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Valadan R, Dabiri M, Tehrani M, Hashemi Tabar G, Rafiei A. A cell-based subtractive panning strategy for selection of conformation-specific single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) against dimerization domain of EGFR. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113456. [PMID: 36898519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Overexpression of EGFR, a member of the ErbB receptor family, has been observed in several cancers and causes resistance to therapeutic antibodies, such as Herceptin. In this study, we produced a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against the EGFR dimerization domain. METHODS The recombinant scFv was generated using a cell-based subtractive panning strategy. Subtractive panning was performed on a genetically engineered, VERO/EGFR, cells as well as a triple-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB-468, cells. Phage cell-ELISA was used to monitor the binding of the selected scFvs to the dimerization domain of EGFR. Inhibition of EGFR and HER2 dimerization by the produced scFvs were finally evaluated using the dimerization inhibition test and the expression of apoptosis-related genes were measured using the quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS PCR fingerprinting results showed a uniform digestion pattern following the third round of panning that confirmed the success of subtractive panning. Moreover, cell-ELISA validated the reactivity of the produced scFvs to EGFR following stimulation with EGF. Dimerization inhibition test showed the capacity of the scFvs to inhibit EGFR and HER2 dimerization. Investigation of apoptosis-related genes showed that treatment with the scFv antibody caused increased Bax and decreased Bcl2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Directed HER2 targeting was shown to be effective enough to block the functional domain of the cell receptor and its intracellular signaling pathway. The subtractive panning strategy used in this study could control the process of directed selection of specific antibodies against the dimerization domain of EGFR. Selected antibodies might then be functionally tested for antitumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mina Dabiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemi Tabar
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran..
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Li X, Sun B, Zhu J, Qian M, Chen Y. Construction of a Mass-Tagged Oligo Probe Set for Revealing Protein Ratiometric Relationship Associated with EGFR-HER2 Heterodimerization in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8838-8846. [PMID: 35709389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein dimerization, as the most common form of protein-protein interaction, can manifest more significant roles in cellular signaling than individual monomers. For example, excessive formation of EGFR-HER2 dimer has been implicated in cancer development and therapeutic resistance in addition to the overexpression of EGFR and HER2 proteins. Thus, quantitative evaluation of these heterodimers in living cells and revelation of their ratiometric relationship with protein monomers in dimerization may provide insights into clinical cancer management. To achieve this goal, the prerequisite is protein heterodimer quantification. Given the current lack of quantitative methods, we constructed a mass-tagged oligo nanoprobe set for quantification of EGFR-HER2 dimer in living cells. The mass-tagged oligo nanoprobe set contained two targeting probes (nucleic acid aptamers), a connector probe, a hairpin probe, and a photocleavable mass-tagged probe. Two distinct aptamers can recognize target protein monomers and initiate the subsequent hybridization cascade involving binding to the connector probe, formation of an initiator strand, opening of a hairpin probe, and ensuing hybridization with a photocleavable mass-tagged probe. Ultimately, the mass tag was released under ultraviolet light and then subjected to mass spectrometric analysis. In this way, the information regarding the interaction between two protein monomers was successfully converted to the quantitative signal of the mass tag. Using the assay, the expression level of EGFR-HER2 dimer and its relationship with individual protein monomers were determined in four breast cancer cell lines. We are among the first to obtain the absolute level of protein heterodimer, and this quantitative information may be vital in understanding the molecular basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Moting Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
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3
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Quantification of protein-protein interactions and activation dynamics: A new path to predictive biomarkers. Biophys Chem 2022; 283:106768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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Kim SJ, Dixon AS, Owen SC. Split-enzyme immunoassay to monitor EGFR-HER2 heterodimerization on cell surfaces. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:225-233. [PMID: 34496282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 30,000 protein-protein interactions with pathological implications have been identified; yet, discovering and investigating drugs that target these specific interactions is greatly limited by the inability to monitor native protein-protein interactions (PPIs) efficiently. The two most frequently used tools to monitor PPIs, resonance-energy transfer (RET) assays and protein complementation assays (PCA), face significant limitations. RET assays have a narrow working range of 10 to 50 Å, while PCA require permanent attachment of a reporter probe to a protein of interest by chemical conjugation or genetic engineering. We developed a non-invasive assay platform to measure PPIs without modifications to the proteins of interest and is functional at a greater working range than RET assays. We demonstrate our approach by monitoring the EGFR-HER2 heterodimerization on relevant cell surfaces, utilizing various EGFR- and HER2-specific binders (e.g., Fab, DARPin, and VHH) fused with small fragments of a tri-part split-luciferase derived from NanoLuc®. Following independent binding of the binder fusions to their respective targets, the dimerization of EGFR and HER2 induces complementation of the luciferase fragments into a functional native structure, producing glow-type luminescence. We have confirmed the functionality of the platform to monitor EGFR-HER2 dimerization induction and inhibition. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a platform technology for rapid monitoring of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Our approach is uses a luciferase split into three parts - two short peptide "tags" and a large third fragment. Each of the short peptides can be fused to antibodies which bind to domains of a target antigens which orients the two tags and facilitates refolding of an active enzyme. To our knowledge this is the first example of a split-enzyme used to monitor PPIs without requiring any modification of the target proteins. We demonstrate our approach on the important PPI of HER2 and EGFR. Significantly, we quantify stimulation and inhibition of these partners, opening the possibility of using our approach to assess potential drugs without engineering cells.
