myc homologs by Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in the early metazoan Hydra. FEBS J 2019; 286:2295-2310. [PMID: 30869835 PMCID: PMC6618008 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The c‐Myc protein is a transcription factor with oncogenic potential controlling fundamental cellular processes. Homologs of the human c‐myc protooncogene have been identified in the early diploblastic cnidarian Hydra (myc1, myc2). The ancestral Myc1 and Myc2 proteins display the principal design and biochemical properties of their vertebrate derivatives, suggesting that important Myc functions arose very early in metazoan evolution. c‐Myc is part of a transcription factor network regulated by several upstream pathways implicated in oncogenesis and development. One of these signaling cascades is the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway driving cell differentiation and developmental patterning, but also tumorigenic processes including aberrant transcriptional activation of c‐myc in several human cancers. Here, we show that genetic or pharmacological stimulation of Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling in Hydra is accompanied by specific downregulation of myc1 at mRNA and protein levels. The myc1 and myc2 promoter regions contain consensus binding sites for the transcription factor Tcf, and Hydra Tcf binds to the regulatory regions of both promoters. The myc1 promoter is also specifically repressed in the presence of ectopic Hydra β‐Catenin/Tcf in avian cell culture. We propose that Hydra myc1 is a negative Wnt signaling target, in contrast to vertebrate c‐myc, which is one of the best studied genes activated by this pathway. On the contrary, myc2 is not suppressed by ectopic β‐Catenin in Hydra and presumably represents the structural and functional c‐myc ortholog. Our data implicate that the connection between β‐Catenin‐mediated signaling and myc1 and myc2 gene regulation is an ancestral metazoan feature. Its impact on decision making in Hydra interstitial stem cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stella Glasauer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Gufler
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kane Puglisi
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Reyes-Bermudez A, Villar-Briones A, Ramirez-Portilla C, Hidaka M, Mikheyev AS. Developmental Progression in the Coral Acropora digitifera Is Controlled by Differential Expression of Distinct Regulatory Gene Networks. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:851-70. [PMID: 26941230 PMCID: PMC4824149 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals belong to the most basal class of the Phylum Cnidaria, which is considered the sister group of bilaterian animals, and thus have become an emerging model to study the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Although cell renewal, differentiation, and maintenance of pluripotency are cellular events shared by multicellular animals, the cellular basis of these fundamental biological processes are still poorly understood. To understand how changes in gene expression regulate morphogenetic transitions at the base of the eumetazoa, we performed quantitative RNA-seq analysis duringAcropora digitifera's development. We collected embryonic, larval, and adult samples to characterize stage-specific transcription profiles, as well as broad expression patterns. Transcription profiles reconstructed development revealing two main expression clusters. The first cluster grouped blastula and gastrula and the second grouped subsequent developmental time points. Consistently, we observed clear differences in gene expression between early and late developmental transitions, with higher numbers of differentially expressed genes and fold changes around gastrulation. Furthermore, we identified three coexpression clusters that represented discrete gene expression patterns. During early transitions, transcriptional networks seemed to regulate cellular fate and morphogenesis of the larval body. In late transitions, these networks seemed to play important roles preparing planulae for switch in lifestyle and regulation of adult processes. Although developmental progression inA. digitiferais regulated to some extent by differential coexpression of well-defined gene networks, stage-specific transcription profiles appear to be independent entities. While negative regulation of transcription is predominant in early development, cell differentiation was upregulated in larval and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Reyes-Bermudez
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan School of Natural Sciences, Ryukyus University, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Michio Hidaka
- School of Natural Sciences, Ryukyus University, Okinawa, Japan
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12
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Buzgariu W, Al Haddad S, Tomczyk S, Wenger Y, Galliot B. Multi-functionality and plasticity characterize epithelial cells in Hydra. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068908. [PMID: 26716072 PMCID: PMC4681288 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheets, a synapomorphy of all metazoans but porifers, are present as 2 layers in cnidarians, ectoderm and endoderm, joined at their basal side by an extra-cellular matrix named mesoglea. In the Hydra polyp, epithelial cells of the body column are unipotent stem cells that continuously self-renew and concomitantly express their epitheliomuscular features. These multifunctional contractile cells maintain homeostasis by providing a protective physical barrier, by digesting nutrients, by selecting a stable microbiota, and by rapidly closing wounds. In addition, epithelial cells are highly plastic, supporting the adaptation of Hydra to physiological and environmental changes, such as long starvation periods where survival relies on a highly dynamic autophagy flux. Epithelial cells also play key roles in developmental processes as evidenced by the organizer activity they develop to promote budding and regeneration. We propose here an integrative view of the homeostatic and developmental aspects of epithelial plasticity in Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Al Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
