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Park S, Kim J, Kim S. Corticostriatal activity related to performance during continuous de novo motor learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3731. [PMID: 38355810 PMCID: PMC10867026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticostriatal regions play a pivotal role in visuomotor learning. However, less research has been done on how fMRI activity in their subregions is related to task performance, which is provided as visual feedback during motor learning. To address this, we conducted an fMRI experiment in which participants acquired a complex de novo motor skill using continuous or binary visual feedback related to performance. We found a highly selective response related to performance in the entire striatum in both conditions and a relatively higher response in the caudate nucleus for the binary feedback condition. However, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) response was significant only for the continuous feedback condition. Furthermore, we also found functional distinction of the striatal subregions in random versus goal-directed motor control. These findings underscore the substantial effects of the visual feedback indicating performance on distinct corticostriatal responses, thereby elucidating its significance in reinforcement-based motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungbeen Park
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Data Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungshin Kim
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Data Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Garau C, Hayes J, Chiacchierini G, McCutcheon JE, Apergis-Schoute J. Involvement of A13 dopaminergic neurons in prehensile movements but not reward in the rat. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4786-4797.e4. [PMID: 37816347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons of the dopamine (DA) cell group A13 are well positioned to impact known DA-related functions as their descending projections innervate target regions that regulate vigilance, sensory integration, and motor execution. Despite this connectivity, little is known regarding the functionality of A13-DA circuits. Using TH-specific loss-of-function methodology and techniques to monitor population activity in transgenic rats in vivo, we investigated the contribution of A13-DA neurons in reward and movement-related actions. Our work demonstrates a role for A13-DA neurons in grasping and handling of objects but not reward. A13-DA neurons responded strongly when animals grab and manipulate food items, whereas their inactivation or degeneration prevented animals from successfully doing so-a deficit partially attributed to a reduction in grip strength. By contrast, there was no relation between A13-DA activity and food-seeking behavior when animals were tested on a reward-based task that did not include a reaching/grasping response. Motivation for food was unaffected, as goal-directed behavior for food items was in general intact following A13 neuronal inactivation/degeneration. An anatomical investigation confirmed that A13-DA neurons project to the superior colliculus (SC) and also demonstrated a novel A13-DA projection to the reticular formation (RF). These results establish a functional role for A13-DA neurons in prehensile actions that are uncoupled from the motivational factors that contribute to the initiation of forelimb movements and help position A13-DA circuits into the functional framework regarding centrally located DA populations and their ability to coordinate movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Garau
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Jessica Hayes
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Giulia Chiacchierini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - James E McCutcheon
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Huginbakken 32, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - John Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Ramos JS, Chakraborty R, Dalleck LC, Sarunic K, Khadka J, Haslam T, Nassaris O. A retrospective evaluation of the Brain and Body Fitness Studio service on functional capacity and quality of life in people with neurological disorders. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1006221. [PMID: 36742042 PMCID: PMC9895383 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1006221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People with neurological disorders (ND) are less physically active than the general population due to physical, sensory, and/or cognitive impairments. These individuals often feel intimidated to join mainstream health and wellness centers due to lack of specialized support for people with ND. The Brain and Body Fitness Studio (BBFS) is one of the first Accredited Exercise Physiologist-led interprofessional services in Adelaide South Australia to provide individualized evidence-based multimodal exercise prescription and social support for this population. This comprehensive retrospective study evaluated the impact of BBFS on functional capacity (FC) determined as the 6-min walk distance (6 MWD) achieved during a 6-min walk test (6 MWT), of its members with ND. Methods Sixty-two BBFS members (age, 66 ± 10 years; 60% male) with ND (85% Parkinson's Disease; average time since diagnosis, 4 years [IQR, 2 to 12 years]) and complete pre- and post-6-month clinical assessment of the primary outcome of the study, the 6 MWD, were included in this retrospective analysis. A series of sub-analyses were also performed to investigate the effects of adherence to the recommended prescription of at least twice a week in the program (≥80 vs. < 80% adherence), and disease stage (time since diagnosis; ≥6 vs. < 6 years) on FC. Results Although there was no statistically significant change in 6 MWD from pre- to post-6-month BBFS program (+15 ± 90 m, p = 0.19), a clinically meaningful improvement of >14 m was evident. Improvement in 6 MWD was significantly greater in members who attended at least 80% of the recommended visits (≥80% visits, +37 ± 58 m; ≤ 80% visits,-1 ± 105 m, p = 0.046). We also found a 6 MWD improvement from pre- to post-6 months in those in the early years of their ND (< 6 years since diagnosis, +39 ± 76 m), but not in those in the later years of their ND (≥6 years since diagnosis, -36 ± 123 m, between group difference, p = 0.029). Conclusion A clinically meaningful 6 MWD improvement may be elicited by services provided by BBFS in people with ND. Overall, the benefits appear to be more evident in members who attended the BBFS for at least 80% of the recommended visits and those who were in the early stage of their ND diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S. Ramos
