1
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Kurtz KJ, Conneely SE, O'Keefe M, Wohlan K, Rau RE. Murine Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:854973. [PMID: 35756660 PMCID: PMC9214208 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.854973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. Extensive sequencing efforts have mapped the genomic landscape of adult and pediatric AML revealing a number of biologically and prognostically relevant driver lesions. Beyond identifying recurrent genetic aberrations, it is of critical importance to fully delineate the complex mechanisms by which they contribute to the initiation and evolution of disease to ultimately facilitate the development of targeted therapies. Towards these aims, murine models of AML are indispensable research tools. The rapid evolution of genetic engineering techniques over the past 20 years has greatly advanced the use of murine models to mirror specific genetic subtypes of human AML, define cell-intrinsic and extrinsic disease mechanisms, study the interaction between co-occurring genetic lesions, and test novel therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the mouse model systems that have been developed to recapitulate the most common genomic subtypes of AML. We will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of varying modeling strategies, highlight major discoveries emanating from these model systems, and outline future opportunities to leverage emerging technologies for mechanistic and preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Kurtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shannon E Conneely
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Madeleine O'Keefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katharina Wohlan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel E Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Parinet V, Chapiro E, Bidet A, Gaillard B, Maarek O, Simon L, Lefebvre C, Defasque S, Mozziconacci MJ, Quinquenel A, Decamp M, Lifermann F, Ali-Ammar N, Maillon A, Baron M, Martin M, Struski S, Penther D, Micol JB, Auger N, Bilhou-Nabera C, Martignoles JA, Tondeur S, Nguyen-Khac F, Hirsch P, Roos-Weil D. Myeloid malignancies with translocation t(4;12)(q11-13;p13): molecular landscape, clonal hierarchy and clinical outcomes. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9557-9566. [PMID: 34492730 PMCID: PMC8505829 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(4;12)(q11‐13;p13) is a recurrent but very rare chromosomal aberration in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) resulting in the non‐constant expression of a CHIC2/ETV6 fusion transcript. We report clinico‐biological features, molecular characteristics and outcomes of 21 cases of t(4;12) including 19 AML and two myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Median age at the time of t(4;12) was 78 years (range, 56–88). Multilineage dysplasia was described in 10 of 19 (53%) AML cases and CD7 and/or CD56 expression in 90%. FISH analyses identified ETV6 and CHIC2 region rearrangements in respectively 18 of 18 and 15 of 17 studied cases. The t(4;12) was the sole cytogenetic abnormality in 48% of cases. The most frequent associated mutated genes were ASXL1 (n = 8/16, 50%), IDH1/2 (n = 7/16, 44%), SRSF2 (n = 5/16, 31%) and RUNX1 (n = 4/16, 25%). Interestingly, concurrent FISH and molecular analyses showed that t(4;12) can be, but not always, a founding oncogenic event. Median OS was 7.8 months for the entire cohort. In the 16 of 21 patients (76%) who received antitumoral treatment, overall response and first complete remission rates were 37% and 31%, respectively. Median progression‐free survival in responders was 13.7 months. Finally, t(4;12) cases harboured many characteristics of AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes (multilineage dysplasia, MDS‐related cytogenetic abnormalities, frequent ASXL1 mutations) and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Parinet
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Sorbonne Université, Unité de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Bidet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Baptiste Gaillard
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Laboratoire de cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier de Troyes, Troyes, France
| | - Odile Maarek
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Simon
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Christine Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Hémopathies, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Defasque
- Secteur cytogénétique hématologique, Laboratoire CERBA, Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France
| | | | - Anne Quinquenel
- CHU de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de recherche (UFR) Médecine, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Nadia Ali-Ammar
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Maillon
- Sorbonne Université, Unité de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marine Baron
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Martin
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Stéphanie Struski
- Laboratoire d'hématologie/Plateau Technique Hématologie-Oncologie, IUCT Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Penther
- Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique, CLCC Henri Becquerel & INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Micol
- Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Auger
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Chrystèle Bilhou-Nabera
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Unité de Cytogénétique onco-hématologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département d'hématologie biologique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Sorbonne, Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Alain Martignoles
- Département d'hématologie biologique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Sorbonne, Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Tondeur
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Hémopathies, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Sorbonne Université, Unité de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Hirsch
- Département d'hématologie biologique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Sorbonne, Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Université de Paris, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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3
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High-efficiency CRISPR induction of t(9;11) chromosomal translocations and acute leukemias in human blood stem cells. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2825-2835. [PMID: 31582391 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene, also known as KMT2A, are often observed in human leukemias and are generally associated with a poor prognosis. To model these leukemias, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing to induce MLL chromosomal rearrangements in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells purified from umbilical cord blood. Electroporation of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing chemically modified synthetic single guide RNAs and purified Cas9 protein induced translocations between chromosomes 9 and 11 [t(9;11)] at an efficiency >1%. Transplantation of gene-edited cells into immune-compromised mice rapidly induced acute leukemias of different lineages and often with multiclonal origins dictated by the duration of in vitro culture prior to transplantation. Breakpoint junction sequences served as biomarkers to monitor clonal selection and progression in culture and in vivo. High-dimensional cell surface and intracellular protein analysis by mass cytometry (CyTOF) revealed that gene-edited leukemias recapitulated disease-specific protein expression observed in human patients and showed that MLL-rearranged (MLLr) mixed phenotype acute leukemias (MPALs) were more similar to acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) than to acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). Therefore, highly efficient generation of MLL chromosomal translocations in primary human blood stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9 reliably models human acute MLLr leukemia and provides an experimental platform for basic and translational studies of leukemia biology and therapeutics.
