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Zhang X, Yang Y, Liu L, Sui X, Bermudez RS, Wang L, He W, Xu H. Insights into the efficient degradation mechanism of extracellular proteases mediated by Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404439. [PMID: 39040909 PMCID: PMC11260826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease secretion is crucial for degrading nematode cuticles using nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum, but the secretion pattern of protease remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the degradation mechanism of proteases by investigating the characteristics of protease secretion under various carbon and nitrogen sources, and different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios in P. lilacinum. The results showed that corn flour as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source specifically induced protease secretion in P. lilacinum. P. lilacinum produced significant amounts of gelatinase and casein enzyme at C:N ratios of 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1, indicating that higher C:N ratios were more beneficial for secreting extracellular proteases. Proteomic analysis revealed 14 proteases, including 4 S8 serine endopeptidases and one M28 aminopeptidase. Among four S8 serine peptidases, Alp1 exhibited a high secretion level at C:N ratio less than 5:1, whereas PR1C, PR1D, and P32 displayed higher secretion levels at higher C:N ratios. In addition, the transcription levels of GATA transcription factors were investigated, revealing that Asd-4, A0A179G170, and A0A179HGL4 were more prevalent at a C:N ratio of 40:1. In contrast, the transcription levels of SREP, AreA, and NsdD were higher at lower C:N ratios. The putative regulatory profile of extracellular protease production in P. lilacinum, induced by different C:N ratios, was analyzed. The findings offered insights into the complexity of protease production and aided in the hydrolytic degradation of nematode cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | | | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing He
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Huilian Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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2
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Lv B, Zhao X, Guo Y, Li S, Sun M. Serine protease CrKP43 interacts with MAPK and regulates fungal development and mycoparasitism in Clonostachys chloroleuca. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0244823. [PMID: 37831480 PMCID: PMC10715147 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02448-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mycoparasites play important roles in the biocontrol of plant fungal diseases, during which they secret multiple hydrolases such as serine proteases to degrade their fungal hosts. In this study, we demonstrated that the serine protease CrKP43 was involved in C. chloroleuca development and mycoparasitism with the regulation of Crmapk. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in C. chloroleuca. Our findings will provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in mycoparasites and contribute to clarifying the mechanisms underlying mycoparasitism of C. chloroleuca, which will facilitate the development of highly efficient fungal biocontrol agents as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Ribeiro GB, de Almeida Moura I, e Silva AR, de Araújo JV, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, dos Santos Fonseca J, de Oliveira APD, de Souza Perinotto WM. Efficiency of Experimental Formulation Containing Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia against Moniezia expansa Eggs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1028. [PMID: 37623988 PMCID: PMC10459153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental formulation containing chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia fungi, against Moniezia expansa. Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment evaluated the in vitro efficacy using 1 g of the experimental formulation (V1) added to 100 M. expansa eggs and the control (V2) (without the fungal formulation). Intact eggs or eggs with alterations were counted in order to evaluate their effectiveness. The second experiment evaluated the action of the fungal formulation on M. expansa eggs after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of goats. Three groups were identified as B1, B2, and B3, which received 1.0, 1.5 g of experimental fungal formulation, and placebo, respectively. In experiment 1, all the eggs in V1 were subjected to the predatory action of fungi, while in V2, the eggs remained intact. In experiment 2, the reduction of eggs in groups B1 and B2 were 49% and 57% 24 h after ingestion, 60% and 63% 48 h after, and 48% and 58% 72 h after. The predatory capacity against M. expansa eggs shown in the tests demonstrated that experimental fungal formulation has the potential to be used on integrated helminth control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Bomfim Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ially de Almeida Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - André Ricardo e Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil;
