1
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Lamont RJ, Miller DP. Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases: Enablers of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Lifestyle. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:835586. [PMID: 35224543 PMCID: PMC8863745 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.835586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation modifies the functionality of bacterial proteins and forms the basis of a versatile and tunable signal transduction system. The integrated action of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases controls bacterial processes important for metabolism and virulence. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in periodontal disease, possesses an extensive phosphotyrosine signaling network. The phosphorylation reaction is catalyzed by a bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase, Ptk1, and a Ubiquitous bacterial Kinase UbK1. Dephosphorylation is mediated by a low-molecular-weight phosphatase, Ltp1 and a polymerase and histidinol phosphatase, Php1. Phosphotyrosine signaling controls exopolysaccharide production, gingipain activity, oxidative stress responses and synergistic community development with Streptococcus gordonii. Additionally, Ltp1 is secreted extracellularly and can be delivered inside gingival epithelial cells where it can override host cell signaling and readjust cellular physiology. The landscape of coordinated tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity thus underlies the adaptive responses of P. gingivalis to both the polymicrobial environment of bacterial communities and the intracellular environment of gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard J. Lamont
| | - Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Larson MR, Biddle K, Gorman A, Boutom S, Rosenshine I, Saper MA. Escherichia coli O127 group 4 capsule proteins assemble at the outer membrane. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259900. [PMID: 34780538 PMCID: PMC8592465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127 is encapsulated by a protective layer of polysaccharide made of the same strain specific O-antigen as the serotype lipopolysaccharide. Seven genes encoding capsule export functions comprise the group 4 capsule (gfc) operon. Genes gfcE, etk and etp encode homologs of the group 1 capsule secretion system but the upstream gfcABCD genes encode unknown functions specific to group 4 capsule export. We have developed an expression system for the large-scale production of the outer membrane protein GfcD. Contrary to annotations, we find that GfcD is a non-acylated integral membrane protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, light-scattering data, and the HHomp server suggested that GfcD is a monomeric β-barrel with 26 β-strands and an internal globular domain. We identified a set of novel protein-protein interactions between GfcB, GfcC, and GfcD, both in vivo and in vitro, and quantified the binding properties with isothermal calorimetry and biolayer interferometry. GfcC and GfcB form a high-affinity heterodimer with a KD near 100 nM. This heterodimer binds to GfcD (KD = 28 μM) significantly better than either GfcB or GfcC alone. These gfc proteins may form a complex at the outer membrane for group 4 capsule secretion or for a yet unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Larson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kassia Biddle
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam Gorman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah Boutom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ilan Rosenshine
- Dept of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A. Saper
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Yang Y, Liu J, Clarke BR, Seidel L, Bolla JR, Ward PN, Zhang P, Robinson CV, Whitfield C, Naismith JH. The molecular basis of regulation of bacterial capsule assembly by Wzc. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4349. [PMID: 34272394 PMCID: PMC8285477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) play critical roles in virulence. Many bacteria assemble EPSs via a multi-protein "Wzx-Wzy" system, involving glycan polymerization at the outer face of the cytoplasmic/inner membrane. Gram-negative species couple polymerization with translocation across the periplasm and outer membrane and the master regulator of the system is the tyrosine autokinase, Wzc. This near atomic cryo-EM structure of dephosphorylated Wzc from E. coli shows an octameric assembly with a large central cavity formed by transmembrane helices. The tyrosine autokinase domain forms the cytoplasm region, while the periplasmic region contains small folded motifs and helical bundles. The helical bundles are essential for function, most likely through interaction with the outer membrane translocon, Wza. Autophosphorylation of the tyrosine-rich C-terminus of Wzc results in disassembly of the octamer into multiply phosphorylated monomers. We propose that the cycling between phosphorylated monomer and dephosphorylated octamer regulates glycan polymerization and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK.,Division of Structural Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK.,Division of Structural Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bradley R Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Seidel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jani R Bolla
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, South Parks Road, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip N Ward
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK.,Division of Structural Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, South Parks Road, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - James H Naismith
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK. .,Division of Structural Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Harwell, UK.
