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Thirumurugan N, Nandy N, Amarnath P, Yugeswaran S, Suresh K, Sujeeth NK, Gnanadesigan M. Expeditive carbofuran pesticide degradation by submerged thermal plasma and its accelerated mineralization by persulfate addition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123779. [PMID: 38484961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rapid degradation of carbofuran (CBF) pesticide is effectively achieved by submerged thermal plasma (STP) without and with the addition of persulfate (PS) at two different concentrations (10 and 20 ppm). Degradation efficiency was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mineralization percentage was determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. Adding 10 ppm PS showed higher degradation and mineralization percentages of 99.5% and 65.2%, respectively, than mere plasma treatment and 20 ppm PS addition to CBF solution. A relatively higher energy yield of 40 mg/kWh and a first order kinetic reaction rate of 0.262 min-1 were obtained in the 10 PS added STP treatment. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis illustrated reaction intermediates formed during plasma treatment. Scavenger investigation implied that •OH radical is the prime cause of CBF degradation, as degradation percentage declined to 50% in all conditions. Toxicity assessment of CBF and its degradation products was predicted using Toxicity estimation software tool (TEST), and plasma treated solutions (PTS) were experimentally investigated on Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms by monitoring its mortality rate, self-assemblage, and histopathological analysis. A lower mortality rate (46%) and self-assemblage (167 s) of earthworms were detected for plasma treated CBF than for the other conditions. The results reveal that PTS is less toxic for earthworms than untreated CBF solution. These findings imply that STP is an effective technique for bio-recalcitrant pollutants degradation in agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Thirumurugan
- Surface and Environmental Control Plasma Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Nanditta Nandy
- Applied Thermal Plasma Laboratory, Department of Physics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Pasupathi Amarnath
- Applied Thermal Plasma Laboratory, Department of Physics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Subramaniam Yugeswaran
- Applied Thermal Plasma Laboratory, Department of Physics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Kalidass Suresh
- Surface and Environmental Control Plasma Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
| | - Nachimuthu Krishnan Sujeeth
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Murugesan Gnanadesigan
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
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Patil VP, Tuazon H, Kaufman E, Chakrabortty T, Qin D, Dunkel J, Bhamla MS. Ultrafast reversible self-assembly of living tangled matter. Science 2023; 380:392-398. [PMID: 37104611 PMCID: PMC11194538 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade7759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Tangled active filaments are ubiquitous in nature, from chromosomal DNA and cilia carpets to root networks and worm collectives. How activity and elasticity facilitate collective topological transformations in living tangled matter is not well understood. We studied California blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus), which slowly form tangles in minutes but can untangle in milliseconds. Combining ultrasound imaging, theoretical analysis, and simulations, we developed and validated a mechanistic model that explains how the kinematics of individual active filaments determines their emergent collective topological dynamics. The model reveals that resonantly alternating helical waves enable both tangle formation and ultrafast untangling. By identifying generic dynamical principles of topological self-transformations, our results can provide guidance for designing classes of topologically tunable active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal P. Patil
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harry Tuazon
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Emily Kaufman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Tuhin Chakrabortty
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - David Qin
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Saad Bhamla
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
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Lathakumari S, Seenipandian S, Balakrishnan S, Raj APMS, Sugiyama H, Namasivayam GP, Sivasubramaniam S. Identification of genes responsible for the social skill in the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. GENE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Tuazon H, Kaufman E, Goldman DI, Bhamla MS. Oxygenation-Controlled Collective Dynamics in Aquatic Worm Blobs. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:890-896. [PMID: 35689658 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms utilize group aggregation as a method for survival. The freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (California blackworms) form tightly entangled structures, or worm "blobs", that have adapted to survive in extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO). Individual blackworms adapt to hypoxic environments through respiration via their mucous body wall and posterior ciliated hindgut, which they wave above them. However, the change in collective behavior at different levels of DO is not known. Using a closed-loop respirometer with flow, we discover that the relative tail reaching activity flux in low DO is ∼75x higher than in the high DO condition. Additionally, when flow rate is increased to suspend the worm blobs upward, we find that the average exposed surface area of a blob in low DO is ∼1.4x higher than in high DO. Furthermore, we observe emergent properties that arise when a worm blob is exposed to extreme DO levels. We demonstrate that internal mechanical stress is generated when worm blobs are exposed to high DO levels, allowing them to be physically lifted off from the bottom of a conical container using a serrated endpiece. Our results demonstrate how both collective behavior and the emergent generation of internal mechanical stress in worm blobs change to accommodate differing levels of oxygen. From an engineering perspective, this could be used to model and simulate swarm robots, self-assembly structures, or soft material entanglements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Tuazon
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Emily Kaufman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Daniel I Goldman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - M Saad Bhamla
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Pritzkow S, Morales R, Camacho M, Soto C. Uptake, Retention, and Excretion of Infectious Prions by Experimentally Exposed Earthworms. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3151-3154. [PMID: 34808087 PMCID: PMC8632197 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.204236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents that can be transmitted through various components of the environment, including soil particles. We found that earthworms exposed to prion-contaminated soil can bind, retain, and excrete prions, which remain highly infectious. Our results suggest that earthworms potentially contribute to prion disease spread in the environment.