| | - Júlia dos Santos Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
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4
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Ciancio A, Cabrera IM, Hidalgo-Diáz L, Puertas A, Duvergel YC. Modeling Root-Knot Nematode Regulation by the Biocontrol Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:900974. [PMID: 37746233 PMCID: PMC10512345 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.900974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Two models of increasing complexity were constructed to simulate the interactions between the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita and the biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata in a rhizosphere microcosm. The models described discrete population dynamics at hourly rates over a 6-month period and were validated using real parasitism and nematode or fungus data. A first, general Pochonia-nematode-root model (GPNR) used five functions and 16 biological constants. The variables and constants describing the RKN life cycle included the rates of egg production, hatching, juvenile (J2), and mature female development, including root or nematode self-density-dependent factors. Other constants accounted for egg parasitism, nematode-induced root losses, growth, and mortalities. The relationship between nematodes and fungal propagules showed density dependence and cyclic variations in time, including an attractor on the propagules and J2 phases space. The simulations confirmed a P. chlamydosporia optimal initial density of 5 · 103 propagules · cc soil-1, as usually applied in assays. The constants used in GPNR showed adherence to the nematode biology, with 103 eggs per egg mass, a 10-day average lifespan of J2, with 2 days required to enter roots, and adult lifespan lasting 24 days. The fungus propagule lifespan was 25 days, with an average feeder root lifespan lasting around 52 days. A second, more complex Pochonia-nematode-root detailed model (GPNRd) was then constructed using eight functions and 23 constants. It was built as GPNR did not allow the evaluation of host prevalence. GPNRd allowed simulations of all RKN life stages and included non-parasitic and parasitic fungus population fractions. Both GPNR and GPNRd matched real J2 and fungus density data observed in a RKN biocontrol assay. Depending on the starting conditions, simulations showed stability in time, interpreted as effective host regulation. GPNRd showed a fungus cyclic relationship with the J2 numbers, with prevalence data close to those observed (38.3 vs. 39.4%, respectively). This model also showed a further density-independent nematode regulation mechanism based on the P. chlamydosporia switch from a non-parasitic to a parasitic trophic behavior. This mechanism supported the biocontrol of M. incognita, also sustained by a concomitant increase of the root density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ciancio
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
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5
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Grabka R, d’Entremont TW, Adams SJ, Walker AK, Tanney JB, Abbasi PA, Ali S. Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Agricultural Plant Protection against Pests and Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030384. [PMID: 35161365 PMCID: PMC8840373 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all examined plant species harbour fungal endophytes which asymptomatically infect or colonize living plant tissues, including leaves, branches, stems and roots. Endophyte-host interactions are complex and span the mutualist-pathogen continuum. Notably, mutualist endophytes can confer increased fitness to their host plants compared with uncolonized plants, which has attracted interest in their potential application in integrated plant health management strategies. In this review, we report on the many benefits that fungal endophytes provide to agricultural plants against common non-insect pests such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and mites. We report endophytic modes of action against the aforementioned pests and describe why this broad group of fungi is vitally important to current and future agricultural practices. We also list an extensive number of plant-friendly endophytes and detail where they are most commonly found or applied in different studies. This review acts as a general resource for understanding endophytes as they relate to potential large-scale agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grabka
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (R.G.); (P.A.A.)
