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Badawi S, Mohamed FE, Varghese DS, Ali BR. Genetic disruption of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation: Human phenotypes and animal and cellular disease models. Traffic 2023. [PMID: 37188482 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is a stringent quality control mechanism through which misfolded, unassembled and some native proteins are targeted for degradation to maintain appropriate cellular and organelle homeostasis. Several in vitro and in vivo ERAD-related studies have provided mechanistic insights into ERAD pathway activation and its consequent events; however, a majority of these have investigated the effect of ERAD substrates and their consequent diseases affecting the degradation process. In this review, we present all reported human single-gene disorders caused by genetic variation in genes that encode ERAD components rather than their substrates. Additionally, after extensive literature survey, we present various genetically manipulated higher cellular and mammalian animal models that lack specific components involved in various stages of the ERAD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Feda E Mohamed
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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2
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A set of common buccal CpGs that predict epigenetic age and associate with lifespan-regulating genes. iScience 2022; 25:105304. [PMID: 36304118 PMCID: PMC9593711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic aging clocks are computational models that use DNA methylation sites to predict age. Since cheek swabs are non-invasive and painless, collecting DNA from buccal tissue is highly desirable. Here, we review 11 existing clocks that have been applied to buccal tissue. Two of these were exclusively trained on adults and, while moderately accurate, have not been used to capture health-relevant differences in epigenetic age. Using 130 common CpGs utilized by two or more existing buccal clocks, we generate a proof-of-concept predictor in an adult methylomic dataset. In addition to accurately estimating age (r = 0.95 and mean absolute error = 3.88 years), this clock predicted that Down syndrome subjects were significantly older relative to controls. A literature and database review of CpG-associated genes identified numerous genes (e.g., CLOCK, ELOVL2, and VGF) and molecules (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid, glycine, and spermidine) reported to influence lifespan and/or age-related disease in model organisms. 130 CpGs have been used by two or more aging clocks applied to human buccal tissue Common CpG genes are linked to the adaptive immune system and telomere maintenance Common CpGs can be used to build a novel, proof-of-concept epigenetic aging clock Several compounds associated with common CpG genes regulate lifespan in animals
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Khani M, Nafissi S, Shamshiri H, Moazzeni H, Taheri H, Sadeghi M, Salehi N, Chitsazian F, Elahi E. Identification of UBA1 as the causative gene of an X-linked non-Kennedy SBMA. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3556-3563. [PMID: 35996994 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA; Kennedy's Disease) is a motor neuron disease (MND). Kennedy's Disease is nearly exclusively caused by mutations in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR). We report results of studies aimed at identification of the genetic cause of a disease that best approximates SBMA in a pedigree (four patients) without mutations in AR. METHODS Clinical investigations included thorough neurologic and non-neurologic examinations and testings. Genetic analysis was performed by exome sequencing using standard protocols. UBA1 mutations were modeled on the crystal structure of UBA1. RESULTS The clinical features of the patients are described in detail. A missense mutation in UBA1 (c.T1499C; p.Ile500Thr) was identified as the probable cause of the non-Kennedy SBMA in the pedigree. Like AR, UBA1 is positioned on Chromosome X. UBA1 is a highly conserved gene. It encodes ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) which is the major E1 enzyme of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Interestingly, UBA1 mutations can also cause infantile-onset X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (XL-SMA). The mutation identified here and the XL-SMA causative mutations were shown to affect amino acids positioned in the vicinity of UBA1's ATP binding site and to cause structural changes. CONCLUSION UBA1 was identified as a novel SBMA causative gene. The gene affects protein homeostasis which is one of most important components of the pathology of neurodegeneration. The contribution of this same gene to the etiology of XL-SMA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Khani
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Nafissi
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Shamshiri
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Moazzeni
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Taheri
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Salehi
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Öztürk Ö, Çavdartepe BE, Bağış H. X-Linked Spinal Muscular Atrophy 2 due to a Synonymous Variant in the UBA1 Gene in a Family with Novel Findings from Turkey. Mol Syndromol 2022; 13:246-253. [PMID: 35707597 PMCID: PMC9149478 DOI: 10.1159/000519640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked 2 (SMAX2) is a rare type of spinal muscular atrophy characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia, areflexia, myopathic face, tongue fibrillations, contractures, bone fractures, and cryptorchidism. Variants of the UBA1 gene lead to SMAX2. The UBA1 gene encodes a protein that activates the ubiquitin pathway which is responsible for protein degradation. Here, we describe a family presenting with hypotonia, muscle weakness, areflexia, contractures, weak cry, in association with other anomalies including myopathic face, scoliosis, tongue fibrillations, and cryptorchidism. Molecular analysis in 2 patients revealed a hemizygous pathogenic variant in the UBA1 gene (NM_153280.3, NP_695012.1: c.1731C>T [p.Asn577Asn]) inherited from their carrier mothers. Our study presents the first patients from Turkey, widening the phenotypic spectrum of SMAX2 by pectus carinatum, medullary sponge kidney, and frontal cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özden Öztürk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Büşra Eser Çavdartepe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Haydar Bağış