The non-bilaterian animals comprise organisms in the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Placozoa. These early-diverging phyla are pivotal to understanding the evolution of bilaterian animals. After the exponential increase in research in evolutionary development (evo-devo) in the last two decades, these organisms are again in the spotlight of evolutionary biology. In this work, I briefly review some aspects of the developmental biology of nonbilaterians that contribute to understanding the evolution of development and of the metazoans. The evolution of the developmental genetic toolkit, embryonic polarization, the origin of gastrulation and mesodermal cells, and the origin of neural cells are discussed. The possibility that germline and stem cell lineages have the same origin is also examined. Although a considerable number of non-bilaterian species are already being investigated, the use of species belonging to different branches of non-bilaterian lineages and functional experimentation with gene manipulation in the majority of the non-bilaterian lineages will be necessary for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lanna
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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14
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Arbore R, Sekii K, Beisel C, Ladurner P, Berezikov E, Schärer L. Positional RNA-Seq identifies candidate genes for phenotypic engineering of sexual traits. Front Zool 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 26146508 PMCID: PMC4490696 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) of trait-specific genes permits the manipulation of specific phenotypic traits ("phenotypic engineering") and thus represents a powerful tool to test trait function in evolutionary studies. The identification of suitable candidate genes, however, often relies on existing functional gene annotation, which is usually limited in emerging model organisms, especially when they are only distantly related to traditional genetic model organisms. A case in point is the free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano (Lophotrochozoa: Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora), an increasingly powerful model organism for evolutionary studies of sex in simultaneous hermaphrodites. To overcome the limitation of sparse functional annotation, we have performed a positional RNA-Seq analysis on different body fragments in order to identify organ-specific candidate transcripts. We then performed gene expression (in situ hybridization) and gene function (RNAi) analyses on 23 candidate transcripts, both to evaluate the predictive potential of this approach and to obtain preliminary functional characterizations of these candidate genes. RESULTS We identified over 4000 transcripts that could be expected to show specific expression in different reproductive organs (including testis, ovary and the male and female genital systems). The predictive potential of the method could then be verified by confirming organ-specific expression for several candidate transcripts, some of which yielded interesting trait-specific knock-down phenotypes that can now be followed up in future phenotypic engineering studies. CONCLUSIONS Our positional RNA-Seq analysis represents a highly useful resource for the identification of candidate transcripts for functional and phenotypic engineering studies in M. lignano, and it has already been used successfully in several studies. Moreover, this approach can overcome some inherent limitations of homology-based candidate selection and thus should be applicable to a broad range of emerging model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Arbore
- />Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kiyono Sekii
- />Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Ladurner
- />Institute of Zoology and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- />ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Schärer
- />Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Barreto FS, Schoville SD, Burton RS. Reverse genetics in the tide pool: knock-down of target gene expression via RNA interference in the copepodTigriopus californicus. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:868-79. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Barreto
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ronald S. Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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16
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Bellantuono AJ, Bridge D, Martínez DE. Hydra as a tractable, long-lived model system for senescence. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2014; 59:39-44. [PMID: 26136619 PMCID: PMC4464093 DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2014.938196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydra represents a unique model system for the study of senescence, with the opportunity for the comparison of non-aging and induced senescence. Hydra maintains three stem cell lineages, used for continuous tissue morphogenesis and replacement. Recent work has elucidated the roles of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling target FoxO, of Myc proteins, and of PIWI proteins in Hydra stem cells. Under laboratory culture conditions, Hydra vulgaris show no signs of aging even under long-term study. In contrast, Hydra oligactis can be experimentally induced to undergo reproduction-associated senescence. This provides a powerful comparative system for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Bridge
- Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College , Elizabethtown , PA , USA
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17
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Abstract
The widespread entry of nanomaterials into manifold life fields posed serious concerns on environmental health and safety issues. Potential adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs) are continuously faced using in vitro cell systems and by mean of cell and molecular biology tools, several mechanisms have been found beyond their toxicity. The evaluation of the in vivo possible consequences derived from exposure of living organisms to NPs is instead more complex but compulsory in view of their application for diagnosis or therapeutic purposes. Here the effects of NP-induced genetic alteration on the progeny of treated animals will be treated, considering selected species from invertebrate and vertebrates as examples of transgenerational transmission of NP toxicity. The effects on reproductive capability, fertility and embryogenesis observed in different animal species upon treatment with different materials will provide an overview of the current knowledge on the heritable feature of nanotoxicity.