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Ambrosetti E, Bernardinelli G, Hoffecker I, Hartmanis L, Kiriako G, de Marco A, Sandberg R, Högberg B, Teixeira AI. A DNA-nanoassembly-based approach to map membrane protein nanoenvironments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:85-95. [PMID: 33139936 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins at the plasma membrane are not uniformly distributed but localize to dynamic domains of nanoscale dimensions. To investigate their functional relevance, there is a need for methods that enable comprehensive analysis of the compositions and spatial organizations of membrane protein nanodomains in cell populations. Here we describe the development of a non-microscopy-based method for ensemble analysis of membrane protein nanodomains. The method, termed nanoscale deciphering of membrane protein nanodomains (NanoDeep), is based on the use of DNA nanoassemblies to translate membrane protein organization information into a DNA sequencing readout. Using NanoDeep, we characterized the nanoenvironments of Her2, a membrane receptor of critical relevance in cancer. Importantly, we were able to modulate by design the inventory of proteins analysed by NanoDeep. NanoDeep has the potential to provide new insights into the roles of the composition and spatial organization of protein nanoenvironments in the regulation of membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulio Bernardinelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Hoffecker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Hartmanis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Högberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rodallec A, Franco C, Robert S, Sicard G, Giacometti S, Lacarelle B, Bouquet F, Savina A, Lacroix R, Dignat-George F, Ciccolini J, Poncelet P, Fanciullino R. Prototyping Trastuzumab Docetaxel Immunoliposomes with a New FCM-Based Method to Quantify Optimal Antibody Density on Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4147. [PMID: 32139753 PMCID: PMC7057981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing targeted nanoparticles is a rising strategy to improve drug delivery in oncology. Antibodies are the most commonly used targeting agents. However, determination of their optimal number at the surface remains a challenging issue, mainly due to the difficulties in measuring precisely surface coating levels when prototyping nanoparticles. We developed an original quantitative assay to measure the exact number of coated antibodies per nanoparticle. Using flow cytometry optimized for submicron particle analysis and beads covered with known amounts of human IgG-kappa mimicking various amounts of antibodies, this new method was tested as part of the prototyping of docetaxel liposomes coated with trastuzumab against Her2+ breast cancer. This quantification method allowed to discriminate various batches of immunoliposomes depending on their trastuzumab density on nanoparticle surface (i.e., 330 (Immunoliposome-1), 480 (Immunoliposome-2) and 690 (Immunoliposome-3), p = 0.004, One-way ANOVA). Here we showed that optimal number of grafted antibodies on nanoparticles should be finely tuned and highest density of targeting agent is not necessarily associated with highest efficacy. Overall, this new method should help to better prototype third generation nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodallec
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - C Franco
- Biocytex, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN UMR_S1263, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - S Robert
- C2VN, AMUTICYT Core facility, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - G Sicard
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - S Giacometti
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - B Lacarelle
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - F Bouquet
- Institut Roche, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - A Savina
- Institut Roche, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - R Lacroix
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN UMR_S1263, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - F Dignat-George
- C2VN, AMUTICYT Core facility, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN UMR_S1263, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - J Ciccolini
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - R Fanciullino
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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7
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Ho-Pun-Cheung A, Bazin H, Boissière-Michot F, Mollevi C, Simony-Lafontaine J, Landas E, Bleuse JP, Chardès T, Prost JF, Pèlegrin A, Jacot W, Mathis G, Lopez-Crapez E. Quantification of HER1, HER2 and HER3 by time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer in FFPE triple-negative breast cancer samples. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:397-404. [PMID: 31792349 PMCID: PMC7000684 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a worse prognosis compared with other breast cancer subtypes, and biomarkers to identify patients at high risk of recurrence are needed. Here, we investigated the expression of human epidermal receptor (HER) family members in TNBC and evaluated their potential as biomarkers of recurrence. Methods We developed Time Resolved-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) assays to quantify HER1, HER2 and HER3 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour tissues. After assessing the performance and precision of our assays, we quantified HER protein expression in 51 TNBC specimens, and investigated the association of their expression with relapse-free survival. Results The assays were quantitative, accurate, and robust. In TNBC specimens, HER1 levels ranged from ≈4000 to more than 2 million receptors per cell, whereas HER2 levels varied from ≈1000 to 60,000 receptors per cell. HER3 expression was very low (less than 5500 receptors per cell in all samples). Moderate HER2 expression was significantly associated with higher risk of recurrence (HR = 3.93; P = 0.003). Conclusions Our TR-FRET assays accurately quantify HER1, HER2 and HER3 in FFPE breast tumour specimens. Moderate HER2 expression may represent a novel prognostic marker in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ho-Pun-Cheung
