1
|
Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mycoplasmas-Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091351. [PMID: 32899663 PMCID: PMC7565387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as "silent parasites". In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas' recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Role of Mycoplasma Chaperone DnaK in Cellular Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041311. [PMID: 32075244 PMCID: PMC7072988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the human microbiome have elucidated an array of complex interactions between prokaryotes and their hosts. However, precise bacterial pathogen-cancer relationships remain largely elusive, although several bacteria, particularly those establishing persistent intra-cellular infections, like mycoplasmas, can alter host cell cycles, affect apoptotic pathways, and stimulate the production of inflammatory substances linked to DNA damage, thus potentially promoting abnormal cell growth and transformation. Consistent with this idea, in vivo experiments in several chemically induced or genetically deficient mouse models showed that germ-free conditions reduce colonic tumor formation. We demonstrate that mycoplasma DnaK, a chaperone protein belonging to the Heath shock protein (Hsp)-70 family, binds Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP)-1, a protein that plays a critical role in the pathways involved in recognition of DNA damage and repair, and reduces its catalytic activity. It also binds USP10, a key p53 regulator, reducing p53 stability and anti-cancer functions. Finally, we showed that bystander, uninfected cells take up exogenous DnaK-suggesting a possible paracrine function in promoting cellular transformation, over and above direct mycoplasma infection. We propose that mycoplasmas, and perhaps certain other bacteria with closely related DnaK, may have oncogenic activity, mediated through the inhibition of DNA repair and p53 functions, and may be involved in the initiation of some cancers but not necessarily involved nor necessarily even be present in later stages.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yatoo MI, Parray OR, Bhat RA, Nazir QU, Haq AU, Malik HU, Fazilli MUR, Gopalakrishnan A, Bashir ST, Tiwari R, Khurana SK, Chaicumpa W, Dhama K. Novel Candidates for Vaccine Development Against Mycoplasma Capricolum Subspecies Capripneumoniae (Mccp)-Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E71. [PMID: 31340571 PMCID: PMC6789616 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of novel candidates for vaccine development against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp), the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), has recently gained immense importance due to both the increased number of outbreaks and the alarming risk of transboundary spread of disease. Treatment by antibiotics as the only therapeutic strategy is not a viable option due to pathogen persistence, economic issues, and concerns of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prophylactics or vaccines are becoming important under the current scenario. For quite some time inactivated, killed, or attenuated vaccines proved to be beneficial and provided good immunity up to a year. However, their adverse effects and requirement for larger doses led to the need for production of large quantities of Mccp. This is challenging because the required culture medium is costly and Mycoplasma growth is fastidious and slow. Furthermore, quality control is always an issue with such vaccines. Currently, novel candidate antigens including capsular polysaccharides (CPS), proteins, enzymes, and genes are being evaluated for potential use as vaccines. These have shown potential immunogenicity with promising results in eliciting protective immune responses. Being easy to produce, specific, effective and free from side effects, these novel vaccine candidates can revolutionize vaccination against CCPP. Use of novel proteomic approaches, including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectroscopy, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), bioinformatics, computerized simulation and genomic approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, next-generation sequencing, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), gene expression, and recombinant expression, will further enable recognition of ideal antigenic proteins and virulence genes with vaccination potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
| | - Oveas Raffiq Parray
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Bhat
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Qurat Un Nazir
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Hamid Ullah Malik
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman Fazilli
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Arumugam Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Vepery 600007, India
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Khurana
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Mycoplasma Microorganisms, Designing Effective and Novel Drugs / Therapeutic Targets: Current Knowledge and Futuristic Prospects. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Christodoulides A, Gupta N, Yacoubian V, Maithel N, Parker J, Kelesidis T. The Role of Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma-Mediated Immunomodulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30108558 PMCID: PMC6080569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections, such as walking pneumonia or pelvic inflammatory diseases, are a major threat to public health. Despite their relatively small physical and genomic size, mycoplasmas are known to elicit strong host immune responses, generally inflammatory, while also being able to evade the immune system. The mycoplasma membrane is composed of approximately two-thirds protein and one-third lipid and contains several lipoproteins that are known to regulate host immune responses. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of mycoplasma lipoproteins are reviewed. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects, both activating and evasive, of Mycoplasma surface lipoproteins will contribute to understanding mechanisms potentially relevant to mycoplasma disease vaccine development and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Christodoulides