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18
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Hartl M, Glasauer S, Valovka T, Breuker K, Hobmayer B, Bister K. Hydra myc2, a unique pre-bilaterian member of the myc gene family, is activated in cell proliferation and gametogenesis. Biol Open 2014; 3:397-407. [PMID: 24771621 PMCID: PMC4021362 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myc protooncogene encodes the Myc transcription factor which is the essential part of the Myc–Max network controlling fundamental cellular processes. Deregulation of myc leads to tumorigenesis and is a hallmark of many human cancers. We have recently identified homologs of myc (myc1, myc2) and max in the early diploblastic cnidarian Hydra and have characterized myc1 in detail. Here we show that myc2 is transcriptionally activated in the interstitial stem cell system. Furthermore, in contrast to myc1, myc2 expression is also detectable in proliferating epithelial stem cells throughout the gastric region. myc2 but not myc1 is activated in cycling precursor cells during early oogenesis and spermatogenesis, suggesting that the Hydra Myc2 protein has a possible non-redundant function in cell cycle progression. The Myc2 protein displays the principal design and properties of vertebrate Myc proteins. In complex with Max, Myc2 binds to DNA with similar affinity as Myc1–Max heterodimers. Immunoprecipitation of Hydra chromatin revealed that both Myc1 and Myc2 bind to the enhancer region of CAD, a classical Myc target gene in mammals. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Myc1 but not Myc2 transcriptionally activates the CAD promoter. Myc2 has oncogenic potential when tested in primary avian fibroblasts but to a lower degree as compared to Myc1. The identification of an additional myc gene in Cnidaria, a phylum that diverged prior to bilaterians, with characteristic expression patterns in tissue homeostasis and developmental processes suggests that principle functions of myc genes have arisen very early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stella Glasauer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Present address: Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taras Valovka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Bister
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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20
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Boehm AM, Rosenstiel P, Bosch TCG. Stem cells and aging from a quasi-immortal point of view. Bioessays 2013; 35:994-1003. [PMID: 24037777 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding aging and how it affects an organism's lifespan is a fundamental problem in biology. A hallmark of aging is stem cell senescence, the decline of functionality, and number of somatic stem cells, resulting in an impaired regenerative capacity and reduced tissue function. In addition, aging is characterized by profound remodeling of the immune system and a quantitative decline of adequate immune responses, a phenomenon referred to as immune-senescence. Yet, what is causing stem cell and immune-senescence? This review discusses experimental studies of potentially immortal Hydra which have made contributions to answering this question. Hydra transcription factor FoxO has been shown to modulate both stem cell proliferation and innate immunity, lending strong support to a role of FoxO as critical rate-of-aging regulator from Hydra to human. Constructing a model of how FoxO responds to diverse environmental factors provides a framework for how stem cell factors might contribute to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marei Boehm
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Ambrosone A, Marchesano V, Mazzarella V, Tortiglione C. Nanotoxicology using the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: from developmental toxicity to genotoxicology. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:508-20. [PMID: 23641943 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.802386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant with the fast-growing advances in the synthesis and engineering of colloidal nanocrystals, an urgent evaluation of their toxicity on human beings and environment is strongly encouraged by public health organisations. Despite the in vitro approaches employed for toxicological screening of hazardous compounds, the use of simple and cost-effective living organisms may enormously contribute to solve unanswered questions related to embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of nanomaterials. Here, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) is presented as a novel model organism to profile bio/non-bio interactions and to show a comprehensive toxicological analysis performed on embryos, larvae and adults treated with fluorescent cadmium-based nanocrystals. Spanning from in vivo biodistribution to molecular investigations, different behaviours and effects depending on the composition and surface coatings are showed. Rod-shaped cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) nanocrystals resulted in excellent imaging probes to track N. vectensis development with negligible adverse effects, while spherical CdTe nanocrystals severely impaired embryogenesis, resulting in aberrant phenotypes and deregulation of developmental genes, which raise severe worries for a safe use of this type of nanoparticles for human purposes and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrosone
- Istituto di Cibernetica "E.Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
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22
