1
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105452. [PMID: 37949218 PMCID: PMC10772735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF-related protein family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand-binding domain, that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the ligand-binding domain is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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2
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Jaswal AP, Kumar B, Roelofs AJ, Iqbal SF, Singh AK, Riemen AHK, Wang H, Ashraf S, Nanasaheb SV, Agnihotri N, De Bari C, Bandyopadhyay A. BMP signaling: A significant player and therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1454-1468. [PMID: 37392862 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the significance of BMP signaling in osteoarthritis (OA) etiology, and thereafter propose a disease-modifying therapy for OA. METHODS To examine the role of the BMP signaling in pathogenesis of OA, an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection (ACLT) surgery was performed to incite OA in C57BL/6J mouse line at postnatal day 120 (P120). Thereafter, to investigate whether activation of BMP signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce OA, we have used conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse lines in which BMP signaling can be activated or depleted, respectively, upon intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen. Finally, we locally inhibited BMP signaling through intra-articular injection of LDN-193189 pre- and post-onset surgically induced OA. The majority of the investigation has been conducted using micro-CT, histological staining, and immuno histochemistry to assess the disease etiology. RESULTS Upon induction of OA, depletion of SMURF1-an intra-cellular BMP signaling inhibitor in articular cartilage coincided with the activation of BMP signaling, as measured by pSMAD1/5/9 expression. In mouse articular cartilage, the BMP gain-of-function mutation is sufficient to induce OA even without surgery. Further, genetic, or pharmacological BMP signaling suppression also prevented pathogenesis of OA. Interestingly, inflammatory indicators were also significantly reduced upon LDN-193189 intra-articular injection which inhibited BMP signaling and slowed OA progression post onset. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that BMP signaling is crucial to the etiology of OA and inhibiting BMP signaling locally can be a potent strategy for alleviating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrit Pran Jaswal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anke J Roelofs
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sayeda Fauzia Iqbal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anna H K Riemen
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Hui Wang
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sadaf Ashraf
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sanap Vaibhav Nanasaheb
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitin Agnihotri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555965. [PMID: 37693455 PMCID: PMC10491252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF related protein (CTRP) family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE, and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in-silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand binding domain (LBD), that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the LBD is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
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4
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Sangadala S, Kim CH, Fernandes LM, Makkar P, Beck GR, Boden SD, Drissi H, Presciutti SM. Sclerostin small-molecule inhibitors promote osteogenesis by activating canonical Wnt and BMP pathways. eLife 2023; 12:e63402. [PMID: 37560905 PMCID: PMC10431921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical healing environment after a posterior spinal arthrodesis surgery is one of the most clinically challenging bone-healing environments across all orthopedic interventions due to the absence of a contained space and the need to form de novo bone. Our group has previously reported that sclerostin in expressed locally at high levels throughout a developing spinal fusion. However, the role of sclerostin in controlling bone fusion remains to be established. Methods We computationally identified two FDA-approved drugs, as well as a single novel small-molecule drug, for their ability to disrupt the interaction between sclerostin and its receptor, LRP5/6. The drugs were tested in several in vitro biochemical assays using murine MC3T3 and MSCs, assessing their ability to (1) enhance canonical Wnt signaling, (2) promote the accumulation of the active (non-phosphorylated) form of β-catenin, and (3) enhance the intensity and signaling duration of BMP signaling. These drugs were then tested subcutaneously in rats as standalone osteoinductive agents on plain collagen sponges. Finally, the top drug candidates (called VA1 and C07) were tested in a rabbit posterolateral spine fusion model for their ability to achieve a successful fusion at 6 wk. Results We show that by controlling GSK3b phosphorylation our three small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) simultaneously enhance canonical Wnt signaling and potentiate canonical BMP signaling intensity and duration. We also demonstrate that the SMIs produce dose-dependent ectopic mineralization in vivo in rats as well as significantly increase posterolateral spine fusion rates in rabbits in vivo, both as standalone osteogenic drugs and in combination with autologous iliac crest bone graft. Conclusions Few if any osteogenic small molecules possess the osteoinductive potency of BMP itself - that is, the ability to form de novo ectopic bone as a standalone agent. Herein, we describe two such SMIs that have this unique ability and were shown to induce de novo bone in a stringent in vivo environment. These SMIs may have the potential to be used in novel, cost-effective bone graft substitutes for either achieving spinal fusion or in the healing of critical-sized fracture defects. Funding This work was supported by a Veteran Affairs Career Development Award (IK2-BX003845).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhara Sangadala
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Chi Heon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Lorenzo M Fernandes
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Pooja Makkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