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lance C. Dalleck
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Recreation, Exercise and Sport, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, United States
| | - Kristina Sarunic
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jyoti Khadka
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tayla Haslam
- Brain and Body Fitness Studio, The Hospital Research Foundation Parkinson's, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Olivia Nassaris
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, SHAPE Research Centre, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Brain and Body Fitness Studio, The Hospital Research Foundation Parkinson's, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Machado S, Teixeira D, Monteiro D, Imperatori C, Murillo-Rodriguez E, da Silva Rocha FP, Yamamoto T, Amatriain-Fernández S, Budde H, Carta MG, Caixeta L, de Sá Filho AS. Clinical applications of exercise in Parkinson's disease: what we need to know? Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:771-780. [PMID: 36168890 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2128768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exploring the potential of exercise in the rehabilitation process of patients with Parkinson's (PD) may be an interesting treatment perspective. Exercise-induced responses derived from neurotrophic elements appear to ameliorate the decline in neurodegeneration. Despite this understanding, the literature needs to be updated. AREAS COVERED Our review focuses on: a) the key mechanisms of exercise on PD, highlighting mainly the responses related to neuroplasticity; b) the effects induced by different traditional types of exercise, also highlighting the effects of complementary therapies related to movement; c) the volume of exercise required to support efficient results are explored in the context of PD. Additionally, the proposition of new clinical application strategies in the context of PD will also be determined. EXPERT OPINION It is suggested that different intensities of aerobic exercise be explored for the treatment of PD. The results associated with high intensity seem promising for performance, physiological and clinical parameters, such as BDNF production and cognition. On the other hand, the diversification of tasks and repetition of motor gestures appear as consistent arguments to exercise prescription. Finally, for future investigations, the neuromodulation strategy in association with aerobic exercise appears as a potential inducer of benefits on gait and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory (LABNAF), Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados-RJ, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Diogo Teixeira
- Universidade Lusófona, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558, Vila Real, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico.,Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mexico
| | | | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico.,Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sandra Amatriain-Fernández
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) at the Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico.,Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) at the Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caixeta
- Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, School of Medicine, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alberto Souza de Sá Filho
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mexico.,Department of Physical Education, Paulista University, Goiânia, Brazil
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Cardozo P, Cibeira LF, Rigo LC, Chiviacowsky S. Explicit and implicit activation of gender stereotypes additively impair soccer performance and learning in women. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1306-1313. [PMID: 33045933 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1833087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStudies involving the manipulation of instructions regarding the negative characteristics of a group or comparisons with members of another group (explicit activation of stereotypes) have shown that age, weight, and gender stereotypes can be harmful to motor performance and learning. To date, however, no study has observed whether implicit stereotype threats, such as the sex of the coach or experimenter, can also influence the acquisition of motor skills. In the present study, the individual and combined impact of implicit and explicit influences of gender stereotype on women's soccer performance and learning was examined. In a 2 × 2 design, 60 women were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of explicit (ES) and implicit (IS) stereotypes: ES/IS, ES, IS, and control. The groups with implicit activation practiced in the presence of a male experimenter. The groups with explicit activation received instructions activating the gender negative stereotype. The control group practiced without stereotype activations. The results showed that both explicit and implicit activation additively impaired soccer performance and learning, with both main effects being significant for practice and retention. The ES/IS group showed lower scores on the task relative to the other groups, while the ES and IS groups showed worse scores compared with the control group. The findings suggest that stigmatised populations may be forced to cope with more than one social identity threat while learning sport motor skills and indicate the importance of further studies testing strategies to minimise the deleterious effects of negative stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Cardozo
