1
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Lin J, Moradi E, Salenius K, Lehtipuro S, Häkkinen T, Laiho JE, Oikarinen S, Randelin S, Parikh HM, Krischer JP, Toppari J, Lernmark Å, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, She JX, Hagopian WA, Rewers MJ, Lloyd RE, Rautajoki KJ, Hyöty H, Nykter M. Distinct transcriptomic profiles in children prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies and following enterovirus infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7630. [PMID: 37993433 PMCID: PMC10665402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the genetic basis and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes have been studied extensively, how host responses to environmental factors might contribute to autoantibody development remains largely unknown. Here, we use longitudinal blood transcriptome sequencing data to characterize host responses in children within 12 months prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies, as well as matched control children. We report that children who present with insulin-specific autoantibodies first have distinct transcriptional profiles from those who develop GADA autoantibodies first. In particular, gene dosage-driven expression of GSTM1 is associated with GADA autoantibody positivity. Moreover, compared with controls, we observe increased monocyte and decreased B cell proportions 9-12 months prior to autoantibody positivity, especially in children who developed antibodies against insulin first. Lastly, we show that control children present transcriptional signatures consistent with robust immune responses to enterovirus infection, whereas children who later developed islet autoimmunity do not. These findings highlight distinct immune-related transcriptomic differences between case and control children prior to case progression to islet autoimmunity and uncover deficient antiviral response in children who later develop islet autoimmunity.
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Grants
- U01 DK063821 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063863 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UL1 TR002535 NCATS NIH HHS
- U01 DK128847 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK063790 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UL1 TR000064 NCATS NIH HHS
- HHSN267200700014C NLM NIH HHS
- U01 DK063836 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK063829 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK063865 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK095300 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063861 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063829 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063821 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK117483 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063836 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK112243 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK124166 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK063861 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK063865 NIDDK NIH HHS
- U01 DK063863 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK106955 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UC4 DK100238 NIDDK NIH HHS
- Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö (Sigrid Jusélius Foundation)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- The TEDDY Study is funded by U01 DK63829, U01 DK63861, U01 DK63821, U01 DK63865, U01 DK63863, U01 DK63836, U01 DK63790, UC4 DK63829, UC4 DK63861, UC4 DK63821, UC4 DK63865, UC4 DK63863, UC4 DK63836, UC4 DK95300, UC4 DK100238, UC4 DK106955, UC4 DK112243, UC4 DK117483, U01 DK124166, U01 DK128847, and Contract No. HHSN267200700014C from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and JDRF. This work is supported in part by the NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards to the University of Florida (UL1 TR000064) and the University of Colorado (UL1 TR002535).
- Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg's Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Lin
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
- Biostatistics, Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaheh Moradi
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70150, Finland
| | - Karoliina Salenius
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Lehtipuro
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi Häkkinen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sofia Randelin
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hemang M Parikh
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Platform for Innovative Microbiome & Translational Research (PRIME-TR), Moon Shots™ Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Jinfiniti Precision Medicine, Inc., Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William A Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kirsi J Rautajoki
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland.