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Tank W, Shippy T, Thate A, Massimino C, Hosmani PS, Flores-Gonzalez M, Mueller LA, Hunter WB, Brown SJ, D’Elia T, Saha S. Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway annotation in Diaphorina citri can reveal potential targets for RNAi-based pest management. GIGABYTE 2022; 2022:gigabyte43. [PMID: 36824528 PMCID: PMC9933519 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an ATP-dependent process that targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Here, we annotated 15 genes from the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. This psyllid vector has come to prominence in the last decade owing to its role in the transmission of the devastating bacterial pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Infection of citrus crops by this pathogen causes Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, and results in the eventual death of citrus trees. The identification and correct annotation of these genes in D. citri will be useful for functional genomic studies to aid the development of RNAi-based management strategies aimed at reducing the spread of HLB. Investigating the effects of CLas infection on the expression of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway genes may provide new information about the role these genes play in the acquisition and transmission of CLas by D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Tank
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Teresa Shippy
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Amanda Thate
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wayne B. Hunter
- USDA-ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Liu J, Wang K, Li B, Yang X. A novel Xp11.22-22.33 deletion suggesting a possible mechanism of congenital cervical spinal muscular atrophy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1606. [PMID: 33513289 PMCID: PMC8104167 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cervical spinal muscular atrophy (CCSMA) is a rare, nonprogressive, neurogenic disorder characterized by symmetric arthrogryposis and motor deficits mainly confined to upper extremities. Since its first proposal by Darwish et al. 39 years ago, only few cases have ever been reported. Vascular insult to the anterior horn of cervical spinal cord during fetal development was speculated to be the cause, however, the exact pathogenesis is still not well understood. METHODS In this study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation (CNV) analysis were conducted on a definitive CCSMA patient, confirmed by the clinical manifestations and other supplementary examinations. RESULTS On physical examination, the patient was mainly characterized by symmetric, congenital, nonprogressive contractures, hypotonia, and muscle weakness mainly confined to the upper limbs, which were further supported by MRI and electromyography. Neuromuscular biopsy of the deltoid muscle demonstrated the type 1 myofiber predominance without any infiltration of inflammatory cells. The WES and CNV analysis unveiled a de novo Xp11.22-22.33 deletion. On further examination of the genes contained within this segment, we recognize UBA1 gene as the most likely pathogenic gene. Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 is encoded by UBA1 gene (MIM 314370) located in Xp11.3 and is a critical protein that plays a vital role in ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. It is well documented that UBA1 gene mutation causes X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy (XL-SMA), which manifests phenotypes of arthrogryposis, hypotonia, and myopathic face. Type 2 XL-SMA, which follows a nonprogressive and nonlethal course is very similar to the presentations of CCSMA. CONCLUSION The phenotypic similarities between this CCSMA case and XL-SMA prompt us to hypothesize a possible connection between UBA1 gene deficit and the pathogenesis of CCSMA. Our study is the first to demonstrate that CCSMA might have a genetic etiology, thus, expanding our insights into the underlying cause of CCSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kelai Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baomin Li
- Department of Pediatric, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Pediatric, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Gadhave K, Kumar P, Kapuganti SK, Uversky VN, Giri R. Unstructured Biology of Proteins from Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Roles in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E796. [PMID: 32455657 PMCID: PMC7278180 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a large (~2.5 MDa) protein complex consisting of at least 33 different subunits and many other components, which form the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS), an ATP-dependent protein degradation system in the cell. UPS serves as an essential component of the cellular protein surveillance machinery, and its dysfunction leads to cancer, neurodegenerative and immunological disorders. Importantly, the functions and regulations of proteins are governed by the combination of ordered regions, intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) and molecular recognition features (MoRFs). The structure-function relationships of UPS components have not been identified completely; therefore, in this study, we have carried out the functional intrinsic disorder and MoRF analysis for potential neurodegenerative disease and anti-cancer targets of this pathway. Our report represents the presence of significant intrinsic disorder and disorder-based binding regions in several UPS proteins, such as extraproteasomal polyubiquitin receptors (UBQLN1 and UBQLN2), proteasome-associated polyubiquitin receptors (ADRM1 and PSMD4), deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) (ATXN3 and USP14), and ubiquitinating enzymes (E2 (UBE2R2) and E3 (STUB1) enzyme). We believe this study will have implications for the conformation-specific roles of different regions of these proteins. This will lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of UPS-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; (K.G.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; (K.G.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Shivani K. Kapuganti
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; (K.G.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Cientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; (K.G.); (P.K.); (S.K.K.)