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (T.W.d.); (S.J.A.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Tyler W. d’Entremont
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (T.W.d.); (S.J.A.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Sarah J. Adams
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (T.W.d.); (S.J.A.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Allison K. Walker
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (T.W.d.); (S.J.A.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Joey B. Tanney
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;
| | - Pervaiz A. Abbasi
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (R.G.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (R.G.); (P.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Pires D, Vicente CSL, Inácio ML, Mota M. The Potential of Esteya spp. for the Biocontrol of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010168. [PMID: 35056617 PMCID: PMC8781088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) and a quarantine organism in many countries. Managing PWD involves strict regulations and heavy contingency plans, and present climate change scenarios predict a spread of the disease. The urgent need for sustainable management strategies has led to an increasing interest in promising biocontrol agents capable of suppressing the PWN, like endoparasitic nematophagous fungi of the Esteya genus. Here, we review different aspects of the biology and ecology of these nematophagous fungi and provide future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Manuel Mota
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
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Xu WF, Yang JL, Meng XK, Gu ZG, Zhang QL, Lin LB. Understanding the Transcriptional Changes During Infection of Meloidogyne incognita Eggs by the Egg-Parasitic Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617710. [PMID: 33897634 PMCID: PMC8058359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The egg-pathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum parasitizes on nematode eggs, and thus, it is used as a good biocontrol agent against plant root-knot nematodes. However, little is known about the transcriptional response of P. lilacinum while infecting nematode eggs. This study presents the whole transcriptome sequencing of P. lilacinum and transcriptome-wide gene expression analysis of P. lilacinum upon infecting the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita compared to non-infecting controls. A transcriptomic library of P. lilacinum was used as reference gene set and six transcriptomic libraries of the non-infecting control and P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs were constructed, respectively, comprising three biological replicates of each. A total of 1,011 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the infecting samples, including 553 up-regulated and 458 down-regulated genes compared to the non-infecting control samples. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis exhibited that these DEGs were primarily involved in oxidative phosphorylation, oxidoreductase activity, and metabolic processes. Fifteen DEGs were randomly selected to verify the RNA sequencing results through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The study focused on P. lilacinum genes that were strongly expressed upon infecting M. incognita eggs. These DEGs were primarily involved in detoxification, parasitic behavior, and nutritional utilization. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the parasitic action of P. lilacinum on nematode eggs and provides a valuable genetic resource for further research on parasitic behavior of P. lilacinum. Notably, this study examined the transcriptomics of P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs at only one time point. Since there were fungi at different stages of the infection process at that time point, the transcriptional profiles are not precisely examining one specific stage in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Meng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
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8
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Putative LysM Effectors Contribute to Fungal Lifestyle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063147. [PMID: 33808705 PMCID: PMC8003418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal LysM effector proteins can dampen plant host–defence responses, protecting hyphae from plant chitinases, but little is known on these effectors from nonpathogenic fungal endophytes. We found four putative LysM effectors in the genome of the endophytic nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc123). All four genes encoding putative LysM effectors are expressed constitutively by the fungus. Additionally, the gene encoding Lys1—the smallest one—is the most expressed in banana roots colonised by the fungus. Pc123 Lys1, 2 and 4 display high homology with those of other strains of the fungus and phylogenetically close entomopathogenic fungi. However, Pc123 Lys3 displays low homology with other fungi, but some similarities are found in saprophytes. This suggests evolutionary divergence in Pc123 LysM effectors. Additionally, molecular docking shows that the NAcGl binding sites of Pc123 Lys 2, 3 and 4 are adjacent to an alpha helix. Putative LysM effectors from fungal endophytes, such as Pc123, differ from those of plant pathogenic fungi. LysM motifs from endophytic fungi show clear conservation of cysteines in Positions 13, 51 and 63, unlike those of plant pathogens. LysM effectors could therefore be associated with the lifestyle of a fungus and give us a clue of how organisms could behave in different environments.