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Mollevi
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Thierry Chardès
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - André Pèlegrin
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Evelyne Lopez-Crapez
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France.
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8
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Ang YS, Li JJ, Chua PJ, Ng CT, Bay BH, Yung LYL. Localized Visualization and Autonomous Detection of Cell Surface Receptor Clusters Using DNA Proximity Circuit. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6193-6198. [PMID: 29608843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors play an important role in mediating cell communication and are used as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We present a one-pot molecular toolbox, which we term the split proximity circuit (SPC), for the autonomous detection and visualization of cell surface receptor clusters. Detection was powered by antibody recognition and a series of autonomous DNA hybridization to achieve localized, enzyme-free signal amplification. The system under study was the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, that is, HER2:HER2 homodimer and HER2:HER3 heterodimer, both in cell lysate and in situ on fixed whole cells. The detection and imaging of receptors were carried out using standard microplate scans and confocal microscopy, respectively. The circuit operated specifically with minimal leakages and successfully captured the receptor expression profiles on three cell types without any intermediate washing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan Ang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117585 , Singapore
| | - Jia'En Jasmine Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117585 , Singapore
| | - Pei-Jou Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117594 , Singapore
| | - Cheng-Teng Ng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117594 , Singapore
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117594 , Singapore
| | - Lin-Yue Lanry Yung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117585 , Singapore
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9
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Bondza S, Björkelund H, Nestor M, Andersson K, Buijs J. Novel Real-Time Proximity Assay for Characterizing Multiple Receptor Interactions on Living Cells. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13212-13218. [PMID: 29160688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular receptor activity is often controlled through complex mechanisms involving interactions with multiple molecules, which can be soluble ligands and/or other cell surface molecules. In this study, we combine a fluorescence-based technology for real-time interaction analysis with fluorescence quenching to create a novel time-resolved proximity assay to study protein-receptor interactions on living cells. This assay extracts the binding kinetics and affinity for two proteins if they bind in proximity on the cell surface. One application of real-time proximity interaction analysis is to study relative levels of receptor dimerization. The method was primarily evaluated using the HER2 binding antibodies Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab and two EGFR binding antibodies including Cetuximab. Using Cetuximab and Trastuzumab, proximity of EGFR and HER2 was investigated before and after treatment of cells with the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Gefitinib. Treated cells displayed 50% increased proximity signal, whereas the binding characteristics of the two antibodies were not significantly affected, implying an increase in the EGFR-HER2 dimer level. These results demonstrate that real-time proximity interaction analysis enables determination of the interaction rate constants and affinity of two ligands while simultaneously quantifying their relative colocalization on living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Dag Hammarskjölds väg 28, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Björkelund