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4
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Surviving serum - the E. coli iss gene (increased serum survival) of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is required for the synthesis of group 4 capsule. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0031621. [PMID: 34181459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00316-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains - ExPEC - constitute a serious and emerging clinical problem, as they cause a variety of infections and are usually highly antibiotic resistant. Many ExPEC - are capable of evading the bactericidal effects of serum and causing sepsis. One critical factor for the development of septicemia is the gene iss, increased serum survival, which is highly correlated with complement resistance and lethality. Although it is very important, the function of the iss gene has not been elucidated so far. We have been studying the serum survival of a septicemic strain of E. coli serotype O78, which has a group 4 capsule. Here we show that the iss gene is required for the synthesis of capsules, which protect the bacteria from the bactericidal effect of complement. Moreover, we show that the deletion of the iss gene results in significantly increased binding of the complement proteins that constitute the membrane attack complex to the bacterial surface.
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5
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Wang X, Ma Q. Wzb of Vibrio vulnificus represents a new group of low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases with a unique insertion in the W-loop. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100280. [PMID: 33450227 PMCID: PMC7948962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the production of capsular polysaccharide, an essential virulence factor of the deadly pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. The process requires the protein tyrosine kinase Wzc and its cognate phosphatase Wzb, both of which are largely uncharacterized. Herein, we report the structures of Wzb of V. vulnificus (VvWzb) in free and ligand-bound forms. VvWzb belongs to the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMWPTP) family. Interestingly, it contains an extra four-residue insertion in the W-loop, distinct from all known LMWPTPs. The W-loop of VvWzb protrudes from the protein body in the free structure, but undergoes significant conformational changes to fold toward the active site upon ligand binding. Deleting the four-residue insertion from the W-loop severely impaired the enzymatic activity of VvWzb, indicating its importance for optimal catalysis. However, mutating individual residues or even substituting the whole insertion with four alanine residues only modestly decreased the enzymatic activity, suggesting that the contribution of the insertion to catalysis is not determined by the sequence specificity. Furthermore, inserting the four residues into Escherichia coli Wzb at the corresponding position enhanced its activity as well, indicating that the four-residue insertion in the W-loop can act as a general activity enhancing element for other LMWPTPs. The novel W-loop type and phylogenetic analysis suggested that VvWzb and its homologs should be classified into a new group of LMWPTPs. Our study sheds new insight into the catalytic mechanism and structural diversity of the LMWPTP family and promotes the understanding of the protein tyrosine phosphorylation system in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Su T, Nakamoto R, Chun YY, Chua WZ, Chen JH, Zik JJ, Sham LT. Decoding capsule synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6041728. [PMID: 33338218 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae synthesizes more than one hundred types of capsular polysaccharides (CPS). While the diversity of the enzymes and transporters involved is enormous, it is not limitless. In this review, we summarized the recent progress on elucidating the structure-function relationships of CPS, the mechanisms by which they are synthesized, how their synthesis is regulated, the host immune response against them, and the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines. Based on the genetic and structural information available, we generated provisional models of the CPS repeating units that remain unsolved. In addition, to facilitate cross-species comparisons and assignment of glycosyltransferases, we illustrated the biosynthetic pathways of the known CPS in a standardized format. Studying the intricate steps of pneumococcal CPS assembly promises to provide novel insights for drug and vaccine development as well as improve our understanding of related pathways in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Rei Nakamoto
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Ye Yu Chun
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Wan Zhen Chua
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Jia Hui Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Justin J Zik
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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7
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Bonne Køhler J, Jers C, Senissar M, Shi L, Derouiche A, Mijakovic I. Importance of protein Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation for bacterial pathogenesis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2339-2369. [PMID: 32337704 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates a large variety of biological processes in all living cells. In pathogenic bacteria, the study of serine, threonine, and tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) phosphorylation has shed light on the course of infectious diseases, from adherence to host cells to pathogen virulence, replication, and persistence. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics has provided global maps of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphosites in bacterial pathogens. Despite recent developments, a quantitative and dynamic view of phosphorylation events that occur during bacterial pathogenesis is currently lacking. Temporal, spatial, and subpopulation resolution of phosphorylation data is required to identify key regulatory nodes underlying bacterial pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss how technological improvements in sample handling, MS instrumentation, data processing, and machine learning should improve bacterial phosphoproteomic datasets and the information extracted from them. Such information is expected to significantly extend the current knowledge of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation in pathogenic bacteria and should ultimately contribute to the design of novel strategies to combat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bonne Køhler