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Sambles C, Lopez-Moya F, Nueda MJ, Studholme DJ, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan modulates Pochonia chlamydosporia gene expression during nematode egg parasitism. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4980-4997. [PMID: 33496078 PMCID: PMC8518118 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change makes plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) an increasing threat to commercial crops. PPN can be managed sustainably by the biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc). Chitosan generated from chitin deacetylation enhances PPN parasitism by Pc. In this work, we investigate the molecular mechanisms of Pc for chitosan resistance and root‐knot nematode (RKN) parasitism, using transcriptomics. Chitosan and RKN modify the expression of Pc genes, mainly those involved in oxidation–reduction processes. Both agents significantly modify the expression of genes associated to 113 GO terms and 180 Pc genes. Genes encoding putative glycoproteins (Pc adhesives) to nematode eggshell, as well as genes involved in redox, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism trigger the response to chitosan. We identify genes expressed in both the parasitic and endophytic phases of the Pc lifecycle; these include proteases, chitosanases and transcription factors. Using the Pathogen—Host Interaction database (PHI‐base), our previous RNA‐seq data and RT‐PCR of Pc colonizing banana we have investigated genes expressed both in the parasitic and endophytic phases of Pc lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - María J Nueda
- Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain.,Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080, Spain
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10
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Becker JS, Borneman J, Becker JO. Effect of Heterodera schachtii female age on susceptibility to three fungal hyperparasites in the genus Hyalorbilia. J Nematol 2020; 52:e2020-93. [PMID: 33829185 PMCID: PMC8015330 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three closely related nematophagous fungi in the genus Hyalorbilia were compared for their ability to parasitize females and eggs of Heterodera schachtii at different developmental stages. DoUCR50, StM, and ARF were originally isolated from Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne incognita, and Heterodera glycines, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise sequence analysis showed that DoUCR50 and StM are more closely related to each other than they are to ARF. DoUCR50 parasitism suppressed 100% of the J2 hatch from 3-week-old H. schachtii females and 75% of the hatch from 4-week-old females. Eggs within 5-week-old females were resistant to parasitism, and hatch of J2 was unaffected by exposure to DoUCR50. StM and ARF did not reduce the hatch of J2 from H. schachtii females of any age. Eggs removed from females and spread onto water agar cultures of the fungi were mostly resistant to parasitism. DoUCR50 parasitized only 16% of such eggs from 3-week-old females. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production by the three fungal strains grown on PDA or parasitized H. schachtii females was evaluated using API ZYM (bioMérieux) test strips. All three fungi produced extracellular hydrolytic enzymes when grown on PDA or H. schachtii females. Trypsin-like protease activity was uniquely detected in DoUCR50 grown on PDA and H. schachtii females, with the highest activity associated with the fungus grown on parasitized females.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smith Becker
- Department of Nematology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - J Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - J O Becker
- Department of Nematology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521
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Isolates of the Nematophagous Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia Are Endophytic in Banana Roots and Promote Plant Growth. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia colonizes banana roots endophytically. Root hairs and root surface were colonized by a stable GFP (green fluorescent protein) transformant of the fungus. Hyphal penetration in root cells was also observed. Spores of P. chlamydosporia 123, significantly increase root and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets (Musa acuminata cv. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’) in growth chamber experiments 30 days post-inoculation. In greenhouse 8-L pot experiments, P. chlamydosporia 123 spore inoculation significantly increases root, corm and leaf length, and leaf weight in banana plants (75 days post-inoculation). Spore inoculation of P. chlamydosporia strains from diverse origin (Pc21, Pc123, Pc399, and Pccat), significantly increase root, corm and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets. Pc21 from Italy was the best colonizer of banana roots. Consequently, this strain significantly increases banana root and leaf length most. Root colonization by P. chlamydosporia was also detected using cultural techniques and qPCR.