| | - George R Beck
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturUnited States
- Emory University, Division of EndocrinologyAtlantaUnited States
| | - Scott D Boden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Steven M Presciutti
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDecaturUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
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5
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Gipson GR, Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Kenny AP, Agricola Z, Edwards NA, Zinski J, Czepnik M, Mullins MC, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Formation and characterization of BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers. BMC Biol 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36726183 PMCID: PMC9893541 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the TGFβ family, which are largely studied as homodimers, are also known to form heterodimers with biological activity distinct from their component homodimers. For instance, heterodimers of bone morphogenetic proteins, including BMP2/BMP7, BMP2/BMP6, and BMP9/BMP10, among others, have illustrated the importance of these heterodimeric proteins within the context of TGFβ signaling. RESULTS In this study, we have determined that mature GDF5 can be combined with mature BMP2 or BMP4 to form BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimer. Intriguingly, this combination of a BMP2 or BMP4 monomer, which exhibit high affinity to heparan sulfate characteristic to the BMP class, with a GDF5 monomer with low heparan sulfate affinity produces a heterodimer with an intermediate affinity. Using heparin affinity chromatography to purify the heterodimeric proteins, we then determined that both the BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers consistently signaled potently across an array of cellular and in vivo systems, while the activities of their homodimeric counterparts were more context dependent. These differences were likely driven by an increase in the combined affinities for the type 1 receptors, Alk3 and Alk6. Furthermore, the X-ray crystal structure of BMP2/GDF5 heterodimer was determined, highlighting the formation of two asymmetric type 1 receptor binding sites that are both unique relative to the homodimers. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this method of heterodimer production yielded a signaling molecule with unique properties relative to the homodimeric ligands, including high affinity to multiple type 1 and moderate heparan binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristof Nolan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alan P Kenny
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Agricola
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole A Edwards
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Zinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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6
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Fok SW, Gresham RCH, Ryan W, Osipov B, Bahney C, Leach JK. Macromolecular crowding and decellularization method increase the growth factor binding potential of cell-secreted extracellular matrices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1091157. [PMID: 36756385 PMCID: PMC9899907 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1091157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant growth factors are used in tissue engineering to stimulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Conventional methods of growth factor delivery for therapeutic applications employ large amounts of these bioactive cues. Effective, localized growth factor release is essential to reduce the required dose and potential deleterious effects. The endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) sequesters native growth factors through its negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Mesenchymal stromal cells secrete an instructive extracellular matrix that can be tuned by varying culture and decellularization methods. In this study, mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted extracellular matrix was modified using λ-carrageenan as a macromolecular crowding (MMC) agent and decellularized with DNase as an alternative to previous decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) to improve growth factor retention. Macromolecular crowding decellularized extracellular matrix contained 7.7-fold more sulfated glycosaminoglycans and 11.7-fold more total protein than decellularized extracellular matrix, with no significant difference in residual DNA. Endogenous BMP-2 was retained in macromolecular crowding decellularized extracellular matrix, whereas BMP-2 was not detected in other extracellular matrices. When implanted in a murine muscle pouch, we observed increased mineralized tissue formation with BMP-2-adsorbed macromolecular crowding decellularized extracellular matrix in vivo compared to conventional decellularized extracellular matrix. This study demonstrates the importance of decellularization method to retain endogenous sulfated glycosaminoglycans in decellularized extracellular matrix and highlights the utility of macromolecular crowding to upregulate sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. This platform has the potential to aid in the delivery of lower doses of BMP-2 or other heparin-binding growth factors in a tunable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shierly W. Fok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Robert C. H. Gresham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Weston Ryan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Osipov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea Bahney
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, United States
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: J. Kent Leach,
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7