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Leon Flôres Cibeira
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rigo
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Suzete Chiviacowsky
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
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Sá Filho AS, Cheniaux E, de Paula CC, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Teixeira D, Monteiro D, Cid L, Yamamoto T, Telles-Correia D, Imperatori C, Budde H, Machado S. Exercise is medicine: a new perspective for health promotion in bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1099-1107. [PMID: 32762382 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1807329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Similar effects in reducing the symptoms of the mood disorder are reported in the literature compared the action of drugs and aerobic exercise sessions, demonstrating the potential of exercise in the control and mood stabilization. Therefore, there are many reasons to believe that the increased cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) can be an important means of protection and a reducing potential of physical and mental damage in bipolar disorders (BD). This review will highlight the current pattern of response of exercise on the pathophysiology of BD, relating the possible mechanisms, and hypotheses based on exercises. AREAS COVERED The mechanism of monoaminergic action and its relationship with exercise, role of physical conditioning and increased VO2Max on neurotrophin release, and new perspectives on long-term exercise will be reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The adaptations to training, although little explored in the context of BD, can induce the expression of substances that co-regulate several processes related to the pathophysiology of BD. Furthermore, high intensity interval training (HIIT) can also be adjusted to improve the physical fitness and health in patients with BD. Future research is needed to adopt a training strategy that is both time efficient and adequate for the population in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Souza Sá Filho
- Department of Physical Education, Paulista University (UNIP) , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, University Center of Anápolis (Unievangélica) , Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Elie Cheniaux
- School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio De Janeiro (UERJ) , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cavalcante de Paula
- Department of Cellular, Tissue and Developmental Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Science, The University of São Paulo (ICB/USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Laboratorio De Neurociencias Moleculares E Integrativas, Escuela De Medicina, División Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab , Mérida, Mexico
| | - Diogo Teixeira
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD , Rio Maior, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém , Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Luis Cid
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD , Rio Maior, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnique Institute of Santarém , Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
| | - Diogo Telles-Correia
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Clínica Universitária De Psicologia E Psiquiatria, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento De Psiquiatria, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190 , Rome, Italy
| | - Henning Budde
- International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Science and Medical University , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Machado
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.,International Neuroscience Research Group , Yucatan, México.,Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado De Oliveira University (UNIVERSO) , Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados , RJ, Brazil
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Li SJ, Lo YC, Lai HY, Lin SH, Lin HC, Lin TC, Chang CW, Chen TC, Chin-Jung Hsieh C, Yang SH, Chiu FM, Kuo CH, Chen YY. Uncovering the Modulatory Interactions of Brain Networks in Cognition with Central Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroscience 2020; 440:65-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jin X, Wang L, Liu S, Zhu L, Loprinzi PD, Fan X. The Impact of Mind-body Exercises on Motor Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E31. [PMID: 31861456 PMCID: PMC6981975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To systematically evaluate the effects of mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Yoga, and Health Qigong) on motor function (UPDRS, Timed-Up-and-Go, Balance), depressive symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) of Parkinson's patients (PD). Methods: Through computer system search and manual retrieval, PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Database, and CQVIP were used. Articles were retrieved up to the published date of June 30, 2019. Following the Cochrane Collaboration System Evaluation Manual (version 5.1.0), two researchers independently evaluated the quality and bias risk of each article, including 22 evaluated articles. The Pedro quality score of 6 points or more was found for 86% (19/22) of these studies, of which 21 were randomized controlled trials with a total of 1199 subjects; and the trial intervention time ranged from 4 to 24 weeks. Interventions in the control group included no-intervention controls, placebo, waiting-lists, routine care, and non-sports controls. Meta-analysis was performed on the literature using RevMan 5.3 statistical software, and heterogeneity analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 software. Results: (1) Mind-body exercises significantly improved motor function in PD patients, including UPDRS (SMD = -0.61, p < 0.001), TUG (SMD = -1.47, p < 0.001) and balance function (SMD = 0.79, p < 