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12
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Chitambo O, Haukeland S, Fiaboe KKM, Grundler FMW. African Nightshade and African Spinach Decrease Root-Knot Nematode and Potato Cyst Nematode Soil Infestation in Kenya. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1621-1630. [PMID: 31063027 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1193-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly root-knot nematodes (RKN: Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN: Globodera and Heterodera spp.) cause severe yield reduction in most cultivated crops and are of high economic importance. African nightshade (Solanum spp.) and African spinach (Amaranthus spp.) are important African indigenous vegetables (AIV) and are rich sources of nutrition and income. However, their host status to plant-parasitic nematodes remains largely speculative. Therefore, a survey was conducted which revealed that S. villosum exhibited high root galling, whereas on S. scabrum, A. cruentus, and A. dubius root galling was rare or very low. Additionally, soil collected from the rhizosphere of S. villosum and S. scabrum contained few cysts of potato cyst nematodes (PCN), and no developing PCN females were observed on the roots of growing plants. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of RKN and PCN on A. dubius, A. cruentus, S. scabrum, and S. villosum over 2 years in a field experiment. The effects of AIV crop species on RKN and PCN soil infestation were evaluated using susceptible S. lycopersicum or S. tuberosum. After first, second, and third cultivation of A. dubius, A. cruentus, and S. scabrum, RKN infestation of the soil decreased by more than 85%, whereas S. scabrum and S. villosum decreased PCN densities by more than 80%. When cropping susceptible crops, after three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIV, galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops decreased by more than 75%. Wilting and RKN-PCN coinfection incidences also decreased significantly. Here, we present data that support the development of a novel cropping system including African spinach and African nightshade, which reveals a high potential to manage RKN and PCN in an environmentally friendly, effective, and productive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Chitambo
- 1 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- 2 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- 2 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- 1 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Evaluation of lethality temperature and use of different wall materials in the microencapsulation process of Trichoderma asperellum conidias by spray drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Savita, Sharma A. Fungi as Biological Control Agents. BIOFERTILIZERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18933-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Wang R, Dong L, He R, Wang Q, Chen Y, Qu L, Zhang YA. Comparative genomic analyses reveal the features for adaptation to nematodes in fungi. DNA Res 2018; 25:4791394. [PMID: 29315395 PMCID: PMC6014366 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous (NP) fungi are ecologically important components of the soil microbiome in natural ecosystems. Esteya vermicola (Ev) has been reported as a NP fungus with a poorly understood evolutionary history and mechanism of adaptation to parasitism. Furthermore, NP fungal genomic basis of lifestyle was still unclear. We sequenced and annotated the Ev genome (34.2 Mbp) and integrated genetic makeup and evolution of pathogenic genes to investigate NP fungi. The results revealed that NP fungi had some abundant pathogenic genes corresponding to their niche. A number of gene families involved in pathogenicity were expanded, and some pathogenic orthologous genes underwent positive selection. NP fungi with diverse morphological features exhibit similarities of evolutionary convergence in attacking nematodes, but their genetic makeup and microscopic mechanism are different. Endoparasitic NP fungi showed similarity in large number of transporters and secondary metabolite coding genes. Noteworthy, expanded families of transporters and endo-beta-glucanase implied great genetic potential of Ev in quickly perturbing nematode metabolism and parasitic behavior. These results facilitate our understanding of NP fungal genomic features for adaptation to nematodes and lay a solid theoretical foundation for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ran He
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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16
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Aranda-Martinez A, Lenfant N, Escudero N, Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Henrissat B, Lopez-Llorca LV. CAZyme content of Pochonia chlamydosporia reflects that chitin and chitosan modification are involved in nematode parasitism. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4200-4215. [PMID: 27668983 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a soil fungus with a multitrophic lifestyle combining endophytic and saprophytic behaviors, in addition to a nematophagous activity directed against eggs of root-knot and other plant parasitic nematodes. The carbohydrate-active enzymes encoded by the genome of P. chlamydosporia suggest that the endophytic and saprophytic lifestyles make use of a plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation machinery that can target cellulose, xylan and, to a lesser extent, pectin. This enzymatic machinery is completed by a chitin breakdown system that involves not only chitinases, but also chitin deacetylases and a large number of chitosanases. P. chlamydosporia can degrade and grow on chitin and is particularly efficient on chitosan. The relevance of chitosan breakdown during nematode egg infection is supported by the immunolocalization of chitosan in Meloidogyne javanica eggs infected by P. chlamydosporia and by the fact that the fungus expresses chitosanase and chitin deacetylase genes during egg infection. This suggests that these enzymes are important for the nematophagous activity of the fungus and they are targets for improving the capabilities of P. chlamydosporia as a biocontrol agent in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicolas Lenfant