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Jers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mériem Senissar
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lei Shi
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abderahmane Derouiche
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Escherichia coli O-antigen capsule (group 4) is essential for serum resistance. Res Microbiol 2020; 171:99-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Jung YJ, Miller DP, Perpich JD, Fitzsimonds ZR, Shen D, Ohshima J, Lamont RJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis Tyrosine Phosphatase Php1 Promotes Community Development and Pathogenicity. mBio 2019; 10:e02004-19. [PMID: 31551334 PMCID: PMC6759763 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02004-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in bacteria plays a significant role in multiple cellular functions, including those related to community development and virulence. Metal-dependent protein tyrosine phosphatases that belong to the polymerase and histindinol phosphatase (PHP) family are widespread in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we show that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative periodontal pathogen, expresses a PHP protein, Php1, with divalent metal ion-dependent tyrosine phosphatase activity. Php1 tyrosine phosphatase activity was attenuated by mutation of conserved histidine residues that are important for the coordination of metal ions and by mutation of a conserved arginine residue, a key residue for catalysis in other bacterial PHPs. The php1 gene is located immediately downstream of the gene encoding the bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase Ptk1, which was a substrate for Php1 in vitro Php1 rapidly caused the conversion of Ptk1 to a state of low tyrosine phosphorylation in the absence of discernible intermediate phosphoforms. Active Php1 was required for P. gingivalis exopolysaccharide production and for community development with the antecedent oral biofilm constituent Streptococcus gordonii under nutrient-depleted conditions. In contrast, the absence of Php1 had no effect on the ability of P. gingivalis to form monospecies biofilms. In vitro, Php1 enzymatic activity was resistant to the effects of the streptococcal secreted metabolites pABA and H2O2, which inhibited Ltp1, an enzyme in the low-molecular-weight (LMW) phosphotyrosine phosphatase family. Ptk1 reciprocally phosphorylated Php1 on tyrosine residues 159 and 161, which independently impacted phosphatase activity. Loss of Php1 rendered P. gingivalis nonvirulent in an animal model of periodontal disease. Collectively, these results demonstrate that P. gingivalis possesses active PHP and LMW tyrosine phosphatases, a unique configuration in Gram-negatives which may allow P. gingivalis to maintain phosphorylation/dephosphorylation homeostasis in multispecies communities. Moreover, Php1 contributes to the pathogenic potential of the organism.IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases are among the most common infections of humans and are also associated with systemic inflammatory conditions. Colonization and pathogenicity of P. gingivalis are regulated by signal transduction pathways based on protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Here, we identify and characterize a novel component of the tyrosine (de)phosphorylation axis: a polymerase and histindinol phosphatase (PHP) family enzyme. This tyrosine phosphatase, designated Php1, was required for P. gingivalis community development with other oral bacteria, and in the absence of Php1 activity P. gingivalis was unable to cause disease in a mouse model of periodontitis. This work provides significant insights into the protein tyrosine (de)phosphorylation network in P. gingivalis, its adaptation to heterotypic communities, and its contribution to colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John D Perpich
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daonan Shen
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jun Ohshima
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Pagano GJ, Arsenault RJ. Advances, challenges and tools in characterizing bacterial serine, threonine and tyrosine kinases and phosphorylation target sites. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:431-441. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1601015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni J. Pagano
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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11
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Global landscape of cell envelope protein complexes in Escherichia coli. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 36:103-112. [PMID: 29176613 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell envelope protein (CEP) complexes mediate a range of processes, including membrane assembly, antibiotic resistance and metabolic coordination. However, only limited characterization of relevant macromolecules has been reported to date. Here we present a proteomic survey of 1,347 CEPs encompassing 90% inner- and outer-membrane and periplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli. After extraction with non-denaturing detergents, we affinity-purified 785 endogenously tagged CEPs and identified stably associated polypeptides by precision mass spectrometry. The resulting high-quality physical interaction network, comprising 77% of targeted CEPs, revealed many previously uncharacterized heteromeric complexes. We found that the secretion of autotransporters requires translocation and the assembly module TamB to nucleate proper folding from periplasm to cell surface through a cooperative mechanism involving the β-barrel assembly machinery. We also establish that an ABC transporter of unknown function, YadH, together with the Mla system preserves outer membrane lipid asymmetry. This E. coli CEP 'interactome' provides insights into the functional landscape governing CE systems essential to bacterial growth, metabolism and drug resistance.