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Cruz Jung IED, Assmann CE, Mastella MH, Barbisan F, Spilliari Ruaro RA, Roggia I, Turra BO, Chitolina B, de Oliveira Alves A, Teixeira CF, Azzolin VF, Ribeiro EE, Medeiros Frescura Duarte MM, Mânica da Cruz IB. Superoxide-anion triggers impairments of immune efficiency and stress response behaviors of Eisenia fetida earthworms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128712. [PMID: 33189402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide-hydrogen peroxide (S-HP), triggered by Val16Ala-SOD2 human polymorphism, may influence the risk of depression. Therefore, it is plausible that higher basal S-anion levels and chronic inflammatory states associated with the VV-SOD2 genotype can negatively modulate the stress response associated with resilience in various species, from primitive species to humans. To test this hypothesis, Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed for 24 h to 30 nM rotenone, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction by generating high S-anion levels (known as the "VV-like phenotype"), and 10 μM porphyrin, a SOD2-like compound, which generates elevated HP levels (known as the "AA-like phenotype"). The results suggested that both S-anion and HP acted as signaling molecules, differentially altering the immune function and acute hydric stressful response. Although the AA-like phenotype improved the immune and stress response efficiencies, the VV-like phenotype showed a downregulated expression of the toll-like receptor (EaTLR, JX898685) and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (AF060552) genes, which triggered the impairment of encapsulation and earthworms extracellular trap (EET) processes used by earthworms to trap and destroy microorganisms. When exposed to adverse environments and dangerous hydric stress, VV-like earthworms exhibited an impulsive behavior and failed to quickly identify and migrate to a protected environment, unlike control earthworms and AA-like earthworms. All results corroborated that the S-anion imbalance could concomitantly induce alterations in immune function and stress behavior related to earthworm survival. From a human perspective, this information may corroborate the potential specific role of superoxide anion in the modulation of the stress response, resilience, and risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna Chitolina
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Verônica Farina Azzolin
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Euler Esteves Ribeiro
- Open University of the Third Age Foundation, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Stander AH, le Roux A, Otomo PV. Can Local Enhancement in Earthworms Affect the Outcome of the Standard Earthworm Avoidance Test? BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:776-782. [PMID: 31686122 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms exhibit clumping behaviour in and out of the soil. However, it remains unknown if such social behaviour ultimately influences the outcome of ecotoxicological experiments in the laboratory. We performed several overnight avoidance tests to determine whether social behaviour (i.e., local enhancement) is a factor in pollution avoidance behaviour in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The results showed that there was no clear influence of social behaviour on the choice or avoidance of Cd contaminated soils, although we suspect that 50 mg Cd/kg might not have been high enough to elicit a significant avoidance response. Nevertheless, when offered a choice between clean undisturbed soil and previously inhabited soil, the worms preferred the previously inhabited soil (p < 0.01). While the level of metal pollution investigated in this study did not disrupt or help predict social dynamics, local enhancement, perhaps driven by some sort of habitat imprinting, was successfully documented in Eisenia fetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Stander
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa
- Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa
| | - A le Roux
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa
- Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa
| | - P Voua Otomo
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa.
- Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, Private Box X13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa.
