1
|
Wei H, Zhou Y, Ma F, Yang R, Liang J, Ren L. Full-Automatic High-Efficiency Mueller Matrix Microscopy Imaging for Tissue Microarray Inspection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4703. [PMID: 39066100 PMCID: PMC11280869 DOI: 10.3390/s24144703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper proposes a full-automatic high-efficiency Mueller matrix microscopic imaging (MMMI) system based on the tissue microarray (TMA) for cancer inspection for the first time. By performing a polar decomposition on the sample's Mueller matrix (MM) obtained by a transmissive MMMI system we established, the linear phase retardance equivalent waveplate fast-axis azimuth and the linear phase retardance are obtained for distinguishing the cancerous tissues from the normal ones based on the differences in their polarization characteristics, where three analyses methods including statistical analysis, the gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis (GLCM) and the Tamura image processing method (TIPM) are used. Previous MMMI medical diagnostics typically utilized discrete slices for inspection under a high-magnification objective (20×-50×) with a small field of view, while we use the TMA under a low-magnification objective (5×) with a large field of view. Experimental results indicate that MMMI based on TMA can effectively analyze the pathological variations in biological tissues, inspect cancerous cervical tissues, and thus contribute to the diagnosis of postoperative cancer biopsies. Such an inspection method, using a large number of samples within a TMA, is beneficial for obtaining consistent findings and good reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Wei
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yifu Zhou
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Feiya Ma
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jian Liang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Liyong Ren
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (F.M.); (R.Y.); (J.L.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Optical Information Manipulation and Augmentation (OMA), Xi’an 710119, China
- Robust (Xixian New Area) Opto-Electro Technologies Co., Ltd., Xi’an 712000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sandmeyer A, Wang L, Hübner W, Müller M, Chen BK, Huser T. Cost-effective high-speed, three-dimensional live-cell imaging of HIV-1 transfer at the T cell virological synapse. iScience 2022; 25:105468. [PMID: 36388970 PMCID: PMC9663902 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of cost-effective, highly portable, and easy to use high-resolution live-cell imaging systems could present a significant technological break-through in challenging environments, such as high-level biosafety laboratories or sites where new viral outbreaks are suspected. We describe and demonstrate a cost-effective high-speed fluorescence microscope enabling the live tracking of virus particles across virological synapses that form between infected and uninfected T cells. The dynamics of HIV-1 proteins studied at the cellular level and the formation of virological synapses in living T cells reveals mechanisms by which cell-cell interactions facilitate infection between immune cells. Dual-color 3D fluorescence deconvolution microscopy of HIV-1 particles at frames rates of 100 frames per second allows us to follow the transfer of HIV-1 particles across the T cell virological synapse between living T cells. We also confirm the successful transfer of virus by imaging T cell samples fixed at specific time points during cell-cell virus transfer by super-resolution structured illumination microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sandmeyer
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lili Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maeng G, Gong W, Das S, Yannopoulos D, Garry DJ, Garry MG. ETV2-null porcine embryos survive to post-implantation following incomplete enucleation. Reproduction 2021; 159:539-547. [PMID: 31990674 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Blind enucleation is used in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to remove the metaphase II (MII) spindle from the oocyte. Deviation of the MII spindle location, however, leads to incomplete enucleation (IE). Here, we report that the rate of complete enucleation (CE) using the blind method was 80.2 ± 1.7%, although this significantly increased when the polar body-MII deviation was minimized (≦45°). While it is established that IE embryos will not survive to full term, the effect of IE on early stage development is unknown. We have previously demonstrated in mice and pigs that ETV2 deletion results in embryonic lethality due to the lack of hematoendothelial lineages. We observed that ETV2-null cloned embryos derived from blindly and incompletely enucleated oocytes had both WT and mutant sequences at E18 and, using FISH analysis, we observed triploidy. We also compared SCNT embryos generated from either CE or intentionally IE oocytes using the spindle viewer system. We observed a higher in vitro blastocyst rate in the IE versus the CE-SCNT embryos (31.9 ± 3.2% vs 21.0 ± 2.1%). Based on known processes in normal fertilization, we infer that the IE-SCNT embryos extruded the haploid second PB after fusion with donor fibroblasts and formed a near-triploid aneuploid nucleus in each blastomere. These studies demonstrate the peri-implantation survival of residual haploid nuclei following IE and emphasize the need for complete enucleation especially for the analysis of SCNT embryos in the peri-implantation stage and will, further, impact the field of reverse xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geunho Maeng