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12
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Liu C, Miller DP, Wang Y, Merchant M, Lamont RJ. Structure-function aspects of the Porphyromonas gingivalis tyrosine kinase Ptk1. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:314-323. [PMID: 27498608 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of synergistically pathogenic communities of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii is controlled by a tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathway in P. gingivalis. The Ptk1 bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase of P. gingivalis is required for maximal community development and for the production of extracellular polysaccharide. We show that the consensus BY kinase Walker A and B domains, the RK cluster, and the YC domain of Ptk1 are necessary for autophosphorylation and for substrate phosphorylation. Mass spectrometry showed that six tyrosine residues in a 16-amino-acid C-terminal region were phosphorylated in recombinant (r) Ptk1. Complementation of a ptk1 mutant with the wild-type ptk1 allele in trans restored community development between P. gingivalis and S. gordonii, and extracellular polysaccharide production by P. gingivalis. In contrast, complementation of Δptk1 with ptk1 containing a mutation in the Walker A domain failed to restore community development or extracellular polysaccharide production. rPtk1 was capable of phosphorylating the tyrosine phosphatase Ltp1 and the transcriptional regulator CdhR, both of which are involved in the development of P. gingivalis communities with S. gordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Merchant
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - R J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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13
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Caselli A, Paoli P, Santi A, Mugnaioni C, Toti A, Camici G, Cirri P. Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase: Multifaceted functions of an evolutionarily conserved enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1339-55. [PMID: 27421795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as a low molecular weight acid phosphatase, LMW-PTP is actually a protein tyrosine phosphatase that acts on many phosphotyrosine-containing cellular proteins that are primarily involved in signal transduction. Differences in sequence, structure, and substrate recognition as well as in subcellular localization in different organisms enable LMW-PTP to exert many different functions. In fact, during evolution, the LMW-PTP structure adapted to perform different catalytic actions depending on the organism type. In bacteria, this enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of group 1 and 4 capsules, but it is also a virulence factor in pathogenic strains. In yeast, LMW-PTPs dephosphorylate immunophilin Fpr3, a peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase member of the protein chaperone family. In humans, LMW-PTP is encoded by the ACP1 gene, which is composed of three different alleles, each encoding two active enzymes produced by alternative RNA splicing. In animals, LMW-PTP dephosphorylates a number of growth factor receptors and modulates their signalling processes. The involvement of LMW-PTP in cancer progression and in insulin receptor regulation as well as its actions as a virulence factor in a number of pathogenic bacterial strains may promote the search for potent, selective and bioavailable LMW-PTP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alice Santi
- Vascular Proteomics, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Camilla Mugnaioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Guido Camici
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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14
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Medeot DB, Romina Rivero M, Cendoya E, Contreras-Moreira B, Rossi FA, Fischer SE, Becker A, Jofré E. Sinorhizobium meliloti low molecular mass phosphotyrosine phosphatase SMc02309 modifies activity of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ExoN involved in succinoglycan biosynthesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:552-563. [PMID: 26813656 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, tyrosine phosphorylation has been shown to play a role in the control of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. This study demonstrated that the chromosomal ORF SMc02309 from Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 encodes a protein with significant sequence similarity to low molecular mass protein-tyrosine phosphatases (LMW-PTPs), such as the Escherichia coli Wzb. Unlike other well-characterized EPS biosynthesis gene clusters, which contain neighbouring LMW-PTPs and kinase, the S. meliloti succinoglycan (EPS I) gene cluster located on megaplasmid pSymB does not encode a phosphatase. Biochemical assays revealed that the SMc02309 protein hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) with kinetic parameters similar to other bacterial LMW-PTPs. Furthermore, we show evidence that SMc02309 is not the LMW-PTP of the bacterial tyrosine-kinase (BY-kinase) ExoP. Nevertheless, ExoN, a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase involved in the first stages of EPS I biosynthesis, is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues and constitutes an endogenous substrate of the SMc02309 protein. Additionally, we show that the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity is modulated by SMc02309-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation. Moreover, a mutation in the SMc02309 gene decreases EPS I production and delays nodulation on Medicago sativa roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B Medeot