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Deraison C, Bonnart C, Langella P, Roget K, Vergnolle N. Elafin and its precursor trappin-2: What is their therapeutic potential for intestinal diseases? Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:144-160. [PMID: 36355635 PMCID: PMC10098471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin and its precursor trappin-2 are known for their contribution to the physiological mucosal shield against luminal microbes. Such a contribution seems to be particularly relevant in the gut, where the exposure of host tissues to heavy loads of microbes is constant and contributes to mucosa-associated pathologies. The expression of trappin-2/elafin has been shown to be differentially regulated in diseases associated with gut inflammation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the protective effects of trappin-2/elafin in gut intestinal disorders associated with acute or chronic inflammation, or with gluten sensitization disorders. The protective effects of trappin-2/elafin in the gut are discussed in terms of their pleiotropic modes of action: acting as protease inhibitors, transglutaminase substrates, antimicrobial peptides or as a regulator of pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Further, the question of the therapeutic potential of trappin-2/elafin delivery at the intestinal mucosa surface is raised. Whether trappin-2/elafin mucosal delivery should be considered to ensure intestinal tissue repair is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Henrick BM, Yao XD, Nasser L, Roozrogousheh A, Rosenthal KL. Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Innate Immune System of Human Milk: Working Together to Protect Infants against Inflammation, HIV-1, and Other Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1631. [PMID: 29238342 PMCID: PMC5712557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of infants’ breastfeeding from their HIV-infected mothers do not acquire HIV-1 infection despite exposure to cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in HIV-infected breast milk. Paradoxically, exclusive breastfeeding regardless of the HIV status of the mother has led to a significant decrease in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) compared with non-exclusive breastfeeding. Although it remains unclear how these HIV-exposed infants remain uninfected despite repeated and prolonged exposure to HIV-1, the low rate of transmission is suggestive of a multitude of protective, short-lived bioactive innate immune factors in breast milk. Indeed, recent studies of soluble factors in breast milk shed new light on mechanisms of neonatal HIV-1 protection. This review highlights the role and significance of innate immune factors in HIV-1 susceptibility and infection. Prevention of MTCT of HIV-1 is likely due to multiple factors, including innate immune factors such as lactoferrin and elafin among many others. In pursuing this field, our lab was the first to show that soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) directly inhibits HIV infection, integration, and inflammation. More recently, we demonstrated that sTLR2 directly binds to selective HIV-1 proteins, including p17, gp41, and p24, leading to significantly reduced NFκB activation, interleukin-8 production, CCR5 expression, and HIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, a clearer understanding of soluble milk-derived innate factors with known antiviral functions may provide new therapeutic insights to reduce vertical HIV-1 transmission and will have important implications for protection against HIV-1 infection at other mucosal sites. Furthermore, innate bioactive factors identified in human milk may serve not only in protecting infants against infections and inflammation but also the elderly; thus, opening the door for novel innate immune therapeutics to protect newborns, infants, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Henrick
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laila Nasser
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ava Roozrogousheh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth L Rosenthal
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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4
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Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis inhibits sonic hedgehog function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171668. [PMID: 28170441 PMCID: PMC5295673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen essential to the developing nervous system that continues to play an important role in adult life by contributing to cell proliferation and differentiation, maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, and being cytoprotective against oxidative and excitotoxic stress, all features of importance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a fatal disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons due to poorly understood mechanisms. Evidence indicates that Shh might play an important role in ALS, and that Shh signaling might be also adversely affected in ALS. Since little is known about the functional status of Shh pathway in patients with ALS, we therefore sought to determine whether Shh protein levels or biological activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was less in ALS patients than controls, and whether these measures could be correlated with ALS disease severity and disease progression, and with other CSF analytes of biological interest in ALS. Comparing Shh levels in the CSF of normal controls (n = 13), neurological controls (n = 12), and ALS patients (n = 9) measured by ELISA, we found that CSF Shh levels were not different between controls and ALS patients. However, when assessing Shh biological activity in CSF using in vitro cell-based assays, which measure Shh activity as inducible Gli-driven luminescence, we found that in the presence of exogenous recombinant Shh or the Shh agonist, purmorphamine, the inducible activity of CSF was significantly augmented in the control groups as expected, but not in the ALS group, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor of Shh signaling in ALS CSF samples. Since purmorphamine acts on Smoothened, downstream of Shh and its receptor Patched, the inhibitory action is downstream of Smoothened. Our results also demonstrated that while the inhibitory effect of ALS CSF on Shh signaling did not correlate significantly with ALS disease characteristics, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α did. In addition to being significantly elevated in ALS CSF, these cytokines negatively correlated with the disease duration, whereas GDF11 was a favorable predictor of ALS clinical score. We also found that TNF-α significantly inhibited Shh biological activity in vitro, potentially suggesting a novel role of TNF-α in ALS pathogenesis. Collectively, this is the first report demonstrating that Shh signaling in CSF of ALS patients is compromised.