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Dongxing Z, Yucui N, Congmin J, Liyan L, Xiaoli P, Xu C. Correlation of the oxidative stress indices and Cd exposure using a mathematical model in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:157-167. [PMID: 30366269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in heavy metal pollution, it is of great significance to evaluate the ecological security and early warning of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. In this paper, a mathematical model was established for the first time by combining the advantages of the factor analysis method and the analytic hierarchy process, and was used to screen and analyze the ecological indices of oxidative stress in earthworms under Cd exposure. The experiment lasted for 40 days, removing one earthworm every 10 days. The Cd2+ concentration gradient was set at 0, 1, 10, 20, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1. The ecological indices measured were total protein (TP), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The results showed that when the earthworm was exposed to Cd2+ for 10 days and 30 days, in the head tissues, the key indices to focus on for monitoring were both POD. At 20 days and 40 days, the key indices were both TP. For the tail tissue tests, under Cd exposure for 10 days, the key indicator focused on for monitoring was MDA. After 20 days of exposure, the key monitoring indicator was AChE. At 30 days, it was CAT, and at 40 days, it was TP. This study provides a theoretical basis for the prompt, inexpensive, accurate and scientific early warning of metal contaminated soils and establishes a foundation for application of the screening model for other ecological indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Dongxing
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ning Yucui
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jin Congmin
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Liu Liyan
- Publicity and United Front Work Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Pan Xiaoli
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Physics Science and Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China
| | - Cao Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150030, China
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Gopi Daisy N, Subramanian ER, Selvan Christyraj JD, Sudalai Mani DK, Selvan Christyraj JRS, Ramamoorthy K, Arumugaswami V, Sivasubramaniam S. Studies on regeneration of central nervous system and social ability of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 27279085 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms are segmented invertebrates that belong to the phylum Annelida. The segments can be divided into the anterior, clitellar and posterior parts. If the anterior part of the earthworm, which includes the brain, is amputated, the worm would essentially survive even in the absence of the brain. In these brain amputee-derived worms, the nerve cord serves as the primary control center for neurological function. In this current work, we studied changes in the expression levels of anti-acetylated tubulin and serotonin as the indicators of neuro-regenerative processes. The data reveal that the blastemal tissues express the acetylated tubulin and serotonin from day four and that the worm amputated at the 7th segment takes 30 days to complete the regeneration of brain. The ability of self-assemblage is one of the specific functions of the earthworm's brain. The brain amputee restored the ability of self-assemblage on the eighth day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Gopi Daisy
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Elaiya Raja Subramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar Sudalai Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Kalidas Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.
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Li Y, Liu Q, Liu F, Zhu P, Zhang L, Zhou X, Sun C, Cheng Y. Effects of Different Ratios of Sewage Sludge and Cattle Manure on Growth and Propagation of Eisenia Fetida. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156492. [PMID: 27257977 PMCID: PMC4892675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic sewage sludge and cattle manure are rich in nutrition elements, but without proper disposal, are harmful to the environment. Here with an indoor culture method, we used Eisenia fetida to dispose different ratios of sewage sludge and cattle manure, and thereby investigated the effects and acting rules of these sludge-manure mixtures on the growth and reproduction of E. fetida. We find these mixtures are food sources for E. fetida, and their physiochemical properties are significantly changed after disposal by earthworms. Paired samples t-test shows the average change after different treatments is -20.37% for total organic carbon, 85.71% for total Kjeldahl N, -6.67% for total P, 8.33% for pH, -24.78% for EC (ms·cm-1), and -57.10% for C/N ratio. The average growth rate after treatment CD-70 is 9.20 mg·worm-1·day-1; the average growth rates of E. fetida on day 0–28, day 29–56, and day 57–91 are 9.33, 11.90 and 6.95 mg·worm-1·day-1, respectively, indicating a trend of "rapid—rapidest—slow" growth. Other treatments all show this trend. Though all earthworms developed reproductive rings during the test periods, the appearing time and the cocoon production time both differed among these treatments. The cocoon production amount is maximized to 233 after treatment CD-70. The cocoon production rates are significantly different among these treatments, and the maximum and mean are 0.32 and 0.17–0.32, cocoons·worm-1· day-1, respectively. E. fetida can modestly enrich Cd, but is not very effective over Sb or other heavy metals. E. fetida can remove a part of heavy metals from sewage sludge and cattle manure. Generally, the mixtures of sewage sludge and cattle manure can largely affect the growth and propagation of E. fetida in a ratio-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Li