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Lambert-Smith IA, Saunders DN, Yerbury JJ. The pivotal role of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBA1) in neuronal health and neurodegeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 123:105746. [PMID: 32315770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, UBA1, functions at the apex of the enzymatic ubiquitylation cascade, catalysing ubiquitin activation. UBA1 is thus of fundamental importance to the modulation of ubiquitin homeostasis and to all downstream ubiquitylation-dependent cellular processes, including proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and selective autophagy. The proteasome-dependent and -independent functions of UBA1 contribute significantly to a range of processes crucial to neuronal health. The significance of UBA1 activity to neuronal health is clear in light of accumulating evidence implicating impaired UBA1 activity in a range of neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and spinal muscular atrophy. Moreover, ubiquitylation-independent functions of UBA1 of importance to neuronal functioning have been proposed. Here, we summarise findings supporting the significant role of UBA1 in regulating neuronal functioning, and discuss the detrimental consequences of UBA1 impairment that contribute to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Lambert-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Shaughnessy N, Forman EB, O'Rourke D, Lynch SA, Lynch B. X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMAX2) caused by novel c.1681G>A substitution in the UBA1 gene, expanding the phenotype. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:35-37. [PMID: 31932168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMAX2), OMIM 301830, is a rare, severe form of spinal muscular atrophy, caused by variants in the Ubiquitin like modifier-activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) gene. Clinical features reported to date include marked hypotonia, areflexia, arthrogryposis, contractures, myopathic facies and tongue fibrillations. Previous reports have included a history of contractures. We report a male patient presenting following a normal pregnancy with typical symptoms of X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy including hypotonia, weakness, areflexia and respiratory insufficiency, however contractures were absent. There was a significant family history of neuromuscular disease on the maternal side, with several male relatives all dying before the age of six months. Creatine Kinase was mildly elevated, MRI Brain was normal and neurophysiological testing revealed a diffuse motor neuronopathy. Genetic testing for SMN1 gene was normal. UBA1 sequencing revealed a maternally inherited hemizygous familial variant [c.1681G>A p. (Asp561Asn)], which has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Shaughnessy
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eva B Forman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan O'Rourke
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan Lynch
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
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Sándor S, Kubinyi E. Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging. Front Genet 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31681409 PMCID: PMC6813227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging research has experienced a burst of scientific efforts in the last decades as the growing ratio of elderly people has begun to pose an increased burden on the healthcare and pension systems of developed countries. Although many breakthroughs have been reported in understanding the cellular mechanisms of aging, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to senescence on higher biological levels are still barely understood. The dog, Canis familiaris, has already served as a valuable model of human physiology and disease. The possible role the dog could play in aging research is still an open question, although utilization of dogs may hold great promises as they naturally develop age-related cognitive decline, with behavioral and histological characteristics very similar to those of humans. In this regard, family dogs may possess unmatched potentials as models for investigations on the complex interactions between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that determine the course of aging. In this review, we summarize the known genetic pathways in aging and their relevance in dogs, putting emphasis on the yet barely described nature of certain aging pathways in canines. Reasons for highlighting the dog as a future aging and gerontology model are also discussed, ranging from its unique evolutionary path shared with humans, its social skills, and the fact that family dogs live together with their owners, and are being exposed to the same environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Chaytow