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5
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Henrick BM, Yao XD, Taha AY, German JB, Rosenthal KL. Insights into Soluble Toll-Like Receptor 2 as a Downregulator of Virally Induced Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:291. [PMID: 27531999 PMCID: PMC4969314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to distinguish pathogens from self-antigens is one of the most important functions of the immune system. However, this simple self versus non-self assignment belies the complexity of the immune response to threats. Immune responses vary widely and appropriately according to a spectrum of threats and only recently have the mechanisms for controlling this highly textured process emerged. A primary mechanism by which this controlled decision-making process is achieved is via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and the subsequent activation of the immune response coincident with the presence of pathogenic organisms or antigens, including lipid mediators. While immune activation is important, the appropriate regulation of such responses is also critical. Recent findings indicate a parallel pathway by which responses to both viral and bacterial infections is controlled via the secretion of soluble TLR2 (sTLR2). sTLR2 is able to bind a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). sTLR2 has been detected in many bodily fluids and is thus ubiquitous in sites of pathogen appearance. Interestingly, growing evidence suggests that sTLR2 functions to sequester PAMPs and DAMPs to avoid immune activation via detection of cellular-expressed TLRs. This immune regulatory function would serve to reduce the expression of the molecules required for cellular entry, and the recruitment of target cells following infection with bacteria and viruses. This review provides an overview of sTLR2 and the research regarding the mechanisms of its immune regulatory properties. Furthermore, the role of this molecule in regulating immune activation in the context of HIV infection via sTLR2 in breast milk provides actionable insights into therapeutic targets across a variety of infectious and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M. Henrick
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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6
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Kaschwich M, Lützen U, Zhao Y, Tjiong A, Marx M, Haenisch S, Wiedow O, Preuss S, Culman J, Zuhayra M. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the (99m)Tc labeled human elastase inhibitor, elafin, in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:146-55. [PMID: 26948953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elafin is a potent reversible inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory proteases leukocyte elastase and protease 3. It is currently in clinical development for the use in postoperative inflammatory diseases. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of (99m)Tc-labeled elafin ((99m)Tc-Elafin) in blood and individual organs in rat after bolus intravenous injection using the single photon emission tomography (SPECT). (99m)Tc-Elafin predominantly accumulated in the kidney reaching a maximum of 8.5% ± 0.1% of the injected dose per gram (ID/g) at 5 min post injection (p.i) and decreased only slowly during 24 h. In contrast, the initially high radio activity recorded in the other organs rapidly decreased parallel to the radioactivity detected in blood. The blood kinetics fits to a two compartment kinetics model. The radio activity in the dissected kidney was 4.98 ± 1.24%ID/g 24 h p.i, while in other organs, including the brain, no accumulation of (99m)Tc-Elafin was detected. At this time point 30% of the detected radioactivity in the kidney was identified to be not metabolized (99m)Tc-Elafin. In conclusion, the blood and organ-specific kinetic data provide a basis for planning of adequate dosing regimens and the high accumulation of intact elafin in the kidney favors clinical developments targeting inflammatory kidney diseases, such as chronic allograft nephropathy after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kaschwich
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Lützen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Angelina Tjiong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Marlies Marx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Sierk Haenisch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Wiedow
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Preuss
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 9, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juraj Culman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maaz Zuhayra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany.
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7
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The role of sex hormones in immune protection of the female reproductive tract. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:217-30. [PMID: 25743222 DOI: 10.1038/nri3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within the human female reproductive tract (FRT), the challenge of protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is coupled with the need to enable successful reproduction. Oestradiol and progesterone, which are secreted during the menstrual cycle, affect epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the FRT to modify their functions and hence the individual's susceptibility to STIs in ways that are unique to specific sites in the FRT. The innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, and immune protection in the FRT varies with the phase of the menstrual cycle. Immune protection is dampened during the secretory phase of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy, which creates a 'window of vulnerability' during which potential pathogens can enter and infect the FRT.
