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Gościniak A, Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Michniak-Kohn B, Fiedor P, Cielecka-Piontek J. One Molecule, Many Faces: Repositioning Cardiovascular Agents for Advanced Wound Healing. Molecules 2024; 29:2938. [PMID: 38931002 PMCID: PMC11206936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound treatments pose a challenge for healthcare worldwide, particularly for the people in developed countries. Chronic wounds significantly impair quality of life, especially among the elderly. Current research is devoted to novel approaches to wound care by repositioning cardiovascular agents for topical wound treatment. The emerging field of medicinal products' repurposing, which involves redirecting existing pharmaceuticals to new therapeutic uses, is a promising strategy. Recent studies suggest that medicinal products such as sartans, beta-blockers, and statins have unexplored potential, exhibiting multifaceted pharmacological properties that extend beyond their primary indications. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current state of knowledge on the repositioning of cardiovascular agents' use and their molecular mechanisms in the context of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gościniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.G.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.G.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Bożena Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Piotr Fiedor
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (A.G.); (A.S.-K.)
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Ponicidin Treatment Improved the Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Calcium Mineralization on the Osteoblast-Like MG-63 Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3860-3870. [PMID: 35556208 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a general bone-related ailment characterized by reduced bone density and quality, elevated bone fragility, and fractures. It was reported that both aged men and women has an increased risks of osteoporosis. The current research work focused to unveil the beneficial roles of ponicidin treatment in the proliferation and calcium deposition on the osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The effect of 5 and 10 µg/ml of ponicidin on the cell proliferation was assessed. The viability of ponicidin-supplemented MG-63 cells was inspected by MTT test. The contents of osteocalcin, collagen, and ALP activity in the ponicidin administered cells were assessed by kits. The level of calcium mineralization was examined by ARS staining technique. The ponicidin treatment remarkably improved the proliferation of MG-63 cells. The ponicidin did not affect the MG-63 cells viability but promoted its viability 24- and 48-h treatment. The contents of osteocalcin, collagen, and ALP activity in the 5 and 10 µg/ml of ponicidin-supplemented MG-63 cells were found increased than the control cells. The ponicidin also increased the level of calcium deposition in MG-63 cells, which is assessed by ARS staining. In conclusion, it was clear that ponicidin improved the proliferation and calcium mineralization in a MG-63 cells. Therefore, it was clear that ponicidin has helpful roles on the new bone development as a hopeful therapeutic candidate to treat the bone-related disease like osteoporosis.
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Yang RZ, Xu WN, Zheng HL, Zheng XF, Li B, Jiang LS, Jiang SD. Exosomes derived from vascular endothelial cells antagonize glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting ferritinophagy with resultant limited ferroptosis of osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6691-6705. [PMID: 33590921 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High dose and long-term steroid treatment can alter antioxidative ability and decrease the viability and function of osteoblasts, leading to osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Ferroptosis, a new type of cell death characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation due to the downregulation of GPX4 and system Xc- , is involved in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endothelial cell-secreted exosomes (EC-Exos) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication and are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. However, the effect of EC-Exos on osteoblasts exposed to glucocorticoids has not been reported. Here, we explored the role of EC-Exos in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that EC-Exos reversed the glucocorticoid-induced osteogenic inhibition of osteoblasts by inhibiting ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Yang
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ning Xu
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huo-Liang Zheng
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Feng Zheng
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Dan Jiang