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Manissorn J, Tonsomboon K, Wangkanont K, Thongnuek P. Effects of Chemical Additives in Refolding Buffer on Recombinant Human BMP-2 Dimerization and the Bioactivity on SaOS-2 Osteoblasts. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2065-2076. [PMID: 36687022 PMCID: PMC9850730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a promising osteogenic agent in tissue engineering. BMP-2 is usually expressed in Escherichia coli owing to the high yield and low cost, but the protein is expressed as inclusion bodies. Thus, the bottleneck for BMP-2 production in E. coli is the refolding process. Here, we explored the effects of the refolding buffer composition on BMP-2 refolding. The BMP-2 inclusion body was solubilized in urea and subjected to refolding by the dilution method. Various additives were investigated to improve the BMP-2 refolding yield. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE showed that BMP-2 dimers, the presumably biologically active form, were detected at approximately 25 kDa. The highest yield of the BMP-2 dimers was observed in the refolding buffer that contained ionic detergents (sarkosyl and cetylpyridinium chloride) followed by zwitterionic and nonionic detergents (NDSB-195, NP-40, and Tween 80). In addition, sugars (glucose, sorbitol, and sucrose) in combination with anionic detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and sarkosyl) reduced BMP-2 oligomers and increased the BMP-2 dimer yield. Subsequently, the refolded BMP-2s were tested for their bioactivity using the alkaline phosphatase assay in osteogenic cells (SaOS-2), as well as the luciferase reporter assay and the calcium assays. The refolded BMP-2 showed the activities in the calcium deposition assay and the luciferase reporter assay but not in the alkaline phosphatase activity assay or the intracellular calcium assay even though the dimers were clearly detected. Therefore, the detection of the disulfide-linked dimeric BMP-2 in nonreducing SDS-PAGE is an inadequate proxy for the bioactivity of BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthatip Manissorn
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Khaow Tonsomboon
- National
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency
(NSTDA), Klong
Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, and Molecular
Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Thongnuek
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Lees-Shepard JB, Stoessel SJ, Chandler JT, Bouchard K, Bento P, Apuzzo LN, Devarakonda PM, Hunter JW, Goldhamer DJ. An anti-ACVR1 antibody exacerbates heterotopic ossification by fibro-adipogenic progenitors in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:153795. [PMID: 35503416 PMCID: PMC9197527 DOI: 10.1172/jci153795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by progressive and catastrophic heterotopic ossification (HO) of skeletal muscle and associated soft tissues. FOP is caused by dominantly acting mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, ACVR1 (ALK2), the most prevalent of which results in an arginine to histidine substitution at position 206[ACVR1(R206H)]. The fundamental pathological consequence of FOP-causing ACVR1 receptor mutations is to enable activin A to initiate canonical BMP signaling in fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), which drives HO. We developed a monoclonal blocking antibody (JAB0505) to the extracellular domain of ACVR1 and tested its effect on HO in two independent FOP mouse models. Although JAB0505 inhibited BMP-dependent gene expression in wild-type and ACVR1(R206H)-overexpressing cell lines, JAB0505 treatment profoundly exacerbated injury-induced HO. JAB0505-treated mice exhibited multiple, distinct foci of heterotopic lesions, suggesting an atypically broad anatomical domain of FAP recruitment to endochondral ossification. This was accompanied by dysregulated FAP population growth and an abnormally sustained immunological reaction following muscle injury. JAB0505 drove injury-induced HO in the absence of activin A, indicating that JAB0505 has receptor agonist activity. These data raise serious safety and efficacy concerns for the use of bivalent anti-ACVR1 antibodies to treat patients with FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Lees-Shepard
- Skeletal Diseases, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Sean J Stoessel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States of America
| | - Julian T Chandler
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Keith Bouchard
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Patricia Bento
- Product Development and Clinical Supply, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Lorraine N Apuzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey W Hunter
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, United States of America
| | - David J Goldhamer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States of America
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Łukowicz K, Zagrajczuk B, Wieczorek J, Millan-Ciesielska K, Polkowska I, Cholewa-Kowalska K, Osyczka AM. Molecular Indicators of Biomaterials Osteoinductivity - Cell Migration, BMP Production and Signalling Turns a Key. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:672-690. [PMID: 34782949 PMCID: PMC8930966 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work we dissected the osteoinductive properties of selected, PLGA-based scaffolds enriched with gel-derived bioactive glasses (SBGs) of either binary SiO2-CaO or ternary SiO2-CaO-P2O5 system, differing in CaO/SiO2 ratio (i.e. high -or low-calcium SBGs). To assess the inherent ability of the scaffolds to induce osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), the study was designed to avoid any osteogenic stimuli beyond the putative osteogenic SBG component of the studied scaffolds. The bioactivity and porosity of scaffolds were confirmed by SBF test and porosimetry. Condition media (CM) from BMSC-loaded scaffolds exhibited increased Ca and decreased P content corresponding to SBGs CaO/SiO2 ratio, whereas Si content was relatively stable and overall lower in CM from scaffolds containing binary SBGs. CM from cell-loaded scaffolds containing high-calcium, binary SBGs promoted migration of BMSC and BMP-response in reporter osteoblast cell line. BMSC culture on these scaffolds or the ones containing ternary, low-calcium SBGs resulted in the activation of BMP-related signaling and expression of several osteogenic markers. Ectopic bone formation was induced by scaffolds containing binary SBGs, but high-calcium ones produced significantly more osteoid. Scaffolds containing ternary SBGs negatively influenced the expression of osteogenic transcription factors and Cx43, involved in cell-cell interactions. High-calcium scaffolds stimulated overall higher Cx43 expression. We believe the initial cell-cell communication may be crucial to induce and maintain osteogenesis and high BMP signaling on the studied scaffolds. The presented scaffolds' biological properties may also constitute new helpful markers to predict osteoinductive potential of other bioactive implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łukowicz