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Molecular Biology, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Romina Rivero
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bruno Contreras-Moreira
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei/CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando A Rossi
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E Fischer
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anke Becker
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Edgardo Jofré
- Department of Natural Sciences, FCEFQyN, National University of Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Córdoba, Argentina
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15
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Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation in Burkholderia cenocepacia Affect Biofilm Formation, Growth under Nutritional Deprivation, and Pathogenicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:843-56. [PMID: 26590274 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03513-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia, a member of the B. cepacia complex (Bcc), is an opportunistic pathogen causing serious chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as an important posttranslational modification modulating the physiology and pathogenicity of Bcc bacteria. Here, we investigated the predicted bacterial tyrosine kinases BCAM1331 and BceF and the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases BCAM0208, BceD, and BCAL2200 of B. cenocepacia K56-2. We show that BCAM1331, BceF, BCAM0208, and BceD contribute to biofilm formation, while BCAL2200 is required for growth under nutrient-limited conditions. Multiple deletions of either tyrosine kinase or low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase genes resulted in the attenuation of B. cenocepacia intramacrophage survival and reduced pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella larval infection model. Experimental evidence indicates that BCAM1331 displays reduced tyrosine autophosphorylation activity compared to that of BceF. With the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, the phosphatase activities of the three low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases demonstrated similar kinetic parameters. However, only BCAM0208 and BceD could dephosphorylate BceF. Further, BCAL2200 became tyrosine phosphorylated in vivo and catalyzed its autodephosphorylation. Together, our data suggest that despite having similar biochemical activities, low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases and tyrosine kinases have both overlapping and specific roles in the physiology of B. cenocepacia.
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16
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Standish AJ, Morona R. The role of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of the biosynthesis of secreted polysaccharides. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2274-89. [PMID: 24295407 PMCID: PMC3995119 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Tyrosine phosphorylation and associated protein tyrosine phosphatases are gaining prominence as critical mechanisms in the regulation of fundamental processes in a wide variety of bacteria. In particular, these phosphatases have been associated with the control of the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides, critically important virulence factors for bacteria. RECENT ADVANCES Deletion and overexpression of the phosphatases result in altered polysaccharide biosynthesis in a range of bacteria. The recent structures of associated auto-phosphorylating tyrosine kinases have suggested that the phosphatases may be critical for the cycling of the kinases between monomers and higher order oligomers. CRITICAL ISSUES Additional substrates of the phosphatases apart from cognate kinases are currently being identified. These are likely to be critical to our understanding of the mechanism by which polysaccharide biosynthesis is regulated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ultimately, these protein tyrosine phosphatases are an attractive target for the development of novel antimicrobials. This is particularly the case for the polymerase and histidinol phosphatase family, which is predominantly found in bacteria. Furthermore, the determination of bacterial tyrosine phosphoproteomes will likely help to uncover the fundamental roles, mechanism, and critical importance of these phosphatases in a wide range of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Standish