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tokuoka Y, Yamada TG, Mashiko D, Ikeda Z, Hiroi NF, Kobayashi TJ, Yamagata K, Funahashi A. 3D convolutional neural networks-based segmentation to acquire quantitative criteria of the nucleus during mouse embryogenesis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33082352 PMCID: PMC7575569 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cells repeatedly divide and dynamically change their positions in three-dimensional (3D) space. A robust and accurate algorithm to acquire the 3D positions of the cells would help to reveal the mechanisms of embryogenesis. To acquire quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from time-series 3D microscopic images, image processing algorithms such as segmentation have been applied. Because the cells in embryos are considerably crowded, an algorithm to segment individual cells in detail and accurately is needed. To quantify the nuclear region of every cell from a time-series 3D fluorescence microscopic image of living cells, we developed QCANet, a convolutional neural network-based segmentation algorithm for 3D fluorescence bioimages. We demonstrated that QCANet outperformed 3D Mask R-CNN, which is currently considered as the best algorithm of instance segmentation. We showed that QCANet can be applied not only to developing mouse embryos but also to developing embryos of two other model species. Using QCANet, we were able to extract several quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from 11 early mouse embryos. We showed that the extracted criteria could be used to evaluate the differences between individual embryos. This study contributes to the development of fundamental approaches for assessing embryogenesis on the basis of extracted quantitative criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tokuoka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro G Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Noriko F Hiroi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kiyonari H, Kaneko M, Abe T, Shioi G, Aizawa S, Furuta Y, Fujimori T. Dynamic organelle localization and cytoskeletal reorganization during preimplantation mouse embryo development revealed by live imaging of genetically encoded fluorescent fusion proteins. Genesis 2019; 57:e23277. [PMID: 30597711 PMCID: PMC6590263 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Live imaging is one of the most powerful technologies for studying the behaviors of cells and molecules in living embryos. Previously, we established a series of reporter mouse lines in which specific organelles are labeled with various fluorescent proteins. In this study, we examined the localizations of fluorescent signals during preimplantation development of these mouse lines, as well as a newly established one, by time‐lapse imaging. Each organelle was specifically marked with fluorescent fusion proteins; fluorescent signals were clearly visible during the whole period of time‐lapse observation, and the expression of the reporters did not affect embryonic development. We found that some organelles dramatically change their sub‐cellular distributions during preimplantation stages. In addition, by crossing mouse lines carrying reporters of two distinct colors, we could simultaneously visualize two types of organelles. These results confirm that our reporter mouse lines can be valuable genetic tools for live imaging of embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aizawa
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wakayama S, Tanabe Y, Nagatomo H, Mizutani E, Kishigami S, Wakayama T. Effect of Long-Term Exposure of Donor Nuclei to the Oocyte Cytoplasm on Production of Cloned Mice Using Serial Nuclear Transfer. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:382-389. [PMID: 27622855 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although animal cloning is becoming increasingly practicable, cloned embryos possess many abnormalities and so there has been a low success rate for producing live animals. This is most likely due to incomplete reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei before they start to develop as the donor nuclei are usually only exposed to the oocyte cytoplasm for 1-2 hours before reconstructed oocytes are activated to avoid oocyte aging. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to extend the exposure period of somatic cell nuclei to the oocyte cytoplasm to determine whether this could enhance reprogramming of donor nuclei. Donor nuclei were transferred into oocytes, following which pseudo-MII spindles (pMIIs) derived from these were extracted and injected into newly collected enucleated oocytes 24 hours after the first nuclear transfer (NT). These serial NT oocytes were then activated and their developmental potential was examined to full term. There was no obvious difference in the pMIIs of reconstructed oocytes at 6 and 24 hours after donor nucleus injection; however, in both of these, the chromosomes were more widely spread inside the spindle than in fresh intact oocytes. Furthermore, a few chromosomes remained in 25% and 47% of these enucleated oocytes at 6 and 24 hours after donor nucleus injection, respectively. When these pMIIs were injected into fresh enucleated oocytes, the developmental rate to blastocyst was significantly lower, but we could still obtain several healthy cloned offspring. Thus, serial NT at intervals of 24 hours using fresh oocytes is possible, but the success rate could not be improved due to loss of chromosomes during the second NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanabe
- 2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagatomo