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Zagrajczuk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wieczorek
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Millan-Ciesielska
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2 Jakubowskiego St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna M Osyczka
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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10
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Kargarpour Z, Nasirzade J, Panahipour L, Mitulović G, Miron RJ, Gruber R. Platelet-Rich Fibrin Increases BMP2 Expression in Oral Fibroblasts via Activation of TGF-β Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157935. [PMID: 34360701 PMCID: PMC8347014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), consisting of coagulated plasma from fractionated blood, has been proposed to be a suitable carrier for recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to target mesenchymal cells during bone regeneration. However, whether solid PRF can increase the expression of BMPs in mesenchymal cells remains unknown. Proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of TGF-β1 but not BMP2 in PRF lysates. According to the existing knowledge of recombinant TGF-β1, we hypothesized that PRF can increase BMP2 expression in mesenchymal cells. To test this hypothesis, we blocked TGF-β receptor 1 kinase with SB431542 in gingival fibroblasts exposed to PRF lysates. RT-PCR and immunoassays confirmed that solid PRF lysates caused a robust SB431542-dependent increase in BMP2 expression in gingival fibroblasts. Additionally, fractions of liquid PRF, namely platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and the buffy coat (BC) layer, but not heat-denatured PPP (Alb-gel), greatly induced the expression of BMP2 in gingival fibroblasts. Even though PRF has no detectable BMPs, PRF lysates similar to recombinant TGF-β1 had the capacity to provoke canonical BMP signaling, as indicated by the nuclear translocation of Smad1/5 and the increase in its phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that PRF can activate TGF-β receptor 1 kinase and consequently induce the production of BMP2 in cells of the mesenchymal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (Z.K.); (J.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Jila Nasirzade
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (Z.K.); (J.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (Z.K.); (J.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Goran Mitulović
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine Proteomics Core Facility, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (Z.K.); (J.N.); (L.P.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40070-2660
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11
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Characterization of the different oligomeric states of the DAN family antagonists SOSTDC1 and SOST. Biochem J 2021; 477:3167-3182. [PMID: 32779697 PMCID: PMC7473711 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family are a group of secreted extracellular proteins which typically bind to and antagonize BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) ligands. Previous studies have revealed discrepancies between the oligomerization state of certain DAN family members, with SOST (a poor antagonist of BMP signaling) forming a monomer while Grem1, Grem2, and NBL1 (more potent BMP antagonists) form non-disulfide linked dimers. The protein SOSTDC1 (Sclerostin domain containing protein 1) is sequentially similar to SOST, but has been shown to be a better BMP inhibitor. In order to determine the oligomerization state of SOSTDC1 and determine what effect dimerization might have on the mechanism of DAN family antagonism of BMP signaling, we isolated the SOSTDC1 protein and, using a battery of biophysical, biochemical, and structural techniques, showed that SOSTDC1 forms a highly stable non-covalent dimer. Additionally, this SOSTDC1 dimer was shown, using an in vitro cell based assay system, to be an inhibitor of multiple BMP signaling growth factors, including GDF5, while monomeric SOST was a very poor antagonist. These results demonstrate that SOSTDC1 is distinct from paralogue SOST in terms of both oligomerization and strength of BMP inhibition.
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12
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The role of CaO/SiO 2 ratio and P 2O 5 content in gel-derived bioactive glass-polymer composites in the modulation of their bioactivity and osteoinductivity in human BMSCs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110535. [PMID: 32228933 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We obtained a range of PLGA-based composites containing sol-gel bioactive glasses (SBG) from the SiO2-CaO and SiO2-CaO-P2O5 systems. Eight SBGs with different CaO/SiO2 ratios with and without P2O5 were incorporated at 50% w/w to PLGA matrix and structured into thin films suitable for cell culture. The SBG/PLGA composites were examined for their bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF), ion release profile in culture media with and without cells, and osteoinductivity in standard human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) cultures without osteogenic growth factors. Our results indicate different surface activity of composites depending on the presence/absence of P2O5 in SBG composition. Furthermore, ion release profile to culture medium differed depending on the presence/absence of cells. Direct culture of hBMSC on the SiO2-CaO/PLGA composite films resulted in elevated Runx-2 mRNA, opposite to low Runx-2 mRNA levels on SiO2-CaO-P2O5/PLGA films. All studied composites increased Osx mRNA levels. Whereas some of SiO2-CaO/PLGA composites did not elevate BMP-2 and -6 proteins in hBMSC cultures, high levels of these BMPs were present in all cultures on SiO2-CaO-P2O5/PLGA composites. All composites induced BMP-related Tak1 signalling, whereas Smad1 signalling was restricted mostly to composites containing three-component SBGs. ALP activity of hBMSC and BMP-related luciferase activity of mouse BRITE cells differed depending on whether the cells were stimulated with culture medium conditioned with SBG/PLGA composites or the cells were directly cultured on the composite surfaces. Altogether, beyond bioactivity and osteoinductivity of SBG/PLGA composites, our studies show key differences in the biological response to both the bioactive material dissolution products and upon direct cell-material contacts.