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neha Gupta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vahe Yacoubian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Maithel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Parker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interaction of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 with Human Dendritic Cells: Interleukin-23-Inducing Mycoplasmal Lipoproteins and Inflammasome Activation of the Cell. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00213-17. [PMID: 28559291 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis lacks a cell wall, and lipoproteins anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are in direct contact with the host components. A Triton X-114 extract of M. hominis enriched with lipoproteins was shown to stimulate the production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) by human dendritic cells (hDCs). The inflammasome activation of the host cell has never been reported upon M. hominis infection. We studied here the interaction between M. hominis PG21 and hDCs by analyzing both the inflammation-inducing mycoplasmal lipoproteins and the inflammasome activation of the host cell. IL-23-inducing lipoproteins were determined using a sequential extraction strategy with two nondenaturing detergents, Sarkosyl and Triton X-114, followed by SDS-PAGE separation and mass spectrometry identification. The activation of the hDC inflammasome was assessed using PCR array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We defined a list of 24 lipoproteins that could induce the secretion of IL-23 by hDCs, 5 with a molecular mass between 20 and 35 kDa and 19 with a molecular mass between 40 and 100 kDa. Among them, lipoprotein MHO_4720 was identified as potentially bioactive, and a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal part of the lipoprotein was subsequently shown to induce IL-23 release by hDCs. Regarding the hDC innate immune response, inflammasome activation with caspase-dependent production of IL-1β was observed. After 24 h of coincubation of hDCs with M. hominis, downregulation of the NLRP3-encoding gene and of the adaptor PYCARD-encoding gene was noticed. Overall, this study provides insight into both protagonists of the interaction of M. hominis and hDCs.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma hominis is a human urogenital pathogen involved in gynecologic and opportunistic infections. M. hominis lacks a cell wall, and its membrane contains many lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between M. hominis and human dendritic cells and examined both sides of the interaction, the mycoplasmal lipoproteins involved in the activation of the host cell and the immune response of the cell. On the mycoplasmal side, we showed for the first time that M. hominis lipoproteins with high molecular mass were potentially bioactive. On the cell side, we reported an activation of the inflammasome, which is involved in the innate immune response.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng Q, Wu L, Tu R, Wu J, Kang W, Su T, Du R, Liu W. Mycoplasma fermentans deacetylase promotes mammalian cell stress tolerance. Microbiol Res 2017; 201:1-11. [PMID: 28602396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans is a pathogenic bacterium that infects humans and has potential pathogenic roles in respiratory, genital and rheumatoid diseases. NAD+-dependent deacetylase is involved in a wide range of pathophysiological processes and our studies have demonstrated that expression of mycoplasmal deacetylase in mammalian cells inhibits proliferation but promotes anti-starvation stress tolerance. Furthermore, mycoplasmal deacetylase is involved in cellular anti-oxidation, which correlates with changes in the proapoptotic proteins BIK, p21 and BIM. Mycoplasmal deacetylase binds to and deacetylates the FOXO3 protein, similar with mammalian SIRT2, and affects expression of the FOXO3 target gene BIM, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation. Mycoplasmal deacetylase also alters the performance of cells under drug stress. This study expands our understanding of the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of interaction between mycoplasmas and mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Cheng
- College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongfu Tu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqian Kang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Su
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Runlei Du