- Department of Clinic of Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lu W, Liu X, Hu M, Wang D. Aucubin exerts anti-osteoporotic effects by promoting osteoblast differentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2226-2245. [PMID: 32023550 PMCID: PMC7041723 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease characterized by reduced osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Aucubin (AU), an iridoid glycoside, was previously shown to promote osteoblast differentiation. We investigated the effects of AU on MG63 human osteoblast-like cells treated with dexamethasone (Dex) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative damage. AU protected MG63 cells against apoptosis, and promoted increased expression of cytokines associated with osteoblast differentiation, including collagen I, osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and osterix. In Dex- and H2O2-treated MG63 cells, AU also enhanced the expression of anti-oxidative stress-associated factors in the nuclear respiratory factor 2 signaling pathway, including superoxide dismutases 1 and 2, heme oxygenases 1 and 2, and catalase. In vivo, using a Dex-induced mouse model of osteoporosis, AU promoted increased cortical bone thickness, increased bone density, and tighter trabecular bone. Additionally, it stimulated an increase in the expression of collagen I, OCN, OPN, osterix, and phosphorylated Akt and Smads in bone tissue. Finally, AU stimulated the expression of cytokines associated with osteoblast differentiation in bone tissue and serum. Our data indicate AU may have therapeutic efficacy in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Zhan Q, Tian Y, Han L, Wang K, Wang J, Xue C. The opposite effects of Antarctic krill oil and arachidonic acid-rich oil on bone resorption in ovariectomized mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:7048-7060. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The opposite effects and mechanism of AKO and AAO in the regulation of bone resorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis were systematically investigated to support the recommendations on fatty acid types in dietary oils for people with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Yingying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao
| | - Lihua Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
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Xu L, Shen L, Yu X, Li P, Wang Q, Li C. Effects of irisin on osteoblast apoptosis and osteoporosis in postmenopausal osteoporosis rats through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1084-1090. [PMID: 32010273 PMCID: PMC6966163 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/NLR family, pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) plays an important role in osteoporosis (OP), so the effects of irisin on postmenopausal OP rats and osteoblast apoptosis through Nrf2/NLRP3 were explored in the present study. A total of 45 specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided into OP model group (OP group, n=15), 1 mmol/l irisin treatment group (irisin group, n=15) and normal control group (control group, n=15). After the trial period, the content of serum ALP was detected, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum and bone tissues were observed via ELISA, and the bone microstructure was observed via CT. Osteoblast apoptosis was determined through TUNEL assay, the content of apoptosis genes caspase-3 and Bcl-2, and key genes in Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OC), Nrf2 and NLRP3 was detected via RT-PCR. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2 and NLRP3 was determined via western blotting. The serum ALP level was increased in OP group compared with that in control group (P<0.05), while it declined in the irisin group. The content of TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly higher in OP group, while the content in the irisin group was close to that in the control group. The trabecular thickness, number and bone mineral density in the irisin group were all obviously larger and higher, respectively, than those in the OP group. The mRNA expression of Runx2, OC, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 in the irisin group were obviously higher (P<0.05), while that of caspase-3 and NLRP3 showed the opposite trends. The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 in the irisin group was remarkably higher than those in the OP group, while that of NLRP3 was the opposite. irisin can upregulate Nrf2, inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and lower the content of inflammatory factors, thereby suppressing osteoblast apoptosis in postmenopausal OP rats and reducing the incidence of postmenopausal OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Chengqian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Schütz A, Murek M, Stieglitz LH, Bernasconi C, Vulcu S, Beck J, Raabe A, Schucht P. ACE-inhibitors: a preventive measure for bone flap resorption after autologous cranioplasty? J Neurosurg 2019; 131:1607-1614. [PMID: 30497161 DOI: 10.3171/2018.6.jns172605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an established treatment for refractory intracranial hypertension. It is usually followed by autologous cranioplasty (AC), the reinsertion of a patient's explanted bone flap. A frequent long-term complication of AC is bone flap resorption (BFR), which results in disfigurement as well as loss of the protective covering of the brain. This study investigates risk factors for BFR after AC, including medical conditions and antihypertensive drug therapies, with a focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), which have been associated with a beneficial effect on bone healing and bone preservation in orthopedic, osteoporosis, and endocrinology research. METHODS In this single-center, retrospective study 183 consecutive cases were evaluated for bone flap resorption after AC. Information on patient demographics, medical conditions, antihypertensive therapy, and BFR-defined as an indication for revision surgery established by a neurosurgeon based on clinical or radiographic assessments-was collected. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of time from AC to diagnosis of BFR was performed, and factors associated with BFR were investigated using the log-rank test and Cox regression. RESULTS A total of 158 patients were considered eligible for inclusion in the data analysis. The median follow-up time for this group was 2.2 years (95% CI 1.9-2.5 years). BFR occurred in 47 patients (29.7%), with a median time to event of 3.7 years (95% CI 3.3-4.1 years). An ACEI prescription was recorded in 57 cases (36.1%). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test revealed that ACEI therapy (2-year event free probability [EFP] 83.8% ± 6.1% standard error vs 63.9% ± 5.6%, p = 0.02) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt treatment (2-year EFP 86.9% ± 7.1% vs 66% ± 5.0%, p = 0.024) were associated with a lower probability of BFR. Multiple Cox regression analysis showed ACEI therapy (HR 0.29, p = 0.012), VP shunt treatment (HR 0.278, p = 0.009), and male sex (HR 0.500, p = 0.040) to be associated with a lower risk for BFR, whereas bone fragmentation (HR 1.92, p = 0.031) was associated with a higher risk for BFR. CONCLUSIONS Hypertensive patients treated with ACEIs demonstrate a lower rate of BFR than patients treated with other hypertensive medications and nonhypertensive patients. Our results are in line with previous reports on the positive influence of ACEIs on bone healing and preservation. Further analysis of the association between ACEI treatment and BFR development is needed and will be evaluated in a multicenter prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corrado Bernasconi
- 3Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and
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Zhao J, Yang H, Chen B, Zhang R. The skeletal renin-angiotensin system: A potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoarticular diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:258-263. [PMID: 31003003 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to be a key regulator of blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Additionally, it is now evident that components of the RAS are produced and act locally in many tissues, including liver, kidney, heart, lung, eye, bone, reproductive organ, adipose, and adrenal tissue, and these components are collectively known as tissue RAS. Recently, several studies have shown that local bone RAS is directly involved in bone metabolism, and activation of skeletal RAS plays an important role in bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and deterioration as well as in fracture healing. Based on the identification of RAS components in bone, we examined a new therapeutic approach to attenuate bone diseases through RAS inhibitors: renin inhibitor, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the skeletal RAS in the pathophysiology of bone diseases and the beneficial effect of RAS inhibitors on bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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Nurdiana N, Mariati N, Noorhamdani N, Setiawan B, Budhiparama N, Noor Z. Effects of Labisia pumila on bone turnover markers and OPG/RANKL system in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bennett PM, Stewart SK, Dretzke J, Bem D, Penn-Barwell JG. Preclinical therapies to prevent or treat fracture non-union: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201077. [PMID: 30067783 PMCID: PMC6070249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-union affects up to 10% of fractures and is associated with substantial morbidity. There is currently no single effective therapy for the treatment or prevention of non-union. Potential treatments are currently selected for clinical trials based on results from limited animal studies, with no attempt to compare results between therapies to determine which have the greatest potential to treat non-union. Aim The aim of this systematic review was to define the range of therapies under investigation at the preclinical stage for the prevention or treatment of fracture non-union. Additionally, through meta-analysis, it aimed to identify the most promising therapies for progression to clinical investigation. Methods MEDLINE and Embase were searched from 1St January 2004 to 10th April 2017 for controlled trials evaluating an intervention to prevent or treat fracture non-union. Data regarding the model used, study intervention and outcome measures were extracted, and risk of bias assessed. Results Of 5,171 records identified, 197 papers describing 204 therapies were included. Of these, the majority were only evaluated once (179/204, 88%), with chitosan tested most commonly (6/204, 3%). Substantial variation existed in model design, length of survival and duration of treatment, with results poorly reported. These factors, as well as a lack of consistently used objective outcome measures, precluded meta-analysis. Conclusion This review highlights the variability and poor methodological reporting of current non-union research. The authors call for a consensus on the standardisation of animal models investigating non-union, and suggest journals apply stringent criteria when considering animal work for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M. Bennett
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah K. Stewart
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Dretzke
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Danai Bem
