The association between individual SNPs or haplotypes of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and gastric cancer susceptibility, progression and prognosis

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genotypes With Bladder Cancer Risk

AIM

There is very little literature reporting the association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) with personal susceptibility to bladder cancer. In the current study, we carried out the first examination of the contribution of MMP1 rs1799750 to bladder cancer risk in Taiwanese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 375 bladder cancer cases and 375 healthy controls were genotyped for MMP1 rs1799750 via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology and this was evaluated for association with clinicopathological factors.

RESULTS

The frequencies of MMP1 rs1799750 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G genotypes were 35