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nuria Escudero
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ernesto A Zavala-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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17
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Guo Q, Fokkens L, Miskei M, Pócsi I, Zhang W, Chen M, Wang L, Sun Y, Donzelli BGG, Gibson DM, Nelson DR, Luo JG, Rep M, Liu H, Yang S, Wang J, Krasnoff SB, Xu Y, Molnár I, Lin M. Insights into Adaptations to a Near-Obligate Nematode Endoparasitic Lifestyle from the Finished Genome of Drechmeria coniospora. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23122. [PMID: 26975455 PMCID: PMC4792172 DOI: 10.1038/srep23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi employ three distinct predatory strategies: nematode trapping, parasitism of females and eggs, and endoparasitism. While endoparasites play key roles in controlling nematode populations in nature, their application for integrated pest management is hindered by the limited understanding of their biology. We present a comparative analysis of a high quality finished genome assembly of Drechmeria coniospora, a model endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, integrated with a transcriptomic study. Adaptation of D. coniospora to its almost completely obligate endoparasitic lifestyle led to the simplification of many orthologous gene families involved in the saprophytic trophic mode, while maintaining orthologs of most known fungal pathogen-host interaction proteins, stress response circuits and putative effectors of the small secreted protein type. The need to adhere to and penetrate the host cuticle led to a selective radiation of surface proteins and hydrolytic enzymes. Although the endoparasite has a simplified secondary metabolome, it produces a novel peptaibiotic family that shows antibacterial, antifungal and nematicidal activities. Our analyses emphasize the basic malleability of the D. coniospora genome: loss of genes advantageous for the saprophytic lifestyle; modulation of elements that its cohort species utilize for entomopathogenesis; and expansion of protein families necessary for the nematode endoparasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Qiannan Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bruno G. G. Donzelli
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Donna M. Gibson
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Stuart B. Krasnoff
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Tzean Y, Chou TH, Hsiao CC, Shu PY, Walton JD, Tzean SS. Cloning and characterization of cuticle-degrading serine protease from nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Talwana H, Sibanda Z, Wanjohi W, Kimenju W, Luambano-Nyoni N, Massawe C, Manzanilla-López RH, Davies KG, Hunt DJ, Sikora RA, Coyne DL, Gowen SR, Kerry BR. Agricultural nematology in East and Southern Africa: problems, management strategies and stakeholder linkages. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:226-245. [PMID: 26299755 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
By 2050, Africa's population is projected to exceed 2 billion. Africa will have to increase food production more than 50% in the coming 50 years to meet the nutritional requirements of its growing population. Nowhere is the need to increase agricultural productivity more pertinent than in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, where it is currently static or declining. Optimal pest management will be essential, because intensification of any system creates heightened selection pressures for pests. Plant-parasitic nematodes and their damage potential are intertwined with intensified systems and can be an indicator of unsustainable practices. As soil pests, nematodes are commonly overlooked or misdiagnosed, particularly where appropriate expertise and knowledge transfer systems are meager or inadequately funded. Nematode damage to roots results in less efficient root systems that are less able to access nutrients and water, which can produce symptoms typical of water or nutrient deficiency, leading to misdiagnosis of the underlying cause. Damage in subsistence agriculture is exacerbated by growing crops on degraded soils and in areas of low water retention where strong root growth is vital. This review focuses on the current knowledge of economically important nematode pests affecting key crops, nematode control methods and the research and development needs for sustainable management, stakeholder involvement and capacity building in the context of crop security in East and Southern Africa, especially Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Talwana
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, Uganda
| | | | - Waceke Wanjohi
- Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wangai Kimenju
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Cornel Massawe
- Tengeru Horticultural Research Institute, Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Keith G Davies
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon R Gowen
- School of Agriculture and Policy Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berks, UK
| | - Brian R Kerry
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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20