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kania N, Widowati W, Dewi FRP, Christianto A, Setiawan B, Budhiparama N, Noor Z. Cinnamomum burmanini Blume increases bone turnover marker and induces tibia's granule formation in ovariectomized rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 9:20-26. [PMID: 29198835 PMCID: PMC5884038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone fragility and an increase in susceptibility to fracture osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and the micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. There is no previous study regarding the effect of Cinnamomum burmanini Blume on osteoporosis. Objective This study was aimed to investigate the effect of C. burmanini Blume on bone turnover marker, mineral elements, and mesostructure of ovariectomized rats. Materials and methods Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a control group (sham surgery), ovariectomy group (OVX), and ovariectomy groups in the presence of ethanolic extract of C. burmanini Blume (EECB) at doses of 12.5; 25; 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). Analysis of serum C-telopeptide collagen type I (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC) were done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tibia mineral elements and mesostructure were analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy, respectively. In silico study was performed by modeling protein structure using SWISS-MODEL server and Ramachandran plot analysis. Results The increase in OC and CTX were significantly attenuated by treatments of EECB. Ovariectomy significantly decreased Cu/Zn ratio compared to sham-operated rats (p < 0.05). Mesostructure of ovariectomized rats was significantly different compared with the control group. Conclusion Cinnamon was able to normalize bone turnover markers, but, the mesostructure of hydroxyapatite crystal growth was achieved at the highest dose extract. In silico study showed that the active compound of EECB could not only support osteoclastogenesis process by decreasing the binding energy between RANKL and RANK, but also by inhibiting the interaction between OPG and RANK. Administration EECB significantly increased OC and CTX level compared to OVX group. The ratio of Cu/Zn was lower significantly in OVX rats compared to sham-operated rats. Hydroxyapatite crystal growth can reach at the highest dose of Cinnamon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Kania
- Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Pathology, Ulin General Hospital, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
| | - Wahyu Widowati
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Bambang Setiawan
- Research Center for Toxicology, Cancer, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Nicolaas Budhiparama
- Budhiparama Institute of Hip and Knee Research and Education Foundation for Arthroplasty, Sports Medicine and Osteoporosis, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zairin Noor
- Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ulin General Hospital, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
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Abuohashish HM, Ahmed MM, Sabry D, Khattab MM, Al-Rejaie SS. Angiotensin (1-7) ameliorates the structural and biochemical alterations of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats via activation of ACE-2/Mas receptor axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2293. [PMID: 28536469 PMCID: PMC5442122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The local and systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) influences the skeletal system micro-structure and metabolism. Studies suggested angiotensin 1-7 (Ang(1-7)) as the beneficial RAS molecule via Mas receptor activation. This study examines the function of Ang(1-7) in bone micro-architecture and metabolism in an ovariectomized (OVX) rodent model of osteoporosis. OVX rats showed structural and bone metabolic degeneration in parallel with suppressed expressions of the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2)/Ang(1-7)/Mas components. The infusion of Ang(1-7) markedly alleviated the altered bone metabolism and significantly enhanced both trabecular (metaphyseal) and cortical (metaphyseal-diaphyseal) morphometry. Urinary and bones minerals were also improved in OVX rats by Ang(1-7). The infusion of the heptapeptide enhanced ACE-2/Mas receptor expressions, while down-regulated AngII, ACE, and AngII type-1 receptor (AT1R) in OVX animals. Moreover, Ang(1-7) markedly improved osteoprotegerin (OPG) and lowered receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expressions. The defensive properties of Ang(1-7) on bone metabolism, structure and minerals were considerably eradicated after blockage of Mas receptor with A-779. Ang(1-7)-induced up-regulated ACE-2/Ang(1-7)/Mas cascade and OPG expressions were abolished and the expressions of ACE/AngII/AT1R and RANKL were provoked by A-779. These findings shows for the first time the novel valuable therapeutic role of Ang(1-7) on bone health and metabolism through the ACE-2/Mas cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Abuohashish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Wang X, Huang J, Huang F, Zong JC, Tang X, Liu Y, Zhang QF, Wang Y, Chen L, Yin LJ, He BC, Deng ZL. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 stimulates callus formation in osteoporotic rats during fracture healing. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2537-2545. [PMID: 28447742 PMCID: PMC5428899 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing involves the coordinated actions of multiple cytokines. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is an important factor in bone formation. The present study aimed to investigate the osteogenic potential of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in response to adenoviral (Ad)BMP9, and the early fracture repair properties of AdBMP9 in surgically-created fractures in osteoporotic rats. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed and matrix mineralization was examined by Alizarin Red S staining. mRNA and protein expression levels of BMP9, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and type 1 collagen (COL-1) were detected in vitro and in vivo. Femoral bone mineral density was assessed for osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. An open femora fracture was subsequently created, and gelatin sponges containing AdBMP9 were implanted. The femora were harvested for radiographical, micro-computed tomography, biomechanical and histological analysis 4 weeks later. BMP9 successfully increased ALP activity and induced mineralized nodule formation in BMSCs. BMP9 in gelatin sponges demonstrated marked effects on microstructural parameters and the biomechanical strength of bone callus. In addition, it upregulated the expression levels of RUNX2 and COL-1. AdBMP9 in gelatin sponges significantly mediated callus formation, and increased bone mass and strength in osteoporotic rats with femora fractures. The results of the present study suggested that BMP9 enhanced callus formation and maintained early mechanical stability during fracture healing in osteoporotic rats, implicating it as a potential novel therapeutic target for fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Fan Huang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin, D‑13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jian-Chun Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Qiong-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Jun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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15
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Leonas R, Noor Z, Rasyid HN, Madjid TH, Tanjung FA. Effect of Lead Nanoparticles Inhalation on Bone Calcium Sensing Receptor, Hydroxyapatite Crystal and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B in Rats. Acta Inform Med 2016; 24:343-346. [PMID: 28077890 PMCID: PMC5203737 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.343-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether Pb nanoparticle exposure affects the bone calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), hydroxyapatite crystal, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) in rats exposed to subchronic and chronic inhalation. Thirty two rats were randomly divided into eight groups. One group is a non-exposed group. While three groups were exposed to nanoparticles Pb at the following doses 6.25; 12.5; or 25 mg/m3 an hour daily for 28 days. Another three groups were exposed to nanoparticles Pb at following doses 6.25; 12.5; and 25 mg/m3 one hour daily for 6 months. The expression of trabecular CaSR was significantly decreased at the all doses subchronic exposure compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The CaSR expression significantly decreased in second and third doses subchronic exposure groups compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). With subchronic exposure, the crystal size was increased in second dose group and decreased in lowest and highest doses compared to the control (untreated) group. The crystal size and c-axis were decreased in all dose chronic exposures compared to the control (untreated) group. The expression of cortical RANK was significantly lower at the two lowest dose chronic exposures compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Pb nanoparticle inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal growth at least a part via down regulation of CaSR and RANK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendra Leonas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Moh. Hoesin Hospital, Medical Faculty Sriwijaya University, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Zairin Noor
- Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ulin General Hospital, Medical Faculty Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Hermawan Nagar Rasyid
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tita Husnitawati Madjid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fachry Ambia Tanjung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Nurdiana N, Mariati N, Noorhamdani N, Setiawan B, Budhiparama N, Noor Z. Effects of Labisia pumila on oxidative stress in rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Continuous infusion of angiotensin II modulates hypertrophic differentiation and apoptosis of chondrocytes in cartilage formation in a fracture model mouse. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:382-93. [PMID: 25693858 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are reported to be expressed in cultured chondrocytes and cartilage, little is known about the precise function of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in chondrocytes. In this study, we employed a rib fracture model mouse to investigate the effect of Ang II on chondrocytes. Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) was expressed in chondrocytes in the growth plate of mouse tibia. Continuous infusion of Ang II to rib-fractured mice resulted in a significant increase in the volume of cartilage, suggesting Ang II-induced hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. It was also confirmed by a significant increase in the mRNA expression of Sox9 and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which are genes related to chondrocyte differentiation, and type X collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which are hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific molecular markers. Chondrocyte hypertrophy with upregulation of these genes was attenuated by administration of olmesartan, an AT1R blocker, but not by hydralazine. Moreover, Ang II infusion significantly suppressed apoptosis of chondrocytes, accompanied by significant induction of mRNA expression of bcl-2 and bcl-xL. Olmesartan, but not hydralazine, significantly attenuated the reduction of apoptotic cells and the increase in anti-apoptotic genes induced by Ang II infusion. Overall, the present study demonstrated that Ang II promoted hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and reduced apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes independently of high blood pressure. The present data indicate the role of Ang II in cartilage, and might provide a new concept for treatment of cartilage diseases.