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13
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Guo L, Wang R, Zhang K, Yuan J, Wang J, Wang X, Ma J, Wu C. A PINCH-1-Smurf1 signaling axis mediates mechano-regulation of BMPR2 and stem cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3773-3794. [PMID: 31578224 PMCID: PMC6829670 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues from extracellular matrix exert strong effects on stem cell differentiation. This study finds that a signaling axis consisting of PINCH-1, Smurf1, and BMPR2 senses mechanical signals from extracellular matrix and regulates BMP signaling and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Mechano-environment plays multiple critical roles in the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate decision, but the underlying signaling mechanisms remain undefined. We report here a signaling axis consisting of PINCH-1, SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1), and bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor (BMPR2) that links mechano-environment to MSC fate decision. PINCH-1 interacts with Smurf1, which inhibits the latter from interacting with BMPR2 and consequently suppresses BMPR2 degradation, resulting in augmented BMP signaling and MSC osteogenic differentiation (OD). Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening increases PINCH-1 level and consequently activates this signaling axis. Depletion of PINCH-1 blocks stiff ECM-induced BMP signaling and OD, whereas overexpression of PINCH-1 overrides signals from soft ECM and promotes OD. Finally, perturbation of either Smurf1 or BMPR2 expression is sufficient to block the effects of PINCH-1 on BMP signaling and MSC fate decision. Our findings delineate a key signaling mechanism through which mechano-environment controls BMPR2 level and MSC fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jifan Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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14
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Whitely M, Rodriguez-Rivera G, Waldron C, Mohiuddin S, Cereceres S, Sears N, Ray N, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. Porous PolyHIPE microspheres for protein delivery from an injectable bone graft. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:169-179. [PMID: 30685476 PMCID: PMC6615946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of osteoinductive factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) has emerged as a prominent strategy to improve regeneration in bone grafting procedures. However, it remains challenging to identify a carrier that provides the requisite loading efficiency and release kinetics without compromising the mechanical properties of the bone graft. Previously, we reported on porous, polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) microspheres fabricated using controlled fluidics. Uniquely, this solvent-free method provides advantages over current microsphere fabrication strategies including in-line loading of growth factors to improve loading efficiency. In the current study, we utilized this platform to fabricate protein-loaded microspheres and investigated the effect of particle size (∼400 vs ∼800 μm) and pore size (∼15 vs 30 μm) on release profiles. Although there was no significant effect of these variables on the substantial burst release profile of the microspheres, the incorporation of the protein-loaded microspheres within the injectable polyHIPE resulted in a sustained release of protein from the bulk scaffold over a two-week period with minimal burst release. Bioactivity retention of encapsulated BMP-2 was confirmed first using a genetically-modified osteoblast reporter cell line. A functional assay with human mesenchymal stem cells established that the BMP-2 release from microspheres induced osteogenic differentiation. Finally, microsphere incorporation had minimal effect on the cure and compressive properties of an injectable polyHIPE bone graft. Overall, this work demonstrates that these microsphere-polyHIPE composites have strong potential to enhance bone regeneration through controlled release of BMP-2 and other growth factors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript describes a method for solvent-free fabrication of porous microspheres from high internal phase emulsions using a controlled fluids setup. The principles of emulsion templating and fluid dynamics provide exceptional control of particle size and pore architecture. In addition to the advantage of solvent-free fabrication, this method provides in-line loading of protein directly into the pores of the microspheres with high loading efficiencies. The incorporation of the protein-loaded microspheres within an injectable polyHIPE scaffold resulted in a sustained release of protein over a two-week period with minimal burst release. Retention of BMP-2 bioactivity and incorporation of microspheres with minimal effect on scaffold compressive properties highlights the potential of these new bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Whitely
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-3120, U.S.A
| | - Gabriel Rodriguez-Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, U.S.A
| | - Christina Waldron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, U.S.A
| | - Sahar Mohiuddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-3120, U.S.A
| | - Stacy Cereceres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-3120, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-3120, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, U.S.A
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15
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Cook B, Rafiq R, Lee H, Banks KM, El-Debs M, Chiaravalli J, Glickman JF, Das BC, Chen S, Evans T. Discovery of a Small Molecule Promoting Mouse and Human Osteoblast Differentiation via Activation of p38 MAPK-β. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:926-935.e6. [PMID: 31031140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of bone healing and remodeling are indications with an unmet need for effective pharmacological modulators. We used a high-throughput screen to identify activators of the bone marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and discovered 6,8-dimethyl-3-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one (DIPQUO). DIPQUO markedly promotes osteoblast differentiation, including expression of Runx2, Osterix, and Osteocalcin. Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with DIPQUO results in osteogenic differentiation including a significant increase in calcium matrix deposition. DIPQUO stimulates ossification of emerging vertebral primordia in developing zebrafish larvae, and increases caudal fin osteogenic differentiation during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. The stimulatory effect of DIPQUO on osteoblast differentiation and maturation was shown to be dependent on the p38 MAPK pathway. Inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling or specific knockdown of the p38-β isoform attenuates DIPQUO induction of ALP, suggesting that DIPQUO mediates osteogenesis through activation of p38-β, and is a promising lead candidate for development of bone therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandoch Cook