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Rodriguez Garcia M, Patel MV, Shen Z, Fahey JV, Biswas N, Mestecky J, Wira CR. Mucosal Immunity in the Human Female Reproductive Tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Urquijo-Sánchez S, Taborda-Vanegas NA, Rugeles-López MT. Factores solubles con actividad antiviral: en búsqueda de nuevos blancos terapéuticos para la infección por el VIH-1. IATREIA 2014. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Los mecanismos innatos antivirales han resultado de gran interés debido a su uso potencial para la prevención y tratamiento de la infección por el VIH. En particular, los factores solubles antivirales han sido objeto de múltiples investigaciones por su capacidad de inhibir diferentes pasos del ciclo replicativo viral y de potenciar la respuesta inmune del hospedero. Entre estos factores solubles se destacan TRIM-5α, APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, ELAFIN, SERPINA1 y SLPI, que actúan directamente sobre la partícula viral o la célula, o promueven la producción de moléculas involucradas en la respuesta inmune contra el virus. Algunos de ellos se han correlacionado con un bajo riesgo de adquirir la infección por el VIH o con una lenta progresión a sida. La exploración de los mecanismos antivirales de estas proteínas es requisito para el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas.
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Soluble toll-like receptor 2 is significantly elevated in HIV-1 infected breast milk and inhibits HIV-1 induced cellular activation, inflammation and infection. AIDS 2014; 28:2023-32. [PMID: 25265071 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously demonstrated that immunodepletion of soluble Toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) from human breast milk significantly increased HIV infection in vitro. The aims of this study were to characterize sTLR2 levels in breast milk from HIV-infected and uninfected women, and identify a mechanism by which sTLR2 inhibits HIV-induced cellular activation and infection. DESIGN Blinded studies of breast milk from HIV-infected and uninfected Nigerian and Canadian women were evaluated for levels of sTLR2, proinflammatory cytokines and viral antigenemia. In-vitro experiments were conducted using cell lines to assess sTLR2 function in innate responses and effect on HIV infection. RESULTS Breast milk from HIV-infected women showed significantly higher levels of sTLR2 than uninfected breast milk. Further, sTLR2 levels correlated with HIV-1 p24 and interleukin (IL)-15, thus suggesting a local innate compensatory response in the HIV-infected breast. Given the significantly higher levels of sTLR2 in breast milk from HIV-infected women, we next demonstrated that mammary epithelial cells and macrophages, which are prevalent in milk, produced significantly increased levels of sTLR2 following exposure to HIV-1 proteins p17, p24 and gp41 or the TLR2 ligand, Pam3CSK4. Our results also demonstrated that sTLR2 physically interacts with p17, p24 and gp41 and inhibits HIV-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation, and inflammation. Importantly, binding of sTLR2 to HIV-1 proteins inhibited a TLR2-dependent increase in chemokine receptor 5 expression, thus resulting in significantly reduced HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSION These results indicate novel mechanisms by which sTLR2 plays a critical role in inhibiting mother-to-child HIV transmission.
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11
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Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87:7526-38. [PMID: 23637403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02243-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor elafin (E) and its precursor, trappin-2 (Tr), have been associated with mucosal resistance to HIV-1 infection. We recently showed that Tr/E are among principal anti-HIV-1 molecules in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid, that E is ∼130 times more potent than Tr against HIV-1, and that Tr/E inhibited HIV-1 attachment and transcytosis across human genital epithelial cells (ECs). Since herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a major sexually transmitted infection and risk factor for HIV-1 infection and transmission, we assessed Tr/E contribution to defense against HSV-2. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that pretreatment of endometrial (HEC-1A) and endocervical (End1/E6E7) ECs with human Tr-expressing adenovirus (Ad/Tr) or recombinant Tr/E proteins before or after HSV-2 infection resulted in significantly reduced virus titers compared to those of controls. Interestingly, E was ∼7 times more potent against HSV-2 infection than Tr. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous Tr/E by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increased HSV-2 replication in genital ECs. Recombinant Tr and E reduced viral attachment to genital ECs by acting indirectly on cells. Further, lower viral replication was associated with reduced secretion of proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. Additionally, protected Ad/Tr-treated ECs demonstrated enhanced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) nuclear translocation and increased antiviral IFN-β in response to HSV-2. Lastly, in vivo studies of intravaginal HSV-2 infection in Tr-transgenic mice (Etg) showed that despite similar virus replication in the genital tract, Etg mice had reduced viral load and TNF-α in the central nervous system compared to controls. Collectively, this is the first experimental evidence highlighting anti-HSV-2 activity of Tr/E in female genital mucosa.