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18
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Noor Z, Kania N, Setiawan B. Tibia bone properties at different time course of ovariectomized rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:91. [PMID: 25317398 PMCID: PMC4195878 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The model of bilaterally ovariectomized rats mimics the accelerated bone loss observed in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency. Although calcium is main mineral in bone, previous study in human showed there is hypermineralization and higher calcium level in hydroxyapatite crystal structure from osteoporosis patients. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of time course ovariectomized on tibia bone turn over markers, mineral elements, hydroxyapatite crystale, mesostructure, and histomorphometry. METHODS A total of 30 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10 each): control group, ovariectomy group follow up for one month and two month. All animals procedures was according to Animal Ethics Guidelines and approval by ethic committee of the Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University which obtained prior the study. Expression of osteocalcin (OC) and C-telopeptyde collagen type I (CTX) was analyzed by ELISA method. Tibia bone mineral element was measured using X-Ray Fluorescence. Hydroxyapatite crystale structure was analyzed using X-Ray Diffracttion. Mesostructure was determined using Scanning Electron Microscope. Histomorphometry was analyzed using BoneJ software analyzer. ANOVA test was used to analyze the different level of serum bone turnover markers and bone mineral elements. RESULTS Serum OC and CTX were significantly decrease in one month and two month after ovariectomized groups compared to sham-operated group (P < 0.05). The levels Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ca/P, and Cu/Zn were not significantly different in all groups (P > 0.05). The structure of hydroxyapatite crystal in one month and two month after ovariectomized groups were different compared with sham-operated control group. Mesostructure of tibia bone after one and two month ovariectomized procedure significantly different than that in sham-operated rats. The level of trabecular volume were lower significantly on OVX-1 and OVX-2 groups compared with sham group (P < 0.05). The trabecular thickness and spacing were increase significantly on OVX-1 and OVX-2 groups compared with sham group (P < 0.05). The trabecular number were significantly decrease OVX-1 and OVX-2 groups than that sham group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We found that two month after ovariectomized decrease serum osteocalcin but not change bone mineral elements in rats. Also, we found the difference of lattice parameter of hydroxyapatite crystale structure and trabecular properties which determined bone mesostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zairin Noor
- />Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Ulin General Hospital, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jl. A. Yani Km 2 No.43, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Indonesia
| | - Nia Kania
- />Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Pathology, Ulin General Hospital, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Indonesia
| | - Bambang Setiawan
- />Research Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medicine Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Indonesia
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Wei QS, Huang L, Chen XH, Wang HB, Sun WS, Huo. SC, Li ZQ, Deng WM. Effect of whole body vibration therapy on circulating serotonin levels in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:62-8. [PMID: 24592309 PMCID: PMC3938888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Studies have reported that whole body vibration (WBV) played a vital role in bone remodeling. Circulating serotonin is also involved in negative regulating bone mass in rodents and humans. However, both WBV and inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis may suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of WBV therapy on the levels of serum serotonin in ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats weighing 276.15±37.75 g were ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis, and another ten rats underwent sham operation to establish sham control (SHAM) group. After 3 months, ovariectomized rats were divided into three subgroups and then separately treated with WBV, Alendronate (ALN) and normal saline (OVX), SHAM group was given normal saline. After 6 weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed. Serum serotonin, RANKL, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (BMD), bone strength were evaluated. RESULTS The serum serotonin level was significantly lower in WBV group than OVX and ALN groups (P<0.05 and P<0.001). RANKL levels significantly decreased in WBV and ALN groups compared to OVX group (P<0.001 for both). BMD and biomechanical parameters of femur significantly increased (P<0.05 for both) and bone turnover levels decreased (P<0.001 for both) in WBV group compared to OVX group. CONCLUSION These data indicated that WBV enhanced the bone strength and BMD in ovariectomized rats most likely by reducing the levels of circulating serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Shan Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Chuan Huo.
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding author: Wei-Min Deng. Department of Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China. Tel: +86-20-88653424; FAX: +86-20-36221062;
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20
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Reifenrath J, Angrisani N, Lalk M, Besdo S. Replacement, refinement, and reduction: Necessity of standardization and computational models for long bone fracture repair in animals. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2884-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janin Reifenrath
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 9 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Nina Angrisani
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 9 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Mareike Lalk
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 9 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Silke Besdo
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Appelstr. 11 30167 Hannover Germany
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21
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Smith GR. Angiotensin and systems thinking: wrapping your mind around the big picture. Ochsner J 2013; 13:11-25. [PMID: 23533336 PMCID: PMC3603174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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