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Panicker IS, Kanci A, Markham PF, Browning GF. Effect of differing +2 amino acids on export of a heterologous PhoA lipoprotein in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1300-1309. [PMID: 27329526 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The significance of the amino acid adjacent to the amino terminal cysteine of lipoproteins, the +2 amino acid, has been well documented in E. coli and there have also been limited studies on Gram-positive bacteria. In this study we investigated whether there was any preference for specific residues and any targeting role attributable to different residues following the cysteine at the amino terminus in lipoproteins of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. There were found to be distinct preferences in this position that vary considerably from the preferences seen in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of different amino acids at the +2 position was studied using the pTAP vector, which has been shown to express PhoA as a lipoprotein. Replacement of the threonine at the +2 position in the PhoA lipoprotein with hydrophobic amino acids resulted in higher levels of expression of alkaline phosphatase, while replacement with hydrophilic amino acids resulted in lower levels of expression of alkaline phosphatase. Changes in the +2 amino acid did not appear to alter export of the PhoA lipoprotein to the membrane fraction, but a difference was seen in susceptibility to proteolysis in PhoA lipoproteins with differing +2 amino acids. This is the first study to examine the role of the +2 amino acid in mycoplasma lipoproteins and establish a difference between M. gallisepticum and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and will assist in optimization of the design of recombinant lipoprotein genes in mycoplasmas for maximal levels of expression and stability on the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu S Panicker
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei X, Wang S, Zhao X, Wang X, Li H, Lin W, Lu J, Zhurina D, Li B, Riedel CU, Sun Y, Yuan J. Proteomic Profiling of Bifidobacterium bifidum S17 Cultivated Under In Vitro Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:97. [PMID: 26903976 PMCID: PMC4751264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are frequently used in probiotic food and dairy products. Bifidobacterium bifidum S17 is a promising probiotic candidate strain that displays strong adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and elicits potent anti-inflammatory capacity both in vitro and in murine models of colitis. The recently sequenced genome of B. bifidum S17 has a size of about 2.2 Mb and encodes 1,782 predicted protein-coding genes. In the present study, a comprehensive proteomic profiling was carried out to identify and characterize proteins expressed by B. bifidum S17. A total of 1148 proteins entries were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), representing 64.4% of the predicted proteome. 719 proteins could be assigned to functional categories according to cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs). The COG distribution of the detected proteins highly correlates with that of the complete predicted proteome suggesting a good coverage and representation of the genomic content of B. bifidum S17 by the proteome. COGs that were highly present in the proteome of B. bifidum S17 were Translation, Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism, and Carbohydrate Transport and Metabolism. Complete sets of enzymes for both the bifidus shunt and the Embden-Meyerh of pathway were identified. Further bioinformatic analysis yielded 28 proteins with a predicted extracellular localization including 14 proteins with an LPxTG-motif for cell wall anchoring and two proteins (elongation factor Tu and enolase) with a potential moonlighting function in adhesion. Amongst the predicted extracellular proteins were five of six pilin proteins encoded in the B. bifidum S17 genome as well as several other proteins with a potential role in interaction with host structures. The presented results are the first compilation of a proteomic reference profile for a B. bifidum strain and will facilitate analysis of the molecular mechanisms of physiology, host-interactions and beneficial effects of a potential probiotic strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Lin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Daria Zhurina
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Boxing Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goret J, Le Roy C, Touati A, Mesureur J, Renaudin H, Claverol S, Bébéar C, Béven L, Pereyre S. Surface lipoproteome of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 and differential expression after contact with human dendritic cells. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:179-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the lipoproteins that are involved in the interaction between Mycoplasma hominis and human dendritic cells. Materials & methods: The surface lipoproteome of M. hominis PG21 was characterized by using Triton X-114 extraction and LC–MS/MS identification. The transcriptional changes in lipoprotein genes upon contact with human dendritic cells were determined by using reverse transcription quantitative PCR after identification of reference genes suitable for normalization. Results: A large-scale overexpression of lipoprotein genes was observed with 21 upregulated transcripts. Seven genes of unknown function were M. hominis species specific and six genes were putatively associated with increased nutrient capture from the host cell and adhesion. Conclusion: M. hominis regulates lipoprotein gene expression and may use species-specific mechanisms during the host colonization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Goret
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Le Roy
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arabella Touati
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Renaudin
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRA, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wendler S, Otto A, Ortseifen V, Bonn F, Neshat A, Schneiker-Bekel S, Walter F, Wolf T, Zemke T, Wehmeier UF, Hecker M, Kalinowski J, Becher D, Pühler A. Comprehensive proteome analysis of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 highlighting the location of proteins encoded by the acarbose and the pyochelin biosynthesis gene cluster. J Proteomics 2015; 125:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
13
|
Mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via TLR-2 ligation through an NF-κB dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112796. [PMID: 25401327 PMCID: PMC4234737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. However the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. We hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (LAMP) to TLRs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). To test this hypothesis, live bacteria or LAMPs isolated from a virulent (Rlow) or a non-virulent (Rhigh) strain were incubated with primary TECs or chicken tracheae ex vivo. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of several inflammatory and chemokine genes in TECs as early as 1.5 hours post-exposure. Kinetic analysis using RT-qPCR identified the peak of expression for most genes to be at either 1.5 or 6 hours. Ex-vivo exposure also showed up-regulation of inflammatory genes in epithelial cells by 1.5 hours. Among the commonly up-regulated genes were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL-20, and NOS-2, all of which are important immune-modulators and/or chemo-attractants of leukocytes. While these inflammatory genes were up-regulated in all four treatment groups, Rlow exposed epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo showed the most dramatic up-regulation, inducing over 100 unique genes by 5-fold or more in TECs. Upon addition of a TLR-2 inhibitor, LAMP-mediated gene expression of IL-1β and CCL-20 was reduced by almost 5-fold while expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-8 and NOS-2 mRNA was reduced by about 2–3 fold. Conversely, an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the response entirely for all six genes. miRNA-146a, a negative regulator of TLR-2 signaling, was up-regulated in TECs in response to either Rlow or Rhigh exposure. Taken together we conclude that LAMPs isolated from both Rhigh and Rlow induced rapid, TLR-2 dependent but transient up-regulation of inflammatory genes in primary TECs through an NF-κB dependent pathway.
Collapse
|
14
|
Benedetti F, Davinelli S, Krishnan S, Gallo RC, Scapagnini G, Zella D, Curreli S. Sulfur compounds block MCP-1 production by Mycoplasma fermentans-infected macrophages through NF-κB inhibition. J Transl Med 2014; 12:145. [PMID: 24886588 PMCID: PMC4046042 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), together with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), belongs to a family of endogenous signaling mediators termed “gasotransmitters”. Recent studies suggest that H2S modulates many cellular processes and it has been recognized to play a central role in inflammation, in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. By infecting monocytes/macrophages with Mycoplasma fermentans (M.F.), a well-known pro-inflammatory agent, we evaluated the effects of H2S. Methods M.F.-infected cells were analyzed by ELISA and real time RT-PCR to detect the M.F. effects on MCP-1 and on MMP-12 expression. The role of two different H2S donors (NaHS and GYY4137) on MF-infected cells was determined by treating infected cells with H2S and then testing the culture supernatants for MCP-1 and on MMP-12 production by ELISA assay. In order to identify the pathway/s mediating H2S- anti-inflammatory activity, cells were also treated with specific pharmaceutical inhibitors. Cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of NF-κB heterodimers was analyzed. Results We show that H2S was able to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1, that was induced in monocytes/macrophages during M.F. infection. Moreover, MCP-1 was induced by M.F. through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, as demonstrated by the fact that TLR inhibitors TIRAP and MyD88 and NF-κB inhibitor IKK were able to block the cytokine production. In contrast H2S treatment of M.F. infected macrophages reduced nuclear accumulation of NF-κB heterodimer p65/p52. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that under the present conditions H2S is effective in reducing Mycoplasma-induced inflammation by targeting the NF-κB pathway. This supports further studies for possible clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sabrina Curreli
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Whole surface image of Mycoplasma mobile, suggested by protein identification and immunofluorescence microscopy. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5848-55. [PMID: 22923591 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00976-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a freshwater fish pathogen featured with robust gliding motility, binds to the surface of the gill, where it then colonizes. Here, to obtain a whole image of its cell surface, we identified the proteins exposed on the surface using the following methods. (i) The cell surface was labeled with sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) hexanoate and recovered by an avidin column. (ii) The cells were subjected to phase partitioning using Triton X-114, and the hydrophobic proteins were recovered. (iii) The membrane fraction was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These recovered proteins were subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting, and a final list of 36 expressed surface proteins was established. The ratio of identified proteins to whole surface proteins was estimated through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the membrane fraction. The localization of three newly found proteins, Mvsps C, E, and F, has been clarified by immunofluorescence microscopy. Integrating all information, a whole image of the cell surface showed that the proteins for gliding that were localized at the base of the protrusion of flask-shaped M. mobile account for more than 12% of all surface proteins and that Mvsps, surface variants that were localized at both parts other than the neck, account for 49% of all surface proteins.
Collapse
|