H, Huang YT, Gillingwater TH, Faller KME. The role of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) in protein homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3877-3894. [PMID: 29872871 PMCID: PMC6182345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ever since loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein was identified as the direct cause of the childhood inherited neurodegenerative disorder spinal muscular atrophy, significant efforts have been made to reveal the molecular functions of this ubiquitously expressed protein. Resulting research demonstrated that SMN plays important roles in multiple fundamental cellular homeostatic pathways, including a well-characterised role in the assembly of the spliceosome and biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins. More recent studies have shown that SMN is also involved in other housekeeping processes, including mRNA trafficking and local translation, cytoskeletal dynamics, endocytosis and autophagy. Moreover, SMN has been shown to influence mitochondria and bioenergetic pathways as well as regulate function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this review, we summarise these diverse functions of SMN, confirming its key role in maintenance of the homeostatic environment of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chaytow
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Kiterie M E Faller
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Ravindran R, Polk P, Robinson LC, Tatchell K. New ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms regulating the Aurora B-protein phosphatase 1 balance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217620. [PMID: 30054382 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation regulates many cellular processes, including cell division. We report here a novel mutation altering the Saccharomyces cerevisiae E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme (uba1-W928R) that suppresses the temperature sensitivity and chromosome loss phenotype of a well-characterized Aurora B mutant (ip1-2). The uba1-W928R mutation increases histone H3-S10 phosphorylation in the ipl1-2 strain, indicating that uba1-W928R acts by increasing Ipl1 activity and/or reducing the opposing protein phosphatase 1 (PP1; Glc7 in S. cerevisiae) phosphatase activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, Ipl1 protein levels and stability are elevated in the uba1-W928R mutant, likely mediated via the E2 enzymes Ubc4 and Cdc34. In contrast, the uba1-W928R mutation does not affect Glc7 stability, but exhibits synthetic lethality with several glc7 mutations. Moreover, uba1-W928R cells have an altered subcellular distribution of Glc7 and form nuclear Glc7 foci. These effects are likely mediated via the E2 enzymes Rad6 and Cdc34. Our new UBA1 allele reveals new roles for ubiquitylation in regulating the Ipl1-Glc7 balance in budding yeast. While ubiquitylation likely regulates Ipl1 protein stability via the canonical proteasomal degradation pathway, a non-canonical ubiquitin-dependent pathway maintains normal Glc7 localization and activity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Ravindran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Paula Polk
- Research Core Facility Genomics Core, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Lucy C Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Kelly Tatchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of ROS: New Insights on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases from Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Model Organisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1941285. [PMID: 29743972 PMCID: PMC5878877 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1941285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the accumulation of cellular damage over the course of a lifetime. This process is promoted in large part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via cellular metabolic and respiratory pathways. Pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and genetic interventions have been used to target cellular and mitochondrial networks in an effort to decipher aging and age-related disorders. While ROS historically have been viewed as a detrimental byproduct of normal metabolism and associated with several pathologies, recent research has revealed a more complex and beneficial role of ROS in regulating metabolism, development, and lifespan. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in ROS research, focusing on both the beneficial and harmful roles of ROS, many of which are conserved across species from bacteria to humans, in various aspects of cellular physiology. These studies provide a new context for our understanding of the parts ROS play in health and disease. Moreover, we highlight the utility of bacterial models to elucidate the molecular pathways by which ROS mediate aging and aging-related diseases.