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Drannik AG, Nag K, Yao XD, Henrick BM, Ball TB, Plummer FA, Wachihi C, Kimani J, Rosenthal KL. Anti-HIV-1 activity of elafin depends on its nuclear localization and altered innate immune activation in female genital epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52738. [PMID: 23300756 PMCID: PMC3531372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin (E) and its precursor trappin-2 (Tr) are alarm antiproteases with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Tr and E (Tr/E) have been associated with HIV-1 resistance. We recently showed that Tr/E reduced IL-8 secretion and NF-κB activation in response to a mimic of viral dsRNA and contributed to anti-HIV activity of cervicovaginal lavage fluid (CVL) of HIV-resistant (HIV-R) commercial sex workers (CSWs). Additionally, Tr, and more so E, were found to inhibit attachment/entry and transcytosis of HIV-1 in human endometrial HEC-1A cells, acting through virus or cells. Given their immunomodulatory activity, we hypothesized that Tr/E could exert anti-HIV-1 activity at multiple levels. Here, using tagged and untagged Tr/E proteins, we comparatively evaluated their protease inhibitory, anti-HIV-1, and immunomodulatory activities, and cellular distribution. E appeared to function as an autocrine/paracrine factor in HEC-1A cells, and anti-HIV-1 activity of E depended on its unmodified N-terminus and altered cellular innate activation, but not its antiprotease activity. Specifically, exogenously added N-terminus-unmodified E was able to enter the nucleus and to reduce viral attachment/entry and transcytosis, preferentially affecting R5-HIV-1(ADA), but not X4-HIV-1(IIIB). Further, anti-HIV-1 activity of E was associated with significantly decreased HIV-1-triggered IL-8 release, attenuated NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation, and significantly modulated mRNA expression of innate sensors TLR3 and RIG-I in HEC-1A cells. Most importantly, we found that elevated Tr/E in CVLs of HIV-R CSWs were associated with lower mRNA levels of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and RIG-I in the genital ECs from this cohort, suggesting a link between Tr/E, HIV-1 resistance and modulated innate viral recognition in the female genital mucosa. Collectively, our data indicate that unmodified N-terminus is critical for intranuclear localization and anti-HIV-1 activity of E. We also propose that E-mediated altered cellular innate activation most likely contributes to the HIV-R phenotype of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Drannik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kakon Nag
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba and Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Francis A. Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba and Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles Wachihi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Verrier T, Solhonne B, Sallenave JM, Garcia-Verdugo I. The WAP protein Trappin-2/Elafin: a handyman in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1377-80. [PMID: 22634606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trappin-2/Elafin is a potent serine protease inhibitor which prevents excessive damage under inflammatory status. This "alarm-antiprotease" is locally expressed by epithelial cells and immune cells such as macrophages and γδ T cells. It has also been proven to modulate a wide range of parameters that are critical for the inflammation process like modulating the NFκB pathway, cytokine secretion and cell recruitment. In addition, Trappin-2/Elafin was shown to possess anti-microbial properties against different classes of pathogens including viruses, fungi and bacteria. Studies also linked Trappin-2/Elafin to either susceptibility or protection against inflammatory disease and infections, even though the mechanisms remains poorly understood. This review will discuss some of the pleiotropic effects displayed by Trappin-2/Elafin, and the properties that could be used to prevent infection or to protect against inflammation.
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