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4
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Forgione MO, McClure BJ, Yeung DT, Eadie LN, White DL. MLLT10 rearranged acute leukemia: Incidence, prognosis, and possible therapeutic strategies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:709-721. [PMID: 32720323 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the MLLT10 gene occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), most commonly T-lineage ALL (T-ALL), in patients of all ages. MLLT10 rearranged (MLLT10r) acute leukemia presents a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to frequent presentation of immature or mixed phenotype, and a lack of consensus regarding optimal therapy. Cases of MLLT10r AML or T-ALL bearing immature phenotype are at high risk of poor outcome, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and sensitivity to targeted therapies remain poorly characterized. This review addresses the incidence and prognostic significance of MLLT10r in acute leukemia, and how the aberrant gene expression profile of this disease can inform potential targeted therapeutic strategies. Understanding the underlying genomics of MLLT10r acute leukemia, both clinically and molecularly, will improve prognostic stratification and accelerate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies, to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O Forgione
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara J McClure
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David T Yeung
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura N Eadie
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA), The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children's Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Hudson Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Schwaller J. Learning from mouse models of MLL fusion gene-driven acute leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194550. [PMID: 32320749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
5-10% of human acute leukemias carry chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene that result in the expression of chimeric protein fusing MLL to >80 different partners of which AF4, ENL and AF9 are the most prevalent. In contrast to many other leukemia-associated mutations, several MLL-fusions are powerful oncogenes that transform hematopoietic stem cells but also more committed progenitor cells. Here, I review different approaches that were used to express MLL fusions in the murine hematopoietic system which often, but not always, resulted in highly penetrant and transplantable leukemias that closely phenocopied the human disease. Due to its simple and reliable nature, reconstitution of irradiated mice with bone marrow cells retrovirally expressing the MLL-AF9 fusion became the most frequently in vivo model to study the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). I review some of the most influential studies that used this model to dissect critical protein interactions, the impact of epigenetic regulators, microRNAs and microenvironment-dependent signals for MLL fusion-driven leukemia. In addition, I highlight studies that used this model for shRNA- or genome editing-based screens for cellular vulnerabilities that allowed to identify novel therapeutic targets of which some entered clinical trials. Finally, I discuss some inherent characteristics of the widely used mouse model based on retroviral expression of the MLL-AF9 fusion that can limit general conclusions for the biology of AML. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The MLL family of proteins in normal development and disease edited by Thomas A Milne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juerg Schwaller
- University Children's Hospital Beider Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Vetro C, Haferlach T, Meggendorfer M, Stengel A, Jeromin S, Kern W, Haferlach C. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic characterization of KMT2A-PTD positive acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to KMT2A-Rearranged acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Genet 2019; 240:15-22. [PMID: 31698332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To define the biological differences in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with KMT2A gene involvements and their prognostic impact, we compared 190 de novo AML patients at diagnosis, 95 harbouring KMT2A-rearrangement (KMT2Ar) and 95 KMT2A-PTD by performing cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses. Both AML subtypes had an unfavourable outcome, particularly in patients > 60 years. Patients with KMT2Ar were younger compared to patients with KMT2A-PTD (mean 52 vs 65 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher rate of additional cytogenetic abnormalities (ACA) (46% vs 25% of cases). In both groups, occurrence of ACA did not influence the overall survival (OS). Regarding molecular genetics, 66% of patients with KMT2Ar and 99% of patients with KMT2A-PTD had additional gene mutations. In multivariate analysis, KRAS mutations and 10p12 rearrangement resulted as adverse prognostic factors in KMT2Ar subgroup. In the KMT2A-PTD group, apart from age, only the occurrence of DNMT3A non-R882 mutations correlated with shorter OS.