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Wright CJ, Xue P, Hirano T, Liu C, Whitmore SE, Hackett M, Lamont RJ. Characterization of a bacterial tyrosine kinase in Porphyromonas gingivalis involved in polymicrobial synergy. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:383-94. [PMID: 24811194 PMCID: PMC4082711 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies communication between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii underlies the development of synergistic dual species communities. Contact with S. gordonii initiates signal transduction within P. gingivalis that is based on protein tyrosine (de)phosphorylation. In this study, we characterize a bacterial tyrosine (BY) kinase (designated Ptk1) of P. gingivalis and demonstrate its involvement in interspecies signaling. Ptk1 can utilize ATP for autophosphorylation and is dephosphorylated by the P. gingivalis tyrosine phosphatase, Ltp1. Community development with S. gordonii is severely abrogated in a ptk1 mutant of P. gingivalis, indicating that tyrosine kinase activity is required for maximal polymicrobial synergy. Ptk1 controls the levels of the transcriptional regulator CdhR and the fimbrial adhesin Mfa1 which mediates binding to S. gordonii. The ptk1 gene is in an operon with two genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis, and similar to other BY kinases, Ptk1 is necessary for exopolysaccharide production in P. gingivalis. Ptk1 can phosphorylate the capsule related proteins PGN_0224, a UDP-acetyl-mannosamine dehydrogenase, and PGN_0613, a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, in P. gingivalis. Knockout of ptk1 in an encapsulated strain of P. gingivalis resulted in loss of capsule production. Collectively these results demonstrate that the P. gingivalis Ptk1 BY kinase regulates interspecies communication and controls heterotypic community development with S. gordonii through adjusting the levels of the Mfa1 adhesin and exopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wright
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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18
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Abstract
Microbial ester kinases identified in the past 3 decades came as a surprise, as protein phosphorylation on Ser, Thr, and Tyr amino acids was thought to be unique to eukaryotes. Current analysis of available microbial genomes reveals that "eukaryote-like" protein kinases are prevalent in prokaryotes and can converge in the same signaling pathway with the classical microbial "two-component" systems. Most microbial tyrosine kinases lack the "eukaryotic" Hanks domain signature and are designated tyrosine kinases based upon their biochemical activity. These include the tyrosine kinases termed bacterial tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases), which are responsible for the majority of known bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation events. Although termed generally as bacterial tyrosine kinases, BY-kinases can be considered as one family belonging to the superfamily of prokaryotic protein-tyrosine kinases in bacteria. Other members of this superfamily include atypical "odd" tyrosine kinases with diverse mechanisms of protein phosphorylation and the "eukaryote-like" Hanks-type tyrosine kinases. Here, we discuss the distribution, phylogeny, and function of the various prokaryotic protein-tyrosine kinases, focusing on the recently discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis PtkA and its relationship with other members of this diverse family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Chao
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
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19
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Falls KC, Williams AL, Bryksin AV, Matsumura I. Escherichia coli deletion mutants illuminate trade-offs between growth rate and flux through a foreign anabolic pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88159. [PMID: 24505410 PMCID: PMC3913754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineers strive to improve the production yields of microbial fermentations, sometimes by mutating the genomes of production strains. Some mutations are detrimental to the health of the organism, so a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the trade-offs could inform better designs. We employed the bacterial luciferase operon (luxABCDE), which uses ubiquitous energetic cofactors (NADPH, ATP, FMNH2, acetyl-CoA) from the host cell, as a proxy for a novel anabolic pathway. The strains in the Escherichia coli Keio collection, each of which contains a single deletion of a non-essential gene, represent mutational choices that an engineer might make to optimize fermentation yields. The Keio strains and the parental BW25113 strain were transformed with a luxABCDE expression vector. Each transformant was propagated in defined M9 medium at 37°C for 48 hours; the cell density (optical density at 600 nanometers, OD600) and luminescence were measured every 30 minutes. The trade-offs were visualized by plotting the maximum growth rate and luminescence/OD600 of each transformant across a “production possibility frontier”. Our results show that some loss-of-function mutations enhance growth in vitro or light production, but that improvement in one trait generally comes at the expense of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Falls
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anton V. Bryksin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Matsumura