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Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Joshi V, Mishra R, Jana NR, Mishra A. Progressing neurobiological strategies against proteostasis failure: Challenges in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Keo A, Aziz NA, Dzyubachyk O, van der Grond J, van Roon-Mom WMC, Lelieveldt BPF, Reinders MJT, Mahfouz A. Co-expression Patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 Coincide with Brain Regions Affected in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:399. [PMID: 29249939 PMCID: PMC5714896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansions in the coding regions of nine polyglutamine (polyQ) genes (HTT, ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, ATN1, AR, and TBP) are the cause of several neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD), six different spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. The expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene is negatively related to the age-at-onset (AAO) of clinical symptoms. In addition to the expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene, the normal CAG repeats in the other polyQ genes can affect the AAO, suggesting functional interactions between the polyQ genes. However, there is no detailed assessment of the relationships among polyQ genes in pathologically relevant brain regions. We used gene co-expression analysis to study the functional relationships among polyQ genes in different brain regions using the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA), a spatial map of gene expression in the healthy brain. We constructed co-expression networks for seven anatomical brain structures, as well as a region showing a specific pattern of atrophy in HD patients detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. In this HD-associated region, we found that ATN1 and ATXN2 were co-expressed and shared co-expression partners which were enriched for DNA repair genes. We observed a similar co-expression pattern in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and striatum in which this relation was most pronounced. Given that the co-expression patterns for these anatomical structures were similar to those for the HD-associated region, our results suggest that their disruption is likely involved in HD pathology. Moreover, ATN1 and ATXN2 also shared many co-expressed genes with HTT, the causative gene of HD, across the brain. Although this triangular relationship among these three polyQ genes may also be dysregulated in other polyQ diseases, stronger co-expression patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 observed in the HD-associated region, especially in the striatum, may be more specific to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Keo
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - N Ahmad Aziz
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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16
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Sands WA, Page MM, Selman C. Proteostasis and ageing: insights from long-lived mutant mice. J Physiol 2017; 595:6383-6390. [PMID: 28718225 PMCID: PMC5638872 DOI: 10.1113/jp274334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The global increase in life expectancy is creating significant medical, social and economic challenges to current and future generations. Consequently, there is a need to identify the fundamental mechanisms underlying the ageing process. This knowledge should help develop realistic interventions capable of combatting age‐related disease, and thus improving late‐life health and vitality. While several mechanisms have been proposed as conserved lifespan determinants, the loss of proteostasis – where proteostasis is defined here as the maintenance of the proteome – appears highly relevant to both ageing and disease. Several studies have shown that multiple proteostatic mechanisms, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐induced unfolded protein response (UPR), the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, appear indispensable for longevity in many long‐lived invertebrate mutants. Similarly, interspecific comparisons suggest that proteostasis may be an important lifespan determinant in vertebrates. Over the last 20 years a number of long‐lived mouse mutants have been described, many of which carry single‐gene mutations within the growth‐hormone, insulin/IGF‐1 or mTOR signalling pathways. However, we still do not know how these mutations act mechanistically to increase lifespan and healthspan, and accordingly whether mechanistic commonality occurs between different mutants. Recent evidence supports the premise that the successful maintenance of the proteome during ageing may be linked to the increased lifespan and healthspan of long‐lived mouse mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Sands
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melissa M Page
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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17
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Lee BL, Singh A, Mark Glover JN, Hendzel MJ, Spyracopoulos L. Molecular Basis for K63-Linked Ubiquitination Processes in Double-Strand DNA Break Repair: A Focus on Kinetics and Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3409-3429. [PMID: 28587922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells are exposed to thousands of DNA damage events on a daily basis. This damage must be repaired to preserve genetic information and prevent development of disease. The most deleterious damage is a double-strand break (DSB), which is detected and repaired by mechanisms known as non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), which are components of the DNA damage response system. NHEJ is an error-prone first line of defense, whereas HR invokes error-free repair and is the focus of this review. The functions of the protein components of HR-driven DNA repair are regulated by the coordinated action of post-translational modifications including lysine acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. The latter two mechanisms are fundamental for recognition of DSBs and reorganizing chromatin to facilitate repair. We focus on the structures and molecular mechanisms for the protein components underlying synthesis, recognition, and cleavage of K63-linked ubiquitin chains, which are abundant at damage sites and obligatory for DSB repair. The forward flux of the K63-linked ubiquitination cascade is driven by the combined activity of E1 enzyme, the heterodimeric E2 Mms2-Ubc13, and its cognate E3 ligases RNF8 and RNF168, which is balanced through the binding and cleavage of chains by the deubiquitinase BRCC36, and the proteasome, and through the binding of chains by recognition modules on repair proteins such as RAP80. We highlight a number of aspects regarding our current understanding for the role of kinetics and dynamics in determining the function of the enzymes and chain recognition modules that drive K63 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Leo Spyracopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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18