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7
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Inhibition of DOT1L and PRMT5 promote synergistic anti-tumor activity in a human MLL leukemia model induced by CRISPR/Cas9. Oncogene 2019; 38:7181-7195. [PMID: 31417187 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MLL rearrangements play a crucial role in leukemogenesis and comprise a poor prognosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate an innovative leukemia model based on 100% pure MLL-AF4 or -AF9 rearranged cells derived from umbilical cord blood with indefinite growth in cell culture systems. Our model shared phenotypical, morphological and molecular features of patient cells faithfully mimicking the nature of the disease. Thus, it serves as a fundamental basis for pharmacological studies: inhibition of histone methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is one specific therapeutic approach currently tested in clinical trials. However, success was limited by restricted response warranting further investigation of drug combinations. Recently, it has been shown that the inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) exhibits anti-tumoral activity against human cell lines and in MLL mouse models. Here, we used DOT1L and PRMT5 inhibitors in our human MLL-rearranged model demonstrating dose-dependent reduced proliferation, impairment of cell cycle, increasing differentiation, apoptosis, downregulation of target genes and sensitization to chemotherapy. Strikingly, the combination of both compounds led to synergistic anti-tumoral effects. Our study provides a strong rationale for novel targeted combination therapies to improve the outcome of MLL-rearranged leukemias.
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8
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The Impact of PI3-kinase/RAS Pathway Cooperating Mutations in the Evolution of KMT2A-rearranged Leukemia. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e195. [PMID: 31723831 PMCID: PMC6746018 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is an evolutionary disease and evolves by the accrual of mutations within a clone. Those mutations that are systematically found in all the patients affected by a certain leukemia are called "drivers" as they are necessary to drive the development of leukemia. Those ones that accumulate over time but are different from patient to patient and, therefore, are not essential for leukemia development are called "passengers." The first studies highlighting a potential cooperating role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/RAS pathway mutations in the phenotype of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia was published 20 years ago. The recent development in more sensitive sequencing technologies has contributed to clarify the contribution of these mutations to the evolution of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia and suggested that these mutations might confer clonal fitness and enhance the evolvability of KMT2A-leukemic cells. This is of particular interest since this pathway can be targeted offering potential novel therapeutic strategies to KMT2A-leukemic patients. This review summarizes the recent progress on our understanding of the role of PI3K/RAS pathway mutations in initiation, maintenance, and relapse of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia.
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Milan T, Canaj H, Villeneuve C, Ghosh A, Barabé F, Cellot S, Wilhelm BT. Pediatric leukemia: Moving toward more accurate models. Exp Hematol 2019; 74:1-12. [PMID: 31154068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a complex genetic disease caused by errors in differentiation, growth, and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells in either lymphoid or myeloid lineages. Large-scale genomic characterization of thousands of leukemia patients has produced a tremendous amount of data that have enabled a better understanding of the differences between adult and pediatric patients. For instance, although phenotypically similar, pediatric and adult myeloid leukemia patients differ in their mutational profiles, typically involving either chromosomal translocations or recurrent single-base-pair mutations, respectively. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of this cancer, continual efforts have been made to develop more contextually and biologically relevant experimental models. Leukemic cell lines, for example, provide an inexpensive and tractable model but often fail to recapitulate critical aspects of tumor biology. Likewise, murine leukemia models of leukemia have been highly informative but also do not entirely reproduce the human disease. More recent advances in the development of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) or human models of leukemias are poised to provide a more comprehensive, and biologically relevant, approach to directly assess the impact of the in vivo environment on human samples. In this review, the advantages and limitations of the various current models used to functionally define the genetic requirements of leukemogenesis are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Milan
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hera Canaj
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe Villeneuve
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Aditi Ghosh
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Barabé
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie du CHUL, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada; CHU de Québec Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Cellot
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian T Wilhelm
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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MLL leukemia induction by t(9;11) chromosomal translocation in human hematopoietic stem cells using genome editing. Blood Adv 2019; 2:832-845. [PMID: 29650777 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017013748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing provides a potential approach to model de novo leukemogenesis in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) through induction of chromosomal translocations by targeted DNA double-strand breaks. However, very low efficiency of translocations and lack of markers for translocated cells serve as barriers to their characterization and model development. Here, we used transcription activator-like effector nucleases to generate t(9;11) chromosomal translocations encoding MLL-AF9 and reciprocal AF9-MLL fusion products in CD34+ human cord blood cells. Selected cytokine combinations enabled monoclonal outgrowth and immortalization of initially rare translocated cells, which were distinguished by elevated MLL target gene expression, high surface CD9 expression, and increased colony-forming ability. Subsequent transplantation into immune-compromised mice induced myeloid leukemias within 48 weeks, whose pathologic and molecular features extensively overlap with de novo patient MLL-rearranged leukemias. No secondary pathogenic mutations were revealed by targeted exome sequencing and whole genome RNA-sequencing analyses, suggesting the genetic sufficiency of t(9;11) translocation for leukemia development from human HSPCs. Thus, genome editing enables modeling of human acute MLL-rearranged leukemia in vivo, reflecting the genetic simplicity of this disease, and provides an experimental platform for biological and disease-modeling applications.