- Ridgeview Instruments AB , Dag Hammarskjölds väg 28, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Andersson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Dag Hammarskjölds väg 28, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , Dag Hammarskjölds väg 28, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Gantke T, Weichel M, Herbrecht C, Reusch U, Ellwanger K, Fucek I, Eser M, Müller T, Griep R, Molkenthin V, Zhukovsky EA, Treder M. Trispecific antibodies for CD16A-directed NK cell engagement and dual-targeting of tumor cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:673-684. [PMID: 28981915 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies that redirect the lytic activity of cytotoxic immune effector cells, such as T- and NK cells, onto tumor cells have emerged as a highly attractive and clinically validated treatment modality for hematological malignancies. Advancement of this therapeutic concept into solid tumor indications, however, is hampered by the scarcity of targetable antigens that are surface-expressed on tumor cells but demonstrate only limited expression on healthy tissues. To overcome this limitation, the concept of dual-targeting, i.e. the simultaneous targeting of two tumor-expressed surface antigens with limited co-expression on non-malignant cells, with multispecific antibodies has been proposed to increase tumor selectivity of antibody-induced effector cell cytotoxicity. Here, a novel CD16A (FcγRIIIa)-directed trispecific, tetravalent antibody format, termed aTriFlex, is described, that is capable of redirecting NK cell cytotoxicity to two surface-expressed antigens. Using a BCMA/CD200-based in vitro model system, the potential use of aTriFlex antibodies for dual-targeting and selective induction of NK cell-mediated target cell lysis was investigated. Bivalent bispecific target cell binding was found to result in significant avidity gains and up to 17-fold increased in vitro potency. These data suggest trispecific aTriFlex antibodies may support dual-targeting strategies to redirect NK cell cytotoxicity with increased selectivity to enable targeting of solid tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gantke
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weichel
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herbrecht
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Reusch
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ivica Fucek
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eser
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remko Griep
- Abcheck s.r.o., Teslova 3, 30100 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eugene A Zhukovsky
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biomunex Pharmaceuticals, 96bis Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Martin Treder
- Affimed GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Afsari HS, Cardoso Dos Santos M, Lindén S, Chen T, Qiu X, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Jennings TL, Susumu K, Medintz IL, Hildebrandt N, Miller LW. Time-gated FRET nanoassemblies for rapid and sensitive intra- and extracellular fluorescence imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600265. [PMID: 27386579 PMCID: PMC4928903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Time-gated Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using the unique material combination of long-lifetime terbium complexes (Tb) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) provides many advantages for highly sensitive and multiplexed biosensing. Although time-gated detection can efficiently suppress sample autofluorescence and background fluorescence from directly excited FRET acceptors, Tb-to-QD FRET has rarely been exploited for biomolecular imaging. We demonstrate Tb-to-QD time-gated FRET nanoassemblies that can be applied for intra- and extracellular imaging. Immunostaining of different epitopes of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with Tb- and QD-conjugated antibodies and nanobodies allowed for efficient Tb-to-QD FRET on A431 cell membranes. The broad usability of Tb-to-QD FRET was further demonstrated by intracellular Tb-to-QD FRET and Tb-to-QD-to-dye FRET using microinjection as well as cell-penetrating peptide-mediated endocytosis with HeLa cells. Effective brightness enhancement by FRET from several Tb to the same QD, the use of low nanomolar concentrations, and the quick and sensitive detection void of FRET acceptor background fluorescence are important advantages for advanced intra- and extracellular imaging of biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Samareh Afsari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607–7061, USA
| | - Marcelina Cardoso Dos Santos
- NanoBioPhotonics (www.nanofret.com), Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Stina Lindén
- NanoBioPhotonics (www.nanofret.com), Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607–7061, USA
| | - Xue Qiu
- NanoBioPhotonics (www.nanofret.com), Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics (www.nanofret.com), Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Lawrence W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607–7061, USA
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13
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van de Ven SMWY, Bemis KD, Lau K, Adusumilli R, Kota U, Stolowitz M, Vitek O, Mallick P, Gambhir SS. Protein biomarkers on tissue as imaged via MALDI mass spectrometry: A systematic approach to study the limits of detection. Proteomics 2016; 16:1660-9. [PMID: 26970438 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is emerging as a tool for protein and peptide imaging across tissue sections. Despite extensive study, there does not yet exist a baseline study evaluating the potential capabilities for this technique to detect diverse proteins in tissue sections. In this study, we developed a systematic approach for characterizing MALDI-MSI workflows in terms of limits of detection, coefficients of variation, spatial resolution, and the identification of endogenous tissue proteins. Our goal was to quantify these figures of merit for a number of different proteins and peptides, in order to gain more insight in the feasibility of protein biomarker discovery efforts using this technique. Control proteins and peptides were deposited in serial dilutions on thinly sectioned mouse xenograft tissue. Using our experimental setup, coefficients of variation were <30% on tissue sections and spatial resolution was 200 μm (or greater). Limits of detection for proteins and peptides on tissue were in the micromolar to millimolar range. Protein identification was only possible for proteins present in high abundance in the tissue. These results provide a baseline for the application of MALDI-MSI towards the discovery of new candidate biomarkers and a new benchmarking strategy that can be used for comparing diverse MALDI-MSI workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M W Y van de Ven