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Powis RA, Karyka E, Boyd P, Côme J, Jones RA, Zheng Y, Szunyogova E, Groen EJ, Hunter G, Thomson D, Wishart TM, Becker CG, Parson SH, Martinat C, Azzouz M, Gillingwater TH. Systemic restoration of UBA1 ameliorates disease in spinal muscular atrophy. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87908. [PMID: 27699224 PMCID: PMC5033939 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Molecular pathways that are disrupted downstream of SMN therefore represent potentially attractive therapeutic targets for SMA. Here, we demonstrate that therapeutic targeting of ubiquitin pathways disrupted as a consequence of SMN depletion, by increasing levels of one key ubiquitination enzyme (ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 [UBA1]), represents a viable approach for treating SMA. Loss of UBA1 was a conserved response across mouse and zebrafish models of SMA as well as in patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derive motor neurons. Restoration of UBA1 was sufficient to rescue motor axon pathology and restore motor performance in SMA zebrafish. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9-UBA1 (AAV9-UBA1) gene therapy delivered systemic increases in UBA1 protein levels that were well tolerated over a prolonged period in healthy control mice. Systemic restoration of UBA1 in SMA mice ameliorated weight loss, increased survival and motor performance, and improved neuromuscular and organ pathology. AAV9-UBA1 therapy was also sufficient to reverse the widespread molecular perturbations in ubiquitin homeostasis that occur during SMA. We conclude that UBA1 represents a safe and effective therapeutic target for the treatment of both neuromuscular and systemic aspects of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Powis
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Karyka
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Boyd
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Côme
- INSERM/UEVE UMR861, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases (I-Stem), Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Ross A. Jones
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Szunyogova
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ewout J.N. Groen
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Hunter
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,The Roslin Institute, and
| | - Catherina G. Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H. Parson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Martinat
- INSERM/UEVE UMR861, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases (I-Stem), Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Groen EJN, Gillingwater TH. UBA1: At the Crossroads of Ubiquitin Homeostasis and Neurodegeneration. Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:622-632. [PMID: 26432019 PMCID: PMC4596250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of disability and early death. A common feature of these conditions is disruption of protein homeostasis. Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1), the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, sits at the apex of the ubiquitin cascade and represents an important regulator of cellular protein homeostasis. Critical contributions of UBA1-dependent pathways to the regulation of homeostasis and degeneration in the nervous system are emerging, including specific disruption of UBA1 in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Huntington's disease (HD). In this review we discuss recent findings that put UBA1 at the centre of cellular homeostasis and neurodegeneration, highlighting the potential for UBA1 to act as a promising therapeutic target for a range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J N Groen
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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21
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Jędrzejowska M, Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz E, Kostera-Pruszczyk A. X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMAX2) caused by de novo c.1731C>T substitution in the UBA1 gene. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:661-6. [PMID: 26028276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile X-linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMAX2) is a rare form of spinal muscular atrophy manifesting as severe hypotonia, areflexia, arthrogryposis, facial weakness and cryptorchidism, and frequently accompanied by bone fractures. We present a male patient with SMAX2 who presented with typical symptoms at birth, preceded by reduced fetal movements in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Clinical examination revealed a myopathic face with a characteristic tent-shaped open mouth, tongue fibrillations, profound muscle weakness, areflexia, multiple contractures, mild skeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. In the first days of the patient's life, fractures of the right femur and right humerus were found; however, calcium-phosphate metabolism and densitometric examination were normal. Molecular analysis revealed a de novo c.1731C>T substitution in the UBA1 gene, which was localized in exon 15, the specific hot spot for mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jędrzejowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Roles of ubiquitination and SUMOylation on prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4560-80. [PMID: 25734985 PMCID: PMC4394435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of human prostate cancer are highly associated with aberrant dysregulations of tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Despite that deletions and mutations of tumor suppressors and aberrant elevations of oncogenes at the genetic level are reported to cause cancers, emerging evidence has revealed that cancer progression is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and epigenetic alterations. PTMs play critical roles in gene regulation, cellular functions, tissue development, diseases, malignant progression and drug resistance. Recent discoveries demonstrate that ubiquitination and SUMOylation are complicated but highly-regulated PTMs, and make essential contributions to diseases and cancers by regulation of key factors and signaling pathways. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation pathways can be differentially modulated under various stimuli or stresses in order to produce the sustained oncogenic potentials. In this review, we discuss some new insights about molecular mechanisms on ubiquitination and SUMOylation, their associations with diseases, oncogenic impact on prostate cancer (PCa) and clinical implications for PCa treatment.