- 3 COC Promotion Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan .,2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- 2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan .,2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review the uses of laser microirradiation and ion microbeam techniques within the scope of radiobiological research. Laser microirradiation techniques can be used for many different purposes. In a specific condition, through the use of pulsed lasers, cell lysis can be produced for subsequent separation of different analytes. Microsurgery allows for the identification and isolation of tissue sections, single cells and subcellular components, using different types of lasers. The generation of different types of DNA damage, via this type of microirradiation, allows for the investigation of DNA dynamics. Ion microbeams are important tools in radiobiological research. There are only a limited number of facilities worldwide where radiobiological experiments can be performed. In the beginning, research was mostly focused on the bystander effect. Nowadays, with more sophisticated molecular and cellular biological techniques, ion microirradiation is used to unravel molecular processes in the field of radiobiology. These include DNA repair protein kinetics or chromatin modifications at the site of DNA damage. With the increasing relevance of charged particles in tumour therapy and new concepts on how to generate them, ion microbeam facilities are able to address unresolved questions concerning particle tumour therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Drexler
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Munich, Schillerstr. 42, 80336, Munich, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koo BU, Kang Y, Moon S, Lee WG. Spirally-patterned pinhole arrays for long-term fluorescence cell imaging. Analyst 2015; 140:7373-81. [PMID: 26381726 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence cell imaging using a fluorescence microscope is an extensively used technique to examine the cell nucleus, internal structures, and other cellular molecules with fluorescence response time and intensity. However, it is difficult to perform high resolution cell imaging for a long period of time with this technique due to necrosis and apoptosis depending on the type and subcellular location of the damage caused by phototoxicity. A large number of studies have been performed to resolve this problem, but researchers have struggled to meet the challenge between cellular viability and image resolution. In this study, we employ a specially designed disc to reduce cell damage by controlling total fluorescence exposure time without deterioration of the image resolution. This approach has many advantages such as, the apparatus is simple, cost-effective, and easily integrated into the optical pathway through a conventional fluorescence microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ung Koo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iwamoto D, Yamagata K, Kishi M, Hayashi-Takanaka Y, Kimura H, Wakayama T, Saeki K. Early development of cloned bovine embryos produced from oocytes enucleated by fluorescence metaphase II imaging using a conventional halogen-lamp microscope. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:106-14. [PMID: 25826723 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enucleation of a recipient oocyte is one of the key processes in the procedure of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, especially in bovine species, lipid droplets spreading in the ooplasm hamper identification and enucleation of metaphase II (MII) chromosomes, and thereby the success rate of the cloning remains low. In this study we used a new experimental system that enables fluorescent observation of chromosomes in living oocytes without any damage. We succeeded in visualizing and removing the MII chromosome in matured bovine oocytes. This experimental system consists of injecting fluorescence-labeled antibody conjugates that bind to chromosomes and fluorescent observation using a conventional halogen-lamp microscope. The cleavage rates and blastocyst rates of bovine embryos following in vitro fertilization (IVF) decreased as the concentration of the antibody increased (p<0.05). The enucleation rate of the conventional method (blind enucleation) was 86%, whereas all oocytes injected with the antibody conjugates were enucleated successfully. Fusion rates and developmental rates of SCNT embryos produced with the enucleated oocytes were the same as those of the blind enucleation group (p>0.05). For the production of SCNT embryos, the new system can be used as a reliable predictor of the location of metaphase plates in opaque oocytes, such as those in ruminant animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Iwamoto
- 1 Department of Genetic Engineering, Kinki University , Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Iuso D, Czernik M, Zacchini F, Ptak G, Loi P. A simplified approach for oocyte enucleation in mammalian cloning. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:490-4. [PMID: 24219576 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its success in almost all farm and laboratory animals, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is still a low-efficiency technique. In this investigation, we determined the impact of each enucleation step on oocyte viability (assessed by parthenogenetic activation): Hoechst (HO) staining, cytochalasin B, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and demecolcine. Our data showed that of all the factors analyzed, UV exposure impaired oocyte development (cleavage, 59% for untreated oocytes vs. 8% UV exposed; blastocyst stage, 32% untreated vs. 0% UV exposed). A minor toxicity was detected following demecolcine treatment (cleavage, 62%; blastocyst stage, 13%). Next, we compared HO/UV (canonical) and demecolcine-assisted enucleation (DAE), with a straight removal of metaphase chromosomes without any chemical or physical aid (straight enucleation). DAE improved the preimplantation development of sheep cloned embryos compared to HO/UV enucleation (cleavage, 38% vs. 19%; blastocysts, 17% vs. 4%), yet straight enucleation resulted in the highest cleavage and blastocysts rates (61% and 30%, respectively). We concluded that: (1) UV exposure harms sheep oocyte and embryo development; (2) DAE may represent an alternative approach, especially for unskilled operators; and (3) straight enucleation remains, in our estimation, the most reliable and least harmful protocol for SCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Iuso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|