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11
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Martignoles JA, Delhommeau F, Hirsch P. Genetic Hierarchy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Clonal Hematopoiesis to Molecular Residual Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3850. [PMID: 30513905 PMCID: PMC6321602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of cancer genome analysis revolutionized the picture we have of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Pan-genomic studies, using either single nucleotide polymorphism arrays or whole genome/exome next generation sequencing, uncovered alterations in dozens of new genes or pathways, intimately connected with the development of leukemia. From a simple two-hit model in the late nineties, we are now building clonal stories that involve multiple unexpected cellular functions, leading to full-blown AML. In this review, we will address several seminal concepts that result from these new findings. We will describe the genetic landscape of AML, the association and order of events that define multiple sub-entities, both in terms of pathogenesis and in terms of clinical practice. Finally, we will discuss the use of this knowledge in the settings of new strategies for the evaluation of measurable residual diseases (MRD), using clone-specific multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Alain Martignoles
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Hématologie Biologique, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - François Delhommeau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Hématologie Biologique, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Hirsch
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Hématologie Biologique, F-75012 Paris, France.
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12
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Hyrenius-Wittsten A, Pilheden M, Sturesson H, Hansson J, Walsh MP, Song G, Kazi JU, Liu J, Ramakrishan R, Garcia-Ruiz C, Nance S, Gupta P, Zhang J, Rönnstrand L, Hultquist A, Downing JR, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Paulsson K, Järås M, Gruber TA, Ma J, Hagström-Andersson AK. De novo activating mutations drive clonal evolution and enhance clonal fitness in KMT2A-rearranged leukemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1770. [PMID: 29720585 PMCID: PMC5932012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating signaling mutations are common in acute leukemia with KMT2A (previously MLL) rearrangements (KMT2A-R). These mutations are often subclonal and their biological impact remains unclear. Using a retroviral acute myeloid mouse leukemia model, we demonstrate that FLT3ITD, FLT3N676K, and NRASG12D accelerate KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia onset. Further, also subclonal FLT3N676K mutations accelerate disease, possibly by providing stimulatory factors. Herein, we show that one such factor, MIF, promotes survival of mouse KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia initiating cells. We identify acquired de novo mutations in Braf, Cbl, Kras, and Ptpn11 in KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia cells that favored clonal expansion. During clonal evolution, we observe serial genetic changes at the KrasG12D locus, consistent with a strong selective advantage of additional KrasG12D. KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemias with signaling mutations enforce Myc and Myb transcriptional modules. Our results provide new insight into the biology of KMT2A-R leukemia with subclonal signaling mutations and highlight the importance of activated signaling as a contributing driver. In acute leukemia with KMT2A rearrangements (KMT2A-R), activating signaling mutations are common. Here, the authors use a retroviral acute myeloid mouse leukemia model to show that subclonal de novo activating mutations drive clonal evolution in acute leukemia with KMT2A-R and enhance clonal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hyrenius-Wittsten
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Pilheden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Sturesson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hansson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramprasad Ramakrishan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristian Garcia-Ruiz
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Oncology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Hultquist
- Department of Pathology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Karin Lindkvist-Petersson
- Medical Structural Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, 221 84 Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Järås
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children´s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anna K Hagström-Andersson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Wegner A. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for the treatment of cancer and the future of preclinical models for predicting their toxicities. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:669-680. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has achieved highly promising results in clinical trials, particularly in B-cell malignancies. However, reports of serious adverse events including a number of patient deaths have raised concerns about safety of this treatment. Presently available preclinical models are not designed for predicting toxicities seen in human patients. Besides choosing the right animal model, careful considerations must be taken in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell design and the amount of T cells infused. The development of more sophisticated in vitro models and humanized mouse models for preclinical modeling and toxicity tests will help us to improve the design of clinical trials in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wegner
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Roland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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14