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingchuan Liu
- College of Food Science, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiujie Zhou
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Chongyu Sun
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunhuan Cheng
- School of Environmental Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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Broly P, Mullier R, Devigne C, Deneubourg JL. Evidence of self-organization in a gregarious land-dwelling crustacean (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Anim Cogn 2015; 19:181-92. [PMID: 26391028 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
How individuals modulate their behavior according to social context is a major issue in the understanding of group initiation, group stability and the distribution of individuals. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms of aggregation behavior in Porcellio scaber, a terrestrial isopod member of the Oniscidea, a unique and common group of terrestrial crustaceans. We performed binary choice tests using shelters with a wide range of population densities (from 10 to 150 individuals). First, the observed collective choices of shelters strengthen the demonstration of a social inter-attraction in terrestrial isopods; especially, in less than 10 min, the aggregation reaches its maximal value, and in less than 100 s, the collective choice is made, i.e., one shelter is selected. In addition, the distribution of individuals shows the existence of (1) quorum rules, by which an aggregate cannot emerge under a threshold value of individuals, and (2) a maximum population size, which leads to a splitting of the populations. These collective results are in agreement with the individual's probability of joining and leaving an aggregate attesting to a greater attractiveness of the group to migrants and greater retention of conspecifics with group size. In this respect, we show that the emergence of aggregation in terrestrial isopods is based on amplification mechanisms. And lastly, our results indicate how local cues about the spatial organization of individuals may favor this emergence and how individuals spatiotemporally reorganize toward a compact form reducing the exchange with the environment. This study provides the first evidence of self-organization in a gregarious crustacean, similar as has been widely emphasized in gregarious insects and eusocial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Broly
- Unité d'Ecologie Sociale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Romain Mullier
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biodiversité, Faculté de Gestion, Economie & Sciences, UCLILLE, Lille, France
| | - Cédric Devigne
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biodiversité, Faculté de Gestion, Economie & Sciences, UCLILLE, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Deneubourg
- Unité d'Ecologie Sociale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Brussels, Belgium
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Demuynck S, Succiu IR, Grumiaux F, Douay F, Leprêtre A. Effects of field metal-contaminated soils submitted to phytostabilisation and fly ash-aided phytostabilisation on the avoidance behaviour of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:170-177. [PMID: 24949898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The earthworm Eisenia fetida avoidance behaviour test was used to assess the quality recovery of metal-contaminated soils from lands submitted for 10 years to remediation. Soils were from plots located in the surroundings of a former lead smelter plant of Northern France. Metal concentrations in the soils ranged from 93 to 1231, 56 to 1424, 0.3 to 20 and 15 to 45.5mg metal/kg dry soil for Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu, respectively. Several former agricultural plots were treated either by a single phytostabilisation process involving the plantation of a tree mix or by fly ash aided-phytostabilisation. Silico-aluminous or sulfo-calcic ashes used were ploughed up to a 25- to 30-cm soil depth at a rate of 23.3kg/m(2) (i.e., 6 percent W/W). E. fetida was shown to avoid significantly the 10 years ash-treated soils whose habitat function has to be considered as limited. This avoidance would relate to a change of the texture of soils induced by the addition of ashes and consisting in an increased level of fine silts together with a decreased level of clays. By contrast, afforested metal-contaminated soils appeared for E. fetida as more attractive than unplanted ones. Regarding the influence of the metal contamination of the soils on E. fetida, none of the soils tested even the highest contaminated one was significantly avoided by worms. This lack of reaction would result from the low bioavailability of the metals in the soils tested. At the lights of our results and those previously published on both these ashes and these ash-treated soils, the usefulness of these soil treatments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Demuynck
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France.
| | - Iuliana Rosalia Succiu
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Grumiaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France; Ecole Supérieure du Professorat et de l'Education (ESPE), Lille Nord de France, site d'Arras, 7 bis rue Raoul François, BP 30927, F-62022 Arras Cedex, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Groupe ISA, Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Alain Leprêtre
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Equipe Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille Nord de France EA 4515, bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
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