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Escudero N, Ferreira SR, Lopez-Moya F, Naranjo-Ortiz MA, Marin-Ortiz AI, Thornton CR, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan enhances parasitism of Meloidogyne javanica eggs by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:572-585. [PMID: 27020158 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc), a nematophagous fungus and root endophyte, uses appressoria and extracellular enzymes, principally proteases, to infect the eggs of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). Unlike other fungi, Pc is resistant to chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, used in agriculture as a biopesticide to control plant pathogens. In the present work, we show that chitosan increases Meloidogyne javanica egg parasitism by P. chlamydosporia. Using antibodies specific to the Pc enzymes VCP1 (a subtilisin), and SCP1 (a serine carboxypeptidase), we demonstrate chitosan elicitation of the fungal proteases during the parasitic process. Chitosan increases VCP1 immuno-labelling in the cell wall of Pc conidia, hyphal tips of germinating spores, and in appressoria on infected M. javanica eggs. These results support the role of proteases in egg parasitism by the fungus and their activation by chitosan. Phylogenetic analysis of the Pc genome reveals a large diversity of subtilisins (S8) and serine carboxypeptidases (S10). The VCP1 group in the S8 tree shows evidence of gene duplication indicating recent adaptations to nutrient sources. Our results demonstrate that chitosan enhances Pc infectivity of nematode eggs through increased proteolytic activities and appressoria formation and might be used to improve the efficacy of M. javanica biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Escudero
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sebastião R Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomic of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Ana I Marin-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
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21
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Larriba E, Jaime MDLA, Carbonell-Caballero J, Conesa A, Dopazo J, Nislow C, Martín-Nieto J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:69-80. [PMID: 24530791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ∼41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - María D L A Jaime
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3G5 Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
| | - José Carbonell-Caballero
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Conesa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Manzanilla-López RH, Devonshire J, Ward E, Hirsch PR. A combined cryo-scanning electron microscopy/cryoplaning approach to study the infection of Meloidogyne incognita eggs by Pochonia chlamydosporia. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is a saprophytic soil-dwelling fungus and is also a parasite of the eggs of the root-knot plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Studies on its molecular characterisation, diversity, tritrophic interactions and ecology have been carried out. However, to elucidate the role in soil and rhizosphere ecology of this and other nematophagous fungi used in biological control, and to enhance their exploitation, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the biology and fungus-nematode infection process using different approaches, including microscopy. Low-temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM) techniques allow the examination of frozen, fully hydrated samples that can reveal important ultrastructural features occurring through fungus-nematode interactions. A method that combined cryo-SEM with cryoplaning was developed to examine samples of eggs, gelatinous matrix and females of Meloidogyne incognita colonised by P. chlamydosporia. The fungal samples were produced in potato dextrose agar to which different nematode stages were added and processed for cryo-SEM and cryoplaning within a period of 0-72 h post inoculation. The method was found to be rapid and economical, provided clear and detailed external images of the infection process and allowed viewing of sections through structures with minimal processing in comparison to other cryo-SEM techniques and it could be adapted to study other fungus-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Devonshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Elaine Ward
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Penny R. Hirsch
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Nematophagous fungi for biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic animals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:71-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Joshi S, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics and applications of a recombinant alkaline serine protease from a novel bacterium Bacillus lehensis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:76-85. [PMID: 23340105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A highly alkaline protease (BLAP) from a novel psychrotolerant and alkaliphilic bacterium, Bacillus lehensis was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. BLAP belongs to subtilase S8 family of proteases, comprising 27 aa secretion signal, 83 aa prosequence and 269 aa mature BLAP. The amino acids Asp 141, His 171 and Ser 324 form catalytic triad, while Ile 214, Leu 233 and Asn 267 are other active site moieties. Recombinant alkaline protease (rBLAP) is a monomeric protein of 39.0±1.0kDa, and it is active over broad pH (8-12) and temperature (30-60°C) ranges, with optima at pH 12.8 and 50°C. rBLAP is stimulated by SDS, Co(2+), Ca(2+), β-ME, and inhibited by Hg(2+) and PMSF. The rBLAP is compatible with commercial detergents, useful in silk degumming and silver recovery from the used photographic films and a potent biocontrol agent for arresting the development of eggs of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India
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