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyle D Bemis
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth Lau
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ravali Adusumilli
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uma Kota
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Mark Stolowitz
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olga Vitek
- College of Science, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Assenat E, Azria D, Mollevi C, Guimbaud R, Tubiana-Mathieu N, Smith D, Delord JP, Samalin E, Portales F, Larbouret C, Robert B, Bibeau F, Bleuse JP, Crapez E, Ychou M, Pèlegrin A. Dual targeting of HER1/EGFR and HER2 with cetuximab and trastuzumab in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine failure: results of the "THERAPY"phase 1-2 trial. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12796-808. [PMID: 25918250 PMCID: PMC4494975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve treatment efficacy, we decided to simultaneously target HER1 and HER2 with trastuzumab and cetuximab. Following promising preclinical results, we conducted a phase 1-2 trial in advanced pancreatic cancer patients after first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy failure. In this single-arm, non-randomized, multicenter trial, patients received weekly cetuximab (400mg/m², then 250mg/m²). They were sequentially included in two trastuzumab dose levels: 3.0 or 4.0mg/kg, then 1.5 or 2.0mg/kg/weekly. Endpoints were the objective response rate, safety, progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). During phase 1 (n=10 patients), toxicities were evenly distributed except for skin toxicities that frequently caused compliance issues. The higher dose level was defined as the trastuzumab recommended dose. During phase 2 (n=39 patients), toxicities were mainly cutaneous reactions and asthenia. No objective response was observed. Nine patients were stabilized but arrested treatment due to toxicity. Median PFS was 1.8 months (95%CI: 1.7-2.0 months) and median OS was 4.6 months (95%CI: 2.7–6.6 months). Both were positively correlated with skin toxicity severity (P=0.027 and P=0.001, respectively). Conventional phase 1 dose-escalation schedules are unsuitable for targeted therapies because most cutaneous toxicities are not considered dose-limiting toxicities. The compliance issues caused by skin toxicities were particularly detrimental because of the toxicity-response correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Assenat
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - David Azria
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosine Guimbaud
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, TSA, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | | | - Denis Smith
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Samalin
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Portales
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Larbouret
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bleuse
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Crapez
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM)-Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
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15
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Yaku H, Murashima T, Miyoshi D, Sugimoto N. A mRNA-Responsive G-Quadruplex-Based Drug Release System. SENSORS 2015; 15:9388-403. [PMID: 25905703 PMCID: PMC4431183 DOI: 10.3390/s150409388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex-based drug delivery carriers (GDDCs) were designed to capture and release a telomerase inhibitor in response to a target mRNA. Hybridization between a loop on the GDDC structure and the mRNA should cause the G-quadruplex structure of the GDDC to unfold and release the bound inhibitor, anionic copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuAPC). As a proof of concept, GDDCs were designed with a 10-30-mer loop, which can hybridize with a target sequence in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA. Structural analysis using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the GDDCs form a (3 + 1) type G-quadruplex structure in 100 mM KCl and 10 mM MgCl2 in the absence of the target RNA. Visible absorbance titration experiments showed that the GDDCs bind to CuAPC with Ka values of 1.5 × 105 to 5.9 × 105 M−1 (Kd values of 6.7 to 1.7 μM) at 25 °C, depending on the loop length. Fluorescence titration further showed that the G-quadruplex structure unfolds upon binding to the target RNA with Ka values above 1.0 × 108 M−1 (Kd values below 0.01 μM) at 25 °C. These results suggest the carrier can sense and bind to the target RNA, which should result in release of the bound drug. Finally, visible absorbance titration experiments demonstrated that the GDDC release CuAPC in response to the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Yaku
- Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, 3-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan.