0.001). (2) Mind-body exercises also had significant effects on depression (SMD = -1.61, p = 0.002) and QoL (SMD = 0.66, p < 0.001). (3) Among the indicators, UPDRS (I2 = 81%) and depression (I2 = 91%) had higher heterogeneity; according to the results of the separate combined effect sizes of TUG(I2 = 29%), Balance(I2 = 16%) and QoL(I2 = 35%), it shows that the heterogeneity is small; (4) After meta-regression analysis of the age limit and other possible confounding factors, further subgroup analysis showed that the reason for the heterogeneity of UPDRS motor function may be related to the sex of PD patients and severity of the disease; the outcome of depression was heterogeneous. The reason for this may be the use of specific drugs in the experiment and the duration of intervention in the trial. Conclusion: (1) Mind-body exercises were found to have significant improvements in motor function, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease, and can be used as an effective method for clinical exercise intervention in PD patients. (2) Future clinical intervention programs for PD patients need to fully consider specific factors such as gender, severity of disease, specific drug use, and intervention cycle to effectively control heterogeneity factors, so that the clinical exercise intervention program for PD patients is objective, scientific, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Jin
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shijie Liu
- School of Physical Education & Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 205301, China;
| | - Paul Dinneen Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Xin Fan
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China;
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Dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 controls dopamine neuron firing, skill learning, and exploration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3817-3826. [PMID: 30808767 PMCID: PMC6397563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806820116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons play a role in motivational and cognitive control of behavior. In addition, they regulate motor functions. Dysregulation of dopamine neurons has been linked to depression, schizophrenia, and addiction and their degeneration is causal to Parkinson’s disease. Peripheral hormones have been shown to regulate dopamine neurons functions. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone mainly produced in the liver. With this study we discovered that midbrain dopamine neurons synthesize and release IGF-1 in an activity dependent manner. In addition, dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 modulates dopamine synthesis and dopamine neuron firing and ultimately it controls dopamine-dependent behaviors. This study highlights the neuromodulatory role of neuron-derived IGF-1 and its role in shaping dopamine transmission in the brain. Midbrain dopamine neurons, which can be regulated by neuropeptides and hormones, play a fundamental role in controlling cognitive processes, reward mechanisms, and motor functions. The hormonal actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) produced by the liver have been well described, but the role of neuronally derived IGF-1 remains largely unexplored. We discovered that dopamine neurons secrete IGF-1 from the cell bodies following depolarization, and that IGF-1 controls release of dopamine in the ventral midbrain. In addition, conditional deletion of dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 in adult mice leads to decrease of dopamine content in the striatum and deficits in dopamine neuron firing and causes reduced spontaneous locomotion and impairments in explorative and learning behaviors. These data identify that dopamine neuron-derived IGF-1 acts as a regulator of dopamine neurons and regulates dopamine-mediated behaviors.
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Balbinot G, Schuch CP. Compensatory Relearning Following Stroke: Cellular and Plasticity Mechanisms in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1023. [PMID: 30766468 PMCID: PMC6365459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
von Monakow’s theory of diaschisis states the functional ‘standstill’ of intact brain regions that are remote from a damaged area, often implied in recovery of function. Accordingly, neural plasticity and activity patterns related to recovery are also occurring at the same regions. Recovery relies on plasticity in the periinfarct and homotopic contralesional regions and involves relearning to perform movements. Seeking evidence for a relearning mechanism following stroke, we found that rodents display many features that resemble classical learning and memory mechanisms. Compensatory relearning is likely to be accompanied by gradual shaping of these regions and pathways, with participating neurons progressively adapting cortico-striato-thalamic activity and synaptic strengths at different cortico-thalamic loops – adapting function relayed by the striatum. Motor cortex functional maps are progressively reinforced and shaped by these loops as the striatum searches for different functional actions. Several cortical and striatal cellular mechanisms that influence motor learning may also influence post-stroke compensatory relearning. Future research should focus on how different neuromodulatory systems could act before, during or after rehabilitation to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Pedrini Schuch