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tan H, Wan S, Liu PQ, Wang L, Zhang CC, Chen WL. Alr5068, a Low-Molecular-Weight protein tyrosine phosphatase, is involved in formation of the heterocysts polysaccharide layer in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:875-85. [PMID: 23827083 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 forms nitrogen-fixing heterocysts after deprivation of combined nitrogen. Under such conditions, vegetative cells provide heterocysts with photosynthate and receive fixed nitrogen from the latter. Heterocyst envelope contains a glycolipid layer and a polysaccharide layer to restrict the diffusion of oxygen into heterocysts. Low-Molecular-Weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (LMW-PTPs) are involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides in bacteria. Alr5068, a protein from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, shows significant sequence similarity with LMW-PTPs. In this study we characterized the enzymatic properties of Alr5068 and showed that it can dephosphorylate several autophosphorylated tyrosine kinases (Alr2856, Alr3059 and All4432) of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 in vitro. Several conserved residues among LMW-PTPs are shown to be essential for the phosphatase activity of Alr5068. Overexpression of alr5068 results in a strain unable to survive under diazotrophic conditions, with the formation of morphologically mature heterocysts detached from the filaments. Overexpression of an alr5068 allele that lost phosphatase activity led to the formation of heterocyst with an impaired polysaccharide layer. The alr5068 gene was upregulated after nitrogen step-down and its mutation affected the expression of hepA and hepC, two genes necessary for the formation of the heterocyst envelope polysaccharide (HEP) layer. Our results suggest that Alr5068 is associated with the production of HEP in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.
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21
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Bushell S, Mainprize I, Wear M, Lou H, Whitfield C, Naismith J. Wzi is an outer membrane lectin that underpins group 1 capsule assembly in Escherichia coli. Structure 2013; 21:844-53. [PMID: 23623732 PMCID: PMC3791409 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria encase themselves in a polysaccharide capsule that provides a barrier to the physical and immunological challenges of the host. The mechanism by which the capsule assembles around the bacterial cell is unknown. Wzi, an integral outer-membrane protein from Escherichia coli, has been implicated in the formation of group 1 capsules. The 2.6 Å resolution structure of Wzi reveals an 18-stranded β-barrel fold with a novel arrangement of long extracellular loops that blocks the extracellular entrance and a helical bundle that plugs the periplasmic end. Mutagenesis shows that specific extracellular loops are required for in vivo capsule assembly. The data show that Wzi binds the K30 carbohydrate polymer and, crucially, that mutants functionally deficient in vivo show no binding to K30 polymer in vitro. We conclude that Wzi is a novel outer-membrane lectin that assists in the formation of the bacterial capsule via direct interaction with capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Bushell
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Iain L. Mainprize
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martin A. Wear
- School of Chemistry, King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Hubing Lou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James H. Naismith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
- Corresponding author
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22
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Temel DB, Dutta K, Alphonse S, Nourikyan J, Grangeasse C, Ghose R. Regulatory interactions between a bacterial tyrosine kinase and its cognate phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15212-28. [PMID: 23543749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic process of autophosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine cluster (YC) of a bacterial tyrosine kinase and its subsequent dephosphorylation following interactions with a counteracting tyrosine phosphatase regulates diverse physiological processes, including the biosynthesis and export of polysaccharides responsible for the formation of biofilms or virulence-determining capsules. We provide here the first detailed insight into this hitherto uncharacterized regulatory interaction at residue-specific resolution using Escherichia coli Wzc, a canonical bacterial tyrosine kinase, and its opposing tyrosine phosphatase, Wzb. The phosphatase Wzb utilizes a surface distal to the catalytic elements of the kinase, Wzc, to dock onto its catalytic domain (WzcCD). WzcCD binds in a largely YC-independent fashion near the Wzb catalytic site, inducing allosteric changes therein. YC dephosphorylation is proximity-mediated and reliant on the elevated concentration of phosphorylated YC near the Wzb active site resulting from WzcCD docking. Wzb principally recognizes the phosphate of its phosphotyrosine substrate and further stabilizes the tyrosine moiety through ring stacking interactions with a conserved active site tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz B Temel
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
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