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23
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The amazing ubiquitin-proteasome system: structural components and implication in aging. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:171-237. [PMID: 25619718 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteome quality control (PQC) is critical for the maintenance of cellular functionality and it is assured by the curating activity of the proteostasis network (PN). PN is constituted of several complex protein machines that under conditions of proteome instability aim to, firstly identify, and then, either rescue or degrade nonnative polypeptides. Central to the PN functionality is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) which is composed from the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and the proteasome; the latter is a sophisticated multi-subunit molecular machine that functions in a bimodal way as it degrades both short-lived ubiquitinated normal proteins and nonfunctional polypeptides. UPS is also involved in PQC of the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria and it also interacts with the other main cellular degradation axis, namely the autophagy-lysosome system. UPS functionality is optimum in the young organism but it is gradually compromised during aging resulting in increasing proteotoxic stress; these effects correlate not only with aging but also with most age-related diseases. Herein, we present a synopsis of the UPS components and of their functional alterations during cellular senescence or in vivo aging. We propose that mild UPS activation in the young organism will, likely, promote antiaging effects and/or suppress age-related diseases.
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Peeters K, Chamova T, Jordanova A. Clinical and genetic diversity of SMN1-negative proximal spinal muscular atrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2879-96. [PMID: 24970098 PMCID: PMC4208460 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peeters et al. review current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies (SMA). They describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges facing the post-genomics era of SMA research. Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy is a motor neuron disorder characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Initially, the disease was considered purely as an autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function SMN1 mutations on 5q13. Recent developments in next generation sequencing technologies, however, have unveiled a growing number of clinical conditions designated as non-5q forms of spinal muscular atrophy. At present, 16 different genes and one unresolved locus are associated with proximal non-5q forms, having high phenotypic variability and diverse inheritance patterns. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies. We describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges in the post-genomics era of spinal muscular atrophy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- 3 Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Jordanova
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 4 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Kerekes É, Kókai E, Páldy FS, Dombrádi V. Functional analysis of the glycogen binding subunit CG9238/Gbs-70E of protein phosphatase 1 in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 49:70-79. [PMID: 24727027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The product of the CG9238 gene that we termed glycogen binding subunit 70E (Gbs-70E) was characterized by biochemical and molecular genetics methods. The interaction between Gbs-70E and all catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1-87B, Pp1-9C, Pp1-96A and Pp1-13C) of Drosophila melanogaster was confirmed by pairwise yeast two-hybrid tests, co-immunoprecipitation and pull down experiments. The binding of Gbs-70E to glycogen was demonstrated by sedimentation analysis. With RT-PCR we found that the mRNAs coding for the longer Gbs-70E PB/PC protein were expressed in all developmental stages of the fruit flies while the mRNA for the shorter Gbs-70E PA was restricted to the eggs and the ovaries of the adult females. The development specific expression of the shorter splice variant was not conserved in different Drosophila species. The expression level of the gene was manipulated by P-element insertions and gene deletion to analyze the functions of the gene product. A small or moderate reduction in the gene expression resulted in no significant changes, however, a deletion mutant expressing very low level of the transcript lived shorter and exhibited reduced glycogen content in the imagos. In addition, the gene deletion decreased the fertility of the fruit flies. Our results prove that Gbs-70E functions as the glycogen binding subunit of protein phosphatase 1 that regulates glycogen content and plays a role in the development of eggs in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kerekes
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kókai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sándor Páldy
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktor Dombrádi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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26
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Kevei É, Hoppe T. Ubiquitin sets the timer: impacts on aging and longevity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:290-2. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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