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lin L, Sun D, Chang J, Ma M, Zhou X, Zhao M, Li J. Cocaine‑ and amphetamine‑regulated transcript (CART) is associated with dopamine and is protective against ischemic stroke. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3298-3304. [PMID: 30066844 PMCID: PMC6102650 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine‑regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide that can protect brains against ischemic injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the CART within ischemic stroke and it possible mechanism. The expression levels of dopamine (DA) and CART in ischemic brain tissues of mice were measured following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After receiving the treatment of DA and CART, the infarct volume of brain was measured in mice with MCAO. In addition, the function and potential mechanism of CART in ischemic stroke were further investigated. DA and CART expression was significantly decreased in mice with MCAO compared with normal control mice. Treatment of mice with MCAO with exogenous CART significantly decreased the extent of brain injury compared with untreated mice with MCAO. Treatment with exogenous CART promoted the survival of ex vivo neurons following oxygen‑glucose deprivation (OGD), while exogenous DA induced CART mRNA expression in a dose‑dependent manner, which suggested an association between CART and DA. Apoptosis of ex vivo neurons was significantly increased following OGD, however treatment with exogenous CART significantly inhibited this effect. The potential mechanism of CART was determined to be associated with inflammatory cytokines and related apoptotic genes. CART therefore appears to be associated with DA in its effect on ischemic stroke and is protective against brain injury following ischemic stroke by reducing inflammation activation; it may provide a promising means to treat ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Da Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214028, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
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12
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Kawashima S, Ueki Y, Kato T, Ito K, Matsukawa N. Reduced striatal dopamine release during motor skill acquisition in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196661. [PMID: 29847548 PMCID: PMC5976194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Striatal dopamine is functionally important for the acquisition of motor skills. However, it remains controversial as to whether intrinsic processing of motor learning is impaired in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and if yes, whether the impairment is associated with altered striatal dopamine release. Additionally, most neuro-imaging studies of patients with PD have focused on motor sequence learning. In contrast, skill acquisition, specifically, the reconstruction of muscle control of isolated movements, has barely been studied. Method In this study, we used a repetitive skill training task to measure the peak acceleration of left thumb movement during a process to achieve fine tuning of motor skill. Using 11C-raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography, we investigated changes in striatal dopamine levels in two conditions of a skill acquisition task: initial skill training (Day 1) and acquired condition (Day 2) with eight patients with PD and age-matched healthy subjects (HS). Result In HS, the mean acceleration of each session improved through repeated training sessions on Day 1. However, in patients with PD, the training-associated increase was less than that for HS, and this suggests that repetitive skill training does not result in the effective improvement of motor performance. The regions of interest (ROI) analysis revealed that the RAC-binding potential (BP) was significantly reduced in the right putamen on Day 1 compared with Day 2 in HS. In patients with PD, BP within the right putamen was unchanged. Further, we found that patients with PD had increased dopamine levels within the right ventral striatum (VST) and right caudate (CAU) on Day 2, which was greater than that in HS. These results suggest the impaired activation of the putamen during skill acquisition in patients with PD and compensated hyperactivation of the VST and CAU for the reduced dopamine release within the dorsal putamen (DPU). Conclusion Our findings suggest that patients with PD had insufficiency in the process to improve motor skills. Different patterns of striatal dopamine release are relevant to the impairment of these motor functions in patients with PD, at the early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kawashima
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (YU)
| | - Yoshino Ueki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (YU)
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Brain Science and Molecular Imaging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Brain Science and Molecular Imaging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Oliveira de Carvalho A, Filho ASS, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Rocha NB, Carta MG, Machado S. Physical Exercise For Parkinson's Disease: Clinical And Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2018; 14:89-98. [PMID: 29785199 PMCID: PMC5897963 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901814010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: National projections about the increase in the elderly population over 60 years bring with it an increase in the number of people affected by Parkinson's Disease (PD), making it an important public health problem. Therefore, the establishment of effective strategies for intervention in people with PD needs to be more clearly investigated. Objective:
The study aimed to report the effectiveness of exercise on functional capacity and neurobiological mechanisms in people with PD. Methods: This study is a critical review of the literature. Results: The progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is described as one of the main physiological mechanisms manifested before PD, directly interfering with motor behavior. However, PD is not only related to motor symptoms, but also to cognitive, autonomic, and mood impairments. Such effects may be attenuated by pharmacological influence, but also evidence suggests that the implementation of regular physical exercise programs may exhibit potential benefits over PD. The synthesis and expression of monoaminergic neurotransmitters can act positively on motor disorders, as well as directly or indirectly influence the neuronal plasticity of the brain, restoring neuronal pathways previously affected. Conclusion: Physical exercise contributes effectively to the treatment of PD, and can play a preventive and maintenance role of physical fitness and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Oliveira de Carvalho