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Nasu K, Yamaguchi K, Takanashi T, Tamai K, Sato I, Ine S, Sasaki O, Satoh K, Tanaka N, Tanaka Y, Fukushima T, Harigae H, Sugamura K. Crucial role of carbonic anhydrase IX in tumorigenicity of xenotransplanted adult T-cell leukemia-derived cells. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:435-443. [PMID: 28075522 PMCID: PMC5378273 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is a membrane‐associated carbonic anhydrase that regulates cellular pH, is upregulated in various solid tumors, and is considered to be a therapeutic target. Here, we describe the essential role of CA9 in the tumorigenicity of cells derived from human adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). We previously established the highly tumorigenic ST1‐N6 subline from the ATL‐derived ST1 cell line by serial xenotransplantation in NOG mice. In the present study, we first show that CA9 expression is strongly enhanced in ST1‐N6 cells. We then sorted ST1 cells by high or low CA9 expression and established ST1‐CA9high and ST1‐CA9low sublines. ST1‐CA9high cells, like ST1‐N6 cells, were more strongly tumorigenic than ST1‐CA9low or parental ST1 cells when injected into NOG mice. Knockdown of CA9 with shRNAs suppressed the ability of ST1‐CA9high cells to initiate tumors, and the tumorigenicity of ST1 cells was significantly enhanced by introducing wild‐type CA9 or a CA9 mutant with deletion of an intracytoplasmic domain. However, a CA9 with point mutations in the catalytic site did not increase the tumorigenicity of ST1 cells. Furthermore, we detected a small population of CA9+CD25+ cells in lymph nodes of ATL patients. These findings suggest that CA9, and particularly its carbonic anhydrase activity, promotes the tumorigenicity of ATL‐derived cells and may be involved in malignant development of lymphoma‐type ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nasu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoka Takanashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Shoji Ine
- Division of Hematology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Osamu Sasaki
- Division of Hematology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukushima
- Laboratory of Hemato-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
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15
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Hirsch P, Zhang Y, Tang R, Joulin V, Boutroux H, Pronier E, Moatti H, Flandrin P, Marzac C, Bories D, Fava F, Mokrani H, Betems A, Lorre F, Favier R, Féger F, Mohty M, Douay L, Legrand O, Bilhou-Nabera C, Louache F, Delhommeau F. Genetic hierarchy and temporal variegation in the clonal history of acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12475. [PMID: 27534895 PMCID: PMC4992157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) initiating pre-leukaemic lesions can be identified through three major hallmarks: their early occurrence in the clone, their persistence at relapse and their ability to initiate multilineage haematopoietic repopulation and leukaemia in vivo. Here we analyse the clonal composition of a series of AML through these characteristics. We find that not only DNMT3A mutations, but also TET2, ASXL1 mutations, core-binding factor and MLL translocations, as well as del(20q) mostly fulfil these criteria. When not eradicated by AML treatments, pre-leukaemic cells with these lesions can re-initiate the leukaemic process at various stages until relapse, with a time-dependent increase in clonal variegation. Based on the nature, order and association of lesions, we delineate recurrent genetic hierarchies of AML. Our data indicate that first lesions, variegation and treatment selection pressure govern the expansion and adaptive behaviour of the malignant clone, shaping AML in a time-dependent manner. Pre-leukaemic clones, together with the propensity to cause disease in mice, are characterized by appearing early in myeloid leukaemia and being found at relapse. Here, the authors identify clones in human samples and find that they are characterized by hierarchically organized genetic lesions, which can be used to track evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hirsch
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ruoping Tang
- AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Joulin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hélène Boutroux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Pronier
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hannah Moatti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Flandrin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Marzac
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bories
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Unité d'Hématologie Moléculaire, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Fanny Fava
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Hayat Mokrani
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Betems
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Lorre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire commun de biologie et génétique moléculaires, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Favier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Féger
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Luc Douay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Ollivier Legrand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Chrystèle Bilhou-Nabera
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - François Delhommeau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
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16