| | - Takashi Murashima
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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16
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Nevoltris D, Lombard B, Dupuis E, Mathis G, Chames P, Baty D. Conformational nanobodies reveal tethered epidermal growth factor receptor involved in EGFR/ErbB2 predimers. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1388-1399. [PMID: 25603171 DOI: 10.1021/nn505752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a cell-surface receptor with a single transmembrane domain and tyrosine kinase activity carried by the intracellular domain. This receptor is one of the four members of the ErbB family including ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. Ligand binding, like EGF binding, induces a conformational rearrangement of the receptor and induces a homo/hetero dimerization essentially with ErbB family receptors that leads to the phosphorylation of the kinase domain, triggering a signaling cascade. EGFR can also form inactive dimers in a ligand-independent way through interactions between cytoplasmic domains. To date, the conformation of EGFR extracellular domain engaged in these inactive dimers remains unclear. In this study, we describe the successful selection and characterization of llama anti-EGFR nanobodies and their use as innovative conformational sensors. We isolated three different specific anti-EGFR clones binding to three distinct epitopes. Interestingly, the binding of all three nanobodies was found highly sensitive to ligand stimulation. Two nanobodies, D10 and E10, can only bind the ligand-free EGFR conformation characterized by an intramolecular tether between domains II and IV, whereas nanobody G10 binds both ligand-free and ligand activated EGFR, with an 8-fold higher affinity for the extended conformation in the presence of ligand. Here we took advantage of these conformational probes to reveal the existence of tethered EGFR in EGFR/ErbB2 predimers. These biosensors represent important tools allowing the determination of EGFR conformations and should help the design of relevant inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Nevoltris
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille F-13009, France
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17
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Evaluation of the dimerization profiles of HER tyrosine kinases by time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET). Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1233:45-55. [PMID: 25319888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1789-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as those belonging to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, occurs only after receptor dimerization, which is a crucial step for cellular signal transduction and diversification. The HER family includes four members (EGFR/HER1, HER2, HER3, and HER4) that can homodimerize or heterodimerize. Here, we describe immunoassays based on time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to profile EGFR-EGFR, HER2-HER2, and EGFR-HER2 dimers directly in tumor samples.
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18
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Li L, Gardner I, Rose R, Jamei M. Incorporating Target Shedding Into a Minimal PBPK-TMDD Model for Monoclonal Antibodies. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e96. [PMID: 24477089 PMCID: PMC3910015 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shedding of a pharmacological target from cells, giving rise to a soluble target that can also bind therapeutic proteins, is a common phenomenon. In this study, a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate the pharmacokinetics of trastuzumab and the simultaneous binding of the compound to soluble (in blood and tissue interstitial space) and membrane-bound (in the tissue interstitial space) forms of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The parameter values describing binding of trastuzumab to HER2 were largely derived from in vitro data, and the effects of varying HER2 levels, the affinity difference between membrane-bound HER2 and shed antigen, and slow binding kinetics were investigated. The model simulates a sharp decrease in trough drug concentrations at concentrations of soluble target between 500 and 1,000 ng/ml in plasma. This corresponds with the clinical concentration range of soluble target wherein changes in half-life of trastuzumab have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - I Gardner
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Rose
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Jamei
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Zwier JM, Bazin H, Lamarque L, Mathis G. Luminescent lanthanide cryptates: from the bench to the bedside. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1854-66. [PMID: 24392868 DOI: 10.1021/ic402234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design and application of luminescent lanthanide cryptates for sensing biological interactions is highlighted through the review of the work performed in our laboratory and with academic collaborations. The path from the initial applications probing biochemical interaction in vitro to "state-of-the-art" cellular assays toward clinical applications using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technology is described. An overview of the luminescent lanthanide macrocyclic compounds developed at Cisbio in the recent past is given with an emphasis on specific constraints required by specific applications. Recent assays for drug-discovery and diagnostic purposes using both antibody-based and suicide-enzyme-based technology are illustrated. New perspectives in the field of molecular medicine and time-resolved microscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M Zwier
- Cisbio Bioassays , Parc Marcel Boiteux, BP 84175, Codolet, France
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20
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Tyrosine Kinases in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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