- Institute of Psichiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Castelo Branco University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Souza Sá Filho
- Institute of Psichiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil.,Physical Education Department, Faculty of Unidas de Campinas (FacUNICAMPS), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Politechnique Institute of Porto, Healthy School, Porto, Portugal.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Politechnique Institute of Porto, Healthy School, Porto, Portugal.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sergio Machado
- Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psichiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Yucatán, Mexico
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14
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Wulf G, Iwatsuki T, Machin B, Kellogg J, Copeland C, Lewthwaite R. Lassoing Skill Through Learner Choice. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:285-292. [PMID: 28854061 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1341378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined several issues related to the motor learning benefits resulting from giving learners choices. In 2 experiments, participants practiced a novel task, throwing a lasso. In Experiment 1, giving learners a choice ostensibly irrelevant to performance (color of mat under target) resulted in enhanced learning relative to a control group. The choice group also reported more positive affect. Experiment 2 compared the effectiveness of task-irrelevant (mat color) versus task-relevant (video demonstrations of the skill) choices. In both choice groups, each participant was yoked to a participant in the other group, and each received the same mat color or saw the video demonstration, respectively, as chosen by their counterpart in the other group. In the control group, participants were yoked to their respective counterparts in each of the choice groups. On a retention test, the 2 choice groups did not differ from each other, but both outperformed the control group. The affective and learning effects seen when learners are given choices, and the fact that task-relevant and task-irrelevant choices resulted in similar learning benefits, are consistent with a content-neutral mechanism for the effects of choice on learning, as described in the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Wulf
- a Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas
| | - Takehiro Iwatsuki
- a Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas
| | - Brittney Machin
- a Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas
| | - Jessica Kellogg
- a Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas
| | - Clint Copeland
- a Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas
| | - Rebecca Lewthwaite
- b Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center , Downey , California.,c Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles
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15
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Nakagawa S, Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Kotozaki Y, Shinada T, Maruyama T, Sekiguchi A, Iizuka K, Yokoyama R, Yamamoto Y, Hanawa S, Araki T, Miyauchi CM, Magistro D, Sakaki K, Jeong H, Sasaki Y, Kawashima R. Lenticular nucleus correlates of general self-efficacy in young adults. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3309-3318. [PMID: 28353199 PMCID: PMC5585303 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
General self-efficacy (GSE) is an important factor in education, social participation, and medical treatment. However, the only study that has investigated the direct association between GSE and a neural correlate did not identify specific brain regions, rather only assessed brain structures, and included older adult subjects. GSE is related to motivation, physical activity, learning, the willingness to initiate behaviour and expend effort, and adjustment. Thus, it was hypothesized in the present study that the neural correlates of GSE might be related to changes in the basal ganglia, which is a region related to the abovementioned self-efficacy factors. This study aimed to identify the brain structures associated with GSE in healthy young adults (n = 1204, 691 males and 513 females, age 20.7 ± 1.8 years) using regional grey matter density and volume (rGMD and rGMV), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) analyses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The findings showed that scores on the GSE Scale (GSES) were associated with a lower MD value in regions from the right putamen to the globus pallidum; however, there were no significant association between GSES scores and regional brain structures using the other analyses (rGMD, rGMV, and FA). Thus, the present findings indicated that the lenticular nucleus is a neural correlate of GSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishu Nakagawa
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Creative Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotozaki
- Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shinada
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Maruyama
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiguchi
- Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Iizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yokoyama
- School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sugiko Hanawa
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Carlos Makoto Miyauchi
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniele Magistro
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Leicester, UK.,The NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicester, UK
| | - Kohei Sakaki
- Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hyeonjeong Jeong
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Sasaki
- Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Juth V, Holman EA, Chan MK, Cramer SC. Genetics as a molecular window into recovery, its treatment, and stress responses after stroke. J Investig Med 2016; 64:983-8. [PMID: 27045100 PMCID: PMC4942179 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke remains a major source of adult disability in the USA and worldwide. Most patients show some recovery during the weeks to months following a stroke, but this is generally incomplete. An emerging branch of therapeutics targets the processes underlying this behavioral recovery from stroke toward the goal of reducing long-term disability. A key factor hampering these efforts is the very large degree of variability between stroke survivors. Available data suggest that genetic differences could explain an important fraction of the differences between subjects. The current review considers this from several angles, including genetic differences in relation to drugs that promote recovery. Genetic factors related to physiological and psychological stress responses may also be critically important to understanding recovery after stroke and its treatment. The studies reviewed provide insights into recovery and suggest directions for further research to improve clinical decision-making in this setting. Genetic differences between patients might be used to help clinical trials select specific patient subgroups, on a biological basis, in order to sharpen the precision with which new treatments are evaluated. Pharmacogenomic factors might also provide insights into inter-subject differences in treatment side effects for pharmacological prescriptions, and behavioral interventions, and others. These efforts must be conducted with the strictest ethical standards given the highly sensitive nature of genetic data. Understanding the effect of selected genetic measures could improve a clinician's ability to predict the risk and efficacy of a restorative therapy and to make maximally informed decisions, and in so doing, facilitate individual patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Juth
- Program in Nursing Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - E Alison Holman
- Program in Nursing Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michelle K Chan
- Program in Nursing Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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17
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Turgeon M, Lustig C, Meck WH. Cognitive Aging and Time Perception: Roles of Bayesian Optimization and Degeneracy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:102. [PMID: 27242513 PMCID: PMC4870863 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the basic psychological and neurobiological processes associated with age-related distortions in timing and time perception in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range. The difficulty in separating indirect effects of impairments in attention and memory from direct effects on timing mechanisms is addressed. The main premise is that normal aging is commonly associated with increased noise and temporal uncertainty as a result of impairments in attention and memory as well as the possible reduction in the accuracy and precision of a central timing mechanism supported by dopamine-glutamate interactions in cortico-striatal circuits. Pertinent to these findings, potential interventions that may reduce the likelihood of observing age-related declines in timing are discussed. Bayesian optimization models are able to account for the adaptive changes observed in time perception by assuming that older adults are more likely to base their temporal judgments on statistical inferences derived from multiple trials than on a single trial's clock reading, which is more susceptible to distortion. We propose that the timing functions assigned to the age-sensitive fronto-striatal network can be subserved by other neural networks typically associated with finely-tuned perceptuo-motor adjustments, through degeneracy principles (different structures serving a common function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Turgeon
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Lustig
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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18
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Motor Skill Learning Is Associated with Phase-Dependent Modifications in the Striatal cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 Signaling Pathway in Rodents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140974. [PMID: 26488498 PMCID: PMC4619563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence points to a key role of dopamine in motor skill learning, although the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we used a skilled-reaching paradigm to first examine changes in the expression of the plasticity-related gene Arc to map activity in cortico-striatal circuitry during different phases of motor skill learning in young animals. In the early phase, Arc mRNA was significantly induced in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex, and striatum. In the late phase, expression of Arc did not change in most regions, except in the mPFC and dorsal striatum. In the second series of experiments, we studied the learning-induced changes in the phosphorylation state of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32k Da (DARPP-32). Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 and its downstream target cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the striatum revealed that the early, but not late, phase of motor skill learning was associated with increased levels of phospho-Thr34-DARPP-32 and phospho-Ser133-CREB. Finally, we used the DARPP-32 knock-in mice with a point mutation in the Thr34 regulatory site (i.e., protein kinase A site) to test the significance of this pathway in motor skill learning. In accordance with our hypothesis, inhibition of DARPP-32 activity at the Thr34 regulatory site strongly attenuated the motor learning rate and skilled reaching performance of mice. These findings suggest that the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway is critically involved in the acquisition of novel motor skills, and also demonstrate a dynamic shift in the contribution of cortico-striatal circuitry during different phases of motor skill learning.