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Prieto C, Stam RW, Agraz-Doblas A, Ballerini P, Camos M, Castaño J, Marschalek R, Bursen A, Varela I, Bueno C, Menendez P. Activated KRAS Cooperates with MLL-AF4 to Promote Extramedullary Engraftment and Migration of Cord Blood CD34+ HSPC But Is Insufficient to Initiate Leukemia. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2478-89. [PMID: 26837759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MLL-AF4 (MA4) fusion gene is the genetic hallmark of an aggressive infant pro-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Our understanding of MA4-mediated transformation is very limited. Whole-genome sequencing studies revealed a silent mutational landscape, which contradicts the aggressive clinical outcome of this hematologic malignancy. Only RAS mutations were recurrently detected in patients and found to be associated with poorer outcome. The absence of MA4-driven B-ALL models further questions whether MA4 acts as a single oncogenic driver or requires cooperating mutations to manifest a malignant phenotype. We explored whether KRAS activation cooperates with MA4 to initiate leukemia in cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC). Clonogenic and differentiation/proliferation assays demonstrated that KRAS activation does not cooperate with MA4 to immortalize CD34(+) HSPCs. Intrabone marrow transplantation into immunodeficient mice further showed that MA4 and KRAS(G12V) alone or in combination enhanced hematopoietic repopulation without impairing myeloid-lymphoid differentiation, and that mutated KRAS did not cooperate with MA4 to initiate leukemia. However, KRAS activation enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis of MA4-expressing cell lines and CD34(+) HSPCs that was associated with leukocytosis and central nervous system infiltration, both hallmarks of infant t(4;11)(+) B-ALL. Transcriptional profiling of MA4-expressing patients supported a cell migration gene signature underlying the mutant KRAS-mediated phenotype. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that KRAS affects the homeostasis of MA4-expressing HSPCs, suggesting that KRAS activation in MA4(+) B-ALL is important for tumor maintenance rather than initiation. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2478-89. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prieto
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronald W Stam
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC-CSIC-UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Pediatric Hematology Department, A. Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Camos
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Aldeheid Bursen
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC-CSIC-UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Instituciò Catalana Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Beer PA, Eaves CJ. Modeling Normal and Disordered Human Hematopoiesis. Trends Cancer 2015; 1:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Breese EH, Buechele C, Dawson C, Cleary ML, Porteus MH. Use of Genome Engineering to Create Patient Specific MLL Translocations in Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136644. [PMID: 26351841 PMCID: PMC4564237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenging questions in cancer biology is how a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell. There is strong evidence that specific chromosomal translocations are a key element in this transformation process. Our studies focus on understanding the developmental mechanism by which a normal stem or progenitor cell transforms into leukemia. Here we used engineered nucleases to induce simultaneous specific double strand breaks in the MLL gene and two different known translocation partners (AF4 and AF9), which resulted in specific chromosomal translocations in K562 cells as well as primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The initiation of a specific MLL translocation in a small number of HSPCs likely mimics the leukemia-initiating event that occurs in patients. In our studies, the creation of specific MLL translocations in CD34+ cells was not sufficient to transform cells in vitro. Rather, a variety of fates was observed for translocation positive cells including cell loss over time, a transient proliferative advantage followed by loss of the clone, or a persistent proliferative advantage. These studies highlight the application of genome engineering tools in primary human HSPCs to induce and prospectively study the consequences of initiating translocation events in leukemia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Breese
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Corina Buechele
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Dawson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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20
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MLL leukemia induction by genome editing of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells. Blood 2015; 126:1683-94. [PMID: 26311362 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-646398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene occur in primary and treatment-related leukemias and confer a poor prognosis. Studies based primarily on mouse models have substantially advanced our understanding of MLL leukemia pathogenesis, but often use supraphysiological oncogene expression with uncertain implications for human leukemia. Genome editing using site-specific nucleases provides a powerful new technology for gene modification to potentially model human disease, however, this approach has not been used to re-create acute leukemia in human cells of origin comparable to disease observed in patients. We applied transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated genome editing to generate endogenous MLL-AF9 and MLL-ENL oncogenes through insertional mutagenesis in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) derived from human umbilical cord blood. Engineered HSPCs displayed altered in vitro growth potentials and induced acute leukemias following transplantation in immunocompromised mice at a mean latency of 16 weeks. The leukemias displayed phenotypic and morphologic similarities with patient leukemia blasts including a subset with mixed phenotype, a distinctive feature seen in clinical disease. The leukemic blasts expressed an MLL-associated transcriptional program with elevated levels of crucial MLL target genes, displayed heightened sensitivity to DOT1L inhibition, and demonstrated increased oncogenic potential ex vivo and in secondary transplant assays. Thus, genome editing to create endogenous MLL oncogenes in primary human HSPCs faithfully models acute MLL-rearranged leukemia and provides an experimental platform for prospective studies of leukemia initiation and stem cell biology in a genetic subtype of poor prognosis leukemia.