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Marchesano V, Hernandez Y, Salvenmoser W, Ambrosone A, Tino A, Hobmayer B, de la Fuente JM, Tortiglione C. Imaging inward and outward trafficking of gold nanoparticles in whole animals. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2431-2442. [PMID: 23448235 DOI: 10.1021/nn305747e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have emerged as novel safe and biocompatible tools for manifold applications, including biological imaging, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutics. The understanding of the mechanisms governing their interaction with living systems may help the design and development of new platforms for nanomedicine. Here we characterized the dynamics and kinetics of the events underlying the interaction of gold nanoparticles with a living organism, from the first interaction nanoparticle/cell membrane, to the intracellular trafficking and final extracellular clearance. By treating a simple water invertebrate (the cnidarian Hydra polyp) with functionalized gold nanoparticles, multiple inward and outward routes were imaged by ultrastructural analyses, including exosomes as novel undescribed carriers to shuttle the nanoparticles in and out the cells. From the time course imaging a highly dynamic picture emerged in which nanoparticles are rapidly internalized (from 30 min onward), recruited into vacuoles/endosome (24 h onward), which then fuse, compact and sort out the internalized material either to storage vacuoles or to late-endosome/lysosomes, determining almost complete clearance within 48 h from challenging. Beside classical routes, new portals of entry/exit were captured, including exosome-like structures as novel undescribed nanoparticle shuttles. The conservation of the endocytic/secretory machinery through evolution extends the value of our finding to mammalian systems providing dynamics and kinetics clues to take into account when designing nanomaterials to interface with biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marchesano
- Istituto di Cibernetica ″E.Caianiello″, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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23
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Gold DA, Jacobs DK. Stem cell dynamics in Cnidaria: are there unifying principles? Dev Genes Evol 2013; 223:53-66. [PMID: 23179637 PMCID: PMC7211294 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The study of stem cells in cnidarians has a history spanning hundreds of years, but it has primarily focused on the hydrozoan genus Hydra. While Hydra has a number of self-renewing cell types that act much like stem cells--in particular the interstitial cell line--finding cellular homologues outside of the Hydrozoa has been complicated by the morphological simplicity of stem cells and inconclusive gene expression data. In non-hydrozoan cnidarians, an enigmatic cell type known as the amoebocyte might play a similar role to interstitial cells, but there is little evidence that I-cells and amoebocytes are homologous. Instead, self-renewal and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells was probably more important to ancestral cnidarian development than any undifferentiated cell lineage, and only later in evolution did one or more cell types come under the regulation of a "stem" cell line. Ultimately, this hypothesis and competing ones will need to be tested by expanding genetic and developmental studies on a variety of cnidarian model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2154 Terasaki Life Science Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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24
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Franco C, Soares R, Pires E, Koci K, Almeida AM, Santos R, Coelho AV. Understanding regeneration through proteomics. Proteomics 2013; 13:686-709. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Franco
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Kamila Koci
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Romana Santos
- Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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25
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Ambrosone A, Tortiglione C. Methodological approaches for nanotoxicology using cnidarian models. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.747117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Conde J, Ambrosone A, Sanz V, Hernandez Y, Marchesano V, Tian F, Child H, Berry CC, Ibarra MR, Baptista PV, Tortiglione C, de la Fuente JM. Design of multifunctional gold nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo gene silencing. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8316-8324. [PMID: 22882598 DOI: 10.1021/nn3030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the capability of double-stranded RNAs to interfere with gene expression has driven new therapeutic approaches. Since small interfering RNA (siRNAs, 21 base pair double-stranded RNA) was shown to be able to elicit RNA interference (RNAi), efforts were directed toward the development of efficient delivery systems to preserve siRNA bioactivity throughout the delivery route, from the administration site to the target cell. Here we provide evidence of RNAi triggering, specifically silencing c-myc protooncogene, via the synthesis of a library of novel multifunctional gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The efficiency of the AuNPs is demonstrated using a hierarchical approach including three biological systems of increasing complexity: in vitro cultured human cells, in vivo invertebrate (freshwater polyp, Hydra ), and in vivo vertebrate (mouse) models. Our synthetic methodology involved fine-tuning of multiple structural and functional moieties. Selection of the most active functionalities was assisted step-by-step through functional testing that adopted this hierarchical strategy. Merging these chemical and biological approaches led to a safe, nonpathogenic, self-tracking, and universally valid nanocarrier that could be exploited for therapeutic RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, University of Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Ambrosone A, Mattera L, Marchesano V, Quarta A, Susha AS, Tino A, Rogach AL, Tortiglione C. Mechanisms underlying toxicity induced by CdTe quantum dots determined in an invertebrate model organism. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1991-2000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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