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19
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Krause D, Beck F, Agethen M, Blischke K. Effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase-val158met-polymorphism on the automatization of motor skills – A post hoc view on an experimental data. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Brain mechanisms of acoustic communication in humans and nonhuman primates: An evolutionary perspective. Behav Brain Sci 2014; 37:529-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x13003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAny account of “what is special about the human brain” (Passingham 2008) must specify the neural basis of our unique ability to produce speech and delineate how these remarkable motor capabilities could have emerged in our hominin ancestors. Clinical data suggest that the basal ganglia provide a platform for the integration of primate-general mechanisms of acoustic communication with the faculty of articulate speech in humans. Furthermore, neurobiological and paleoanthropological data point at a two-stage model of the phylogenetic evolution of this crucial prerequisite of spoken language: (i) monosynaptic refinement of the projections of motor cortex to the brainstem nuclei that steer laryngeal muscles, presumably, as part of a “phylogenetic trend” associated with increasing brain size during hominin evolution; (ii) subsequent vocal-laryngeal elaboration of cortico-basal ganglia circuitries, driven by human-specificFOXP2mutations.;>This concept implies vocal continuity of spoken language evolution at the motor level, elucidating the deep entrenchment of articulate speech into a “nonverbal matrix” (Ingold 1994), which is not accounted for by gestural-origin theories. Moreover, it provides a solution to the question for the adaptive value of the “first word” (Bickerton 2009) since even the earliest and most simple verbal utterances must have increased the versatility of vocal displays afforded by the preceding elaboration of monosynaptic corticobulbar tracts, giving rise to enhanced social cooperation and prestige. At the ontogenetic level, the proposed model assumes age-dependent interactions between the basal ganglia and their cortical targets, similar to vocal learning in some songbirds. In this view, the emergence of articulate speech builds on the “renaissance” of an ancient organizational principle and, hence, may represent an example of “evolutionary tinkering” (Jacob 1977).
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21
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Pearson-Fuhrhop KM, Cramer SC. Pharmacogenetics of neural injury recovery. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1635-43. [PMID: 24088134 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively few pharmacological agents are part of routine care for neural injury, although several are used or under consideration in acute stroke, chronic stroke, traumatic brain injury and secondary stroke prevention. Tissue plasminogen activator is approved for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, and genetic variants may impact the efficacy and safety of this drug. In the chronic phase of stroke, several drugs such as L-dopa, fluoxetine and donepezil are under investigation for enhancing rehabilitation therapy, with varying levels of evidence. One potential reason for the mixed efficacy displayed by these drugs may be the influence of genetic factors that were not considered in prior studies. An understanding of the genetics impacting the efficacy of dopaminergic, serotonergic and cholinergic drugs may allow clinicians to target these potential therapies to those patients most likely to benefit. In the setting of stroke prevention, which is directly linked to neural injury recovery, the most highly studied pharmacogenomic interactions pertain to clopidogrel and warfarin. Incorporating pharmacogenomics into neural injury recovery has the potential to maximize the benefit of several current and potential pharmacological therapies and to refine the choice of pharmacological agent that may be used to enhance benefits from rehabilitation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Pearson-Fuhrhop
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 200 S Manchester Avenue, Suite 206, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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22
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Kuric E, Wieloch T, Ruscher K. Dopamine receptor activation increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in experimental stroke. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Kawashima S, Ueki Y, Mima T, Fukuyama H, Ojika K, Matsukawa N. Differences in dopaminergic modulation to motor cortical plasticity between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62515. [PMID: 23658735 PMCID: PMC3643922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates the synaptic plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). To evaluate whether the functioning of the cortico-striatal circuit is necessary for this modulation, we applied a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol that comprised an electric stimulus to the right median nerve at the wrist and subsequent transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left M1, to 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 10 with multiple system atrophy of the parkinsonian type (MSA-P) with and without dopamine replacement therapy (-on/off). To investigate the M1 function, motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured before and after the PAS. In both patient groups without medication, the PAS protocol failed to increase the averaged amplitude of MEPs. The dopamine replacement therapy in PD, but not in MSA-P effectively restored the PAS-induced MEP increase. This suggests that not the existence of dopamine itself but the activation of cortico-striatal circuit might play an important role for cortical plasticity in the human M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kawashima
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshino Ueki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosei Ojika
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
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