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Abstract
During the past decade, the development of humanized mouse models and their general applications in biomedical research greatly accelerated the translation of outcomes obtained from basic research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinic. In this chapter, we firstly present an overview on the history and current progress of diverse humanized mouse models and then focus on those equipped with reconstituted human immune system. The update advancement in the establishment of humanized immune system mice and their applications in the studies of the development of human immune system and the pathogenesis of multiple human immune-related diseases are intensively reviewed here, while the shortcoming and perspective of these potent tools are discussed as well. As a valuable bridge across the gap between bench work and clinical trial, progressive humanized mouse models will undoubtedly continue to play an indispensable role in the wide area of biomedical research.
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Brendel C, Teichler S, Millahn A, Stiewe T, Krause M, Stabla K, Ross P, Huynh M, Illmer T, Mernberger M, Barckhausen C, Neubauer A. Oncogenic NRAS Primes Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells for Differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123181. [PMID: 25901794 PMCID: PMC4406710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations are frequently found among acute myeloid leukemia patients (AML), generating a constitutively active signaling protein changing cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We have previously shown that treatment of AML patients with high-dose cytarabine is preferentially beneficial for those harboring oncogenic RAS. On the basis of a murine AML cell culture model, we ascribed this effect to a RAS-driven, p53-dependent induction of differentiation. Hence, in this study we sought to confirm the correlation between RAS status and differentiation of primary blasts obtained from AML patients. The gene expression signature of AML blasts with oncogenic NRAS indeed corresponded to a more mature profile compared to blasts with wildtype RAS, as demonstrated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and real-time PCR analysis of myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homolog (MEIS1) in a unique cohort of AML patients. In addition, in vitro cell culture experiments with established cell lines and a second set of primary AML cells showed that oncogenic NRAS mutations predisposed cells to cytarabine (AraC) driven differentiation. Taken together, our findings show that AML with inv(16) and NRAS mutation have a differentiation gene signature, supporting the notion that NRAS mutation may predispose leukemic cells to AraC induced differentiation. We therefore suggest that promotion of differentiation pathways by specific genetic alterations could explain the superior treatment outcome after therapy in some AML patient subgroups. Whether a differentiation gene expression status may generally predict for a superior treatment outcome in AML needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Brendel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Teichler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Millahn
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Molecular Oncology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- Molecular Oncology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Stabla
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Ross
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Minh Huynh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illmer
- Medical Clinic I, University Clinic of Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Molecular Oncology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Barckhausen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, and University Clinic Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Takahashi T, Katano I, Ito R, Ito M. Visualization of the human CD4⁺ T-cell response in humanized HLA-DR4-expressing NOD/Shi-scid/γc(null) (NOG) mice by retrogenic expression of the human TCR gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:219-24. [PMID: 25462565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of severe immunodeficient mouse strains containing various human genes, including cytokines or HLA, has enabled the reconstitution of functional human immune systems after transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Accumulating evidence has suggested that HLA-restricted antigen-specific human T-cell responses can be generated in these humanized mice. To directly monitor immune responses of human CD4(+) T cells, we introduced β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) genes derived from CD4(+) T-cell clones of cow-milk allergy patients into HSCs, and subsequently transplanted them into NOG-HLA-DR4 transgenic/I-Aβ deficient mice (NOG-DR4/I-A(o)). In the thymus, thymocytes with BLG-specific TCR preferentially differentiated into CD4(+)CD8(-) single-positive cells. Adoptive transfer of mature CD4(+) T cells expressing the TCR into recipient NOG-DR4/I-A(o) mice demonstrated that human CD4(+) T cells proliferated in response to antigenic stimulation and produced IFN-γ in vivo, suggesting that functional T-cell reactions (especially Th1-skewed responses) were induced in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Katano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
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24
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Haji Y, Suzuki M, Moriya K, So T, Hozumi K, Mizuma M, Unno M, Ishii N. Activation of Notch1 promotes development of human CD8(+) single positive T cells in humanized mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:346-51. [PMID: 24726647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Notch1 mutations are found in more than 50% of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. However, the functions of Notch1 for human T cell development and leukemogenesis are not well understood. To examine the role of Notch1, human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which had been transduced with a constitutively active form of Notch1 (ICN1), were transplanted into severely immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγ(null) (NOG) mice. We found that the great majority of the ICN1-expressing hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow expressed surface markers for T cells, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, and that this T cell development was independent of the thymus. Accordingly, phenotypically mature CD8(+) single positive (SP) T cells were observed in the spleen. Furthermore, T-ALL developed in one NOG recipient mouse out of 26 that had been secondary transferred with the T cells developed in the first NOG mice. These results indicate that Notch1 signaling in HSCs promotes CD8(+) SP T cell development, and that T cell leukemogenesis may require additional oncogenic factors other than Notch1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Haji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makiko Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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25