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ruhina Rafiq
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly M Banks
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jeanne Chiaravalli
- Rockefeller University High Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Fraser Glickman
- Rockefeller University High Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Departments of Medicine and Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Kumar Y, Biswas T, Thacker G, Kanaujiya JK, Kumar S, Shukla A, Khan K, Sanyal S, Chattopadhyay N, Bandyopadhyay A, Trivedi AK. BMP signaling-driven osteogenesis is critically dependent on Prdx-1 expression-mediated maintenance of chondrocyte prehypetrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:1-12. [PMID: 29452246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, cartilage template is eventually replaced by bone. This process involves several well characterized, stereotypic, molecular and cellular changes in the cartilage primordia. These steps involve transition from resting to proliferative and then pre-hypertrophic to finally hypertrophic cartilage. BMP signaling is necessary and sufficient for osteogenesis. However, the specific step(s) of endochondral ossification in which BMP signaling plays an essential role is not yet known. In this study we have identified Prdx1, a known scavenger of ROS, to be expressed in pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes in a BMP signaling-dependent manner. We demonstrate that BMP signaling inhibition increases ROS levels in osteogenic cells. Further, Prdx1 regulates osteogenesis in vivo by helping maintenance of Ihh expressing pre-hypertrophic cells, in turn regulating these cells' transition into hypertrophy. Therefore, our data suggests that one of the key roles of BMP signaling in endochondral ossification is to maintain pre-hypertrophic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Tathagata Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Gatha Thacker
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Kanaujiya
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Anukampa Shukla
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Kainat Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.
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17
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A synthetic BMP-2 mimicking peptide induces glioblastoma stem cell differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2282-2292. [PMID: 28687190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor, characterized by the intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy due to the presence of a highly aggressive Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) sub-population. In this context, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have been demonstrated to induce CSC differentiation and to sensitize GBM cells to treatments. METHODS The BMP-2 mimicking peptide, named GBMP1a, was synthesized on solid-phase by Fmoc chemistry. Structural characterization and prediction of receptor binding were obtained by Circular Dicroism (CD) and NRM analyses. Activation of BMP signalling was evaluated by a luciferase reporter assay and western blot. Pro-differentiating effects of GBMP1a were verified by immunostaining and neurosphere assay in primary glioblastoma cultures. RESULTS CD and NMR showed that GBMP1a correctly folds into expected tridimensional structures and predicted its binding to BMPR-IA to the same epitope as in the native complex. Reporter analysis disclosed that GBMP1a is able to activate BMP signalling in GBM cells. Moreover, BMP-signalling activation was specifically dependent on smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. Finally, we confirmed that GBMP1a treatment is sufficient to enhance osteogenic differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and to induce astroglial differentiation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in vitro. CONCLUSIONS GBMP1a was demonstrated to be a good inducer of GSC differentiation, thus being considered a potential anti-cancer tool to be further developed for GBM treatment. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data highlight the role of BMP-mimicking peptides as potential anti-cancer agents against GBM and stimulate the further development of GBMP1a-based structures in order to enhance its stability and activity.
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18
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Analysis and identification of the Grem2 heparin/heparan sulfate-binding motif. Biochem J 2017; 474:1093-1107. [PMID: 28104757 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are regulated by extracellular antagonists of the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family. Similar to the BMP ligands, certain DAN family members have been shown to interact with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Structural studies of DAN family members Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem2) have revealed a dimeric growth factor-like fold where a series of lysine residues cluster along one face of the protein. In the present study, we used mutagenesis, heparin-binding measurements, and cell surface-binding analysis to identify lysine residues that are important for heparin/HS binding in Grem2. We determined that residues involved in heparin/HS binding, while not necessary for BMP antagonism, merge with the heparin/HS-binding epitope of BMP2. Furthermore, the Grem2-BMP2 complex has higher affinity for heparin than the individual proteins and this affinity is not abrogated when the heparin/HS-binding epitope of Grem2 is attenuated. Overall, the present study shows that the Grem2 heparin/HS and BMP-binding epitopes are unique and independent, where, interestingly, the Grem2-BMP2 complex exhibits a significant increase in binding affinity toward heparin moieties that appear to be partially independent of the Grem2 heparin/HS-binding epitope.
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19
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Khan MP, Khan K, Yadav PS, Singh AK, Nag A, Prasahar P, Mittal M, China SP, Tewari MC, Nagar GK, Tewari D, Trivedi AK, Sanyal S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay N. BMP signaling is required for adult skeletal homeostasis and mediates bone anabolic action of parathyroid hormone. Bone 2016; 92:132-144. [PMID: 27567726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bmp2 and Bmp4 genes were ablated in adult mice (KO) using a conditional gene knockout technology. Bones were evaluated by microcomputed tomography (μCT), bone strength tester, histomorphometry and serum biochemical markers of bone turnover. Drill-hole was made at femur metaphysis and bone regeneration in the hole site was measured by calcein binding and μCT. Mice were either sham operated (ovary intact) or ovariectomized (OVX), and treated with human parathyroid hormone (PTH), 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle. KO mice displayed trabecular bone loss, diminished osteoid formation and reduced biomechanical strength compared with control (expressing Bmp2 and Bmp4). Both osteoblast and osteoclast functions were impaired in KO mice. Bone histomorphomtery and serum parameters established a low turnover bone loss in KO mice. Bone regeneration at the drill-hole site in KO mice was lower than control. However, deletion of Bmp2 gene alone had no effect on skeleton, an outcome similar to that reported previously for deletion of Bmp4 gene. Both PTH and E2 resulted in skeletal preservation in control-OVX, whereas in KO-OVX, E2 but not PTH was effective which suggested that the skeletal action of PTH required Bmp ligands but E2 did not. To determine cellular effects of Bmp2 and Bmp4, we used bone marrow stromal cells in which PTH but not E2 stimulated both Bmp2 and Bmp4 synthesis leading to increased Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Taken together, we conclude that Bmp2 and Bmp4 are essential for maintaining adult skeletal homeostasis and mediating the anabolic action of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Parvez Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kainat Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Prem Swaroop Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aditi Nag
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Paritosh Prasahar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Monika Mittal
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shyamsundar Pal China
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mahesh Chandra Tewari
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Geet Kumar Nagar
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Deepshikha Tewari
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; AcSIR, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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20
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Yadav PS, Khan MP, Prashar P, Duggal S, Rath SK, Chattopadhyay N, Bandyopadhyay A. Characterization of BMP signaling dependent osteogenesis using a BMP depletable avianized bone marrow stromal cell line (TVA-BMSC). Bone 2016; 91:39-52. [PMID: 27424936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are BMP signaling dependent differentiation processes. However, the molecular networks operating downstream of BMP signaling to bring about these distinct fates are yet to be fully elucidated. We have developed a novel Bone Marrow Stromal Cell (BMSC) derived mouse cell line as a powerful in vitro platform to conduct such experiments. This cell line is a derivative of BMSCs isolated from a tamoxifen inducible Bmp2 and Bmp4 double conditional knock-out mouse strain. These BMSCs are immortalized and stably transfected with avian retroviral receptor TVA (TVA-BMSCs), enabling an easy method for stable transduction of multiple genes in these cells. In TVA-BMSCs multiple components of BMP signaling pathway can be manipulated simultaneously. Using this cell line we have demonstrated that for osteogenesis, BMP signaling is required only for the first three days. We have further demonstrated that Klf10, an osteogenic transcription factor which is transcribed in developing bones in a BMP signaling dependent manner, can largely compensate for the loss of BMP signaling during osteogenesis of BMSCs. TVA-BMSCs can undergo chondrogenesis and adipogenesis, and hence may be used for dissection of the molecular networks downstream of BMP signaling in these differentiation processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Swaroop Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Mohd Parvez Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Paritosh Prashar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Shivali Duggal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
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21
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Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Rankin SA, Read RJ, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Structure of Gremlin-2 in Complex with GDF5 Gives Insight into DAN-Family-Mediated BMP Antagonism. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2077-2086. [PMID: 27524626 PMCID: PMC5001929 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The DAN family, including Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem1 and Grem2), represents a large family of secreted BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) antagonists. However, how DAN proteins specifically inhibit BMP signaling has remained elusive. Here, we report the structure of Grem2 bound to GDF5 at 2.9-Å resolution. The structure reveals two Grem2 dimers binding perpendicularly to each GDF5 monomer, resembling an H-like structure. Comparison to the unbound Grem2 structure reveals a dynamic N terminus that undergoes significant transition upon complex formation, leading to simultaneous interaction with the type I and type II receptor motifs on GDF5. Binding studies show that DAN-family members can interact with BMP-type I receptor complexes, whereas Noggin outcompetes the type I receptor for ligand binding. Interestingly, Grem2-GDF5 forms a stable aggregate-like structure in vitro that is not clearly observed for other antagonists, including Noggin and Follistatin. These findings exemplify the structural and functional diversity across the various BMP antagonist families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Randy J Read
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Saxena M, Prashar P, Yadav PS, Sen J. Mouse bone marrow stromal cells differentiate to neuron-like cells upon inhibition of BMP signaling. Differentiation 2016; 92:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Prashar P, Yadav PS, Samarjeet F, Bandyopadhyay A. Microarray meta-analysis identifies evolutionarily conserved BMP signaling targets in developing long bones. Dev Biol 2014; 389:192-207. [PMID: 24583261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, BMP signaling has been demonstrated to be sufficient for bone formation in several tissue contexts. This suggests that genes necessary for bone formation are expressed in a BMP signaling dependent manner. However, till date no gene has been reported to be expressed in a BMP signaling dependent manner in bone. Our aim was to identify such genes. On searching the literature we found that several microarray experiments have been conducted where the transcriptome of osteogenic cells in absence and presence of BMP signaling activation have been compared. However, till date, there is no evidence to suggest that any of the genes found to be upregulated in presence of BMP signaling in these microarray analyses is indeed a target of BMP signaling in bone. We wanted to utilize this publicly available information to identify candidate BMP signaling target genes in vivo. We performed a meta-analysis of six such comparable microarray datasets. This analysis and subsequent experiments led to the identification of five targets of BMP signaling in bone that are conserved both in mouse and chick. Of these Lox, Klf10 and Gpr97 are likely to be direct transcriptional targets of BMP signaling pathway. Dpysl3, is a novel BMP signaling target identified in our study. Our data demonstrate that Dpysl3 is important for osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells and is involved in cell secretion. We have demonstrated that the expression of Dpysl3 is co-operatively regulated by BMP signaling and Runx2. Based on our experimental data, in silico analysis of the putative promoter-enhancer regions of Bmp target genes and existing literature, we hypothesize that BMP signaling collaborates with multiple signaling pathways to regulate the expression of a unique set of genes involved in endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Prashar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Swaroop Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fnu Samarjeet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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24
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Nyamsuren G, Kata A, Xu X, Raju P, Dressel R, Engel W, Pantakani DVK, Adham IM. Pelota regulates the development of extraembryonic endoderm through activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:61-74. [PMID: 24835669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelota (Pelo) is ubiquitously expressed, and its genetic deletion in mice leads to embryonic lethality at an early post-implantation stage. In the present study, we conditionally deleted Pelo and showed that PELO deficiency did not markedly affect the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or their capacity to differentiate in teratoma assays. However, their differentiation into extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) in embryoid bodies (EBs) was severely compromised. Conversely, forced expression of Pelo in ESCs resulted in spontaneous differentiation toward the ExEn lineage. Failure of Pelo-deficient ESCs to differentiate into ExEn was accompanied by the retained expression of pluripotency-related genes and alterations in expression of components of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. Further experiments have also revealed that attenuated activity of BMP signaling is responsible for the impaired development of ExEn. The recovery of ExEn and down-regulation of pluripotent genes in BMP4-treated Pelo-null EBs indicate that the failure of mutant cells to down-regulate pluripotency-related genes in EBs is not a result of autonomous defect, but rather to failed signals from surrounding ExEn lineage that induce the differentiation program. In vivo studies showed the presence of ExEn in Pelo-null embryos at E6.5, yet embryonic lethality at E7.5, suggesting that PELO is not required for the induction of ExEn development, but rather for ExEn maintenance or for terminal differentiation toward functional visceral endoderm which provides the embryos with growth factors required for further development. Moreover, Pelo-null fibroblasts failed to reprogram toward induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) due to inactivation of BMP signaling and impaired mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Thus, our results indicate that PELO plays an important role in the establishment of pluripotency and differentiation of ESCs into ExEn lineage through activation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunsmaa Nyamsuren
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kata
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xingbo Xu
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Priyadharsini Raju
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Engel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ibrahim M Adham
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Bandyopadhyay A, Yadav PS, Prashar P. BMP signaling in development and diseases: a pharmacological perspective. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:857-64. [PMID: 23333766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been implicated in several processes during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis. Maintenance of many organs such as skin, intestinal villi, bones and bone marrow requires continuous regeneration and subsequent differentiation of stem cells in order to maintain organ shape and size necessary for proper functioning. Although BMPs were initially identified as osteogenic factors present in demineralized bone capable of inducing ectopic bone formation, it is now evident that BMPs perform several other functions during embryonic development as well as during the adult life of an organism. Many disorders have been linked to either the BMPs or the molecules functioning downstream of BMP signaling pathway. This review summarizes the existing literature describing the role of BMP signaling during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis to provide a perspective on pharmacological interventions of BMP signaling pathway to mitigate several disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
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