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KITAMURA T, INOUE D, OKOCHI-WATANABE N, KATO N, KOMENO Y, LU Y, ENOMOTO Y, DOKI N, UCHIDA T, KAGIYAMA Y, TOGAMI K, KAWABATA KC, NAGASE R, HORIKAWA S, HAYASHI Y, SAIKA M, FUKUYAMA T, IZAWA K, OKI T, NAKAHARA F, KITAURA J. The molecular basis of myeloid malignancies. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2014; 90:389-404. [PMID: 25504228 PMCID: PMC4335136 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies consist of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). The latter two diseases have preleukemic features and frequently evolve to AML. As with solid tumors, multiple mutations are required for leukemogenesis. A decade ago, these gene alterations were subdivided into two categories: class I mutations stimulating cell growth or inhibiting apoptosis; and class II mutations that hamper differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In mouse models, class I mutations such as the Bcr-Abl fusion kinase induce MPN by themselves and some class II mutations such as Runx1 mutations induce MDS. Combinations of class I and class II mutations induce AML in a variety of mouse models. Thus, it was postulated that hematopoietic cells whose differentiation is blocked by class II mutations would autonomously proliferate with class I mutations leading to the development of leukemia. Recent progress in high-speed sequencing has enabled efficient identification of novel mutations in a variety of molecules including epigenetic factors, splicing factors, signaling molecules and proteins in the cohesin complex; most of these are not categorized as either class I or class II mutations. The functional consequences of these mutations are now being extensively investigated. In this article, we will review the molecular basis of hematological malignancies, focusing on mouse models and the interfaces between these models and clinical findings, and revisit the classical class I/II hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio KITAMURA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Kitamura, Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Daichi INOUE
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko OKOCHI-WATANABE
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko KATO
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko KOMENO
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yang LU
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka ENOMOTO
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko DOKI
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki UCHIDA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki KAGIYAMA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro TOGAMI
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihito C. KAWABATA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina NAGASE
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri HORIKAWA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka HAYASHI
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto SAIKA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofusa FUKUYAMA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumi IZAWA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko OKI
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio NAKAHARA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro KITAURA
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Ballabio E, Milne TA. Molecular and Epigenetic Mechanisms of MLL in Human Leukemogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:904-44. [PMID: 24213472 PMCID: PMC3712720 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is often defined as the study of heritable changes in gene expression or chromosome stability that don’t alter the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes are established through multiple mechanisms that include DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs and the covalent modification of specific residues on histone proteins. It is becoming clear not only that aberrant epigenetic changes are common in many human diseases such as leukemia, but that these changes by their very nature are malleable, and thus are amenable to treatment. Epigenetic based therapies have so far focused on the use of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, which tend to have more general and widespread effects on gene regulation in the cell. However, if a unique molecular pathway can be identified, diseases caused by epigenetic mechanisms are excellent candidates for the development of more targeted therapies that focus on specific gene targets, individual binding domains, or specific enzymatic activities. Designing effective targeted therapies depends on a clear understanding of the role of epigenetic mutations during disease progression. The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) protein is an example of a developmentally important protein that controls the epigenetic activation of gene targets in part by methylating histone 3 on lysine 4. MLL is required for normal development, but is also mutated in a subset of aggressive human leukemias and thus provides a useful model for studying the link between epigenetic cell memory and human disease. The most common MLL mutations are chromosome translocations that fuse the MLL gene in frame with partner genes creating novel fusion proteins. In this review, we summarize recent work that argues MLL fusion proteins could function through a single molecular pathway, but we also highlight important data that suggests instead that multiple independent mechanisms underlie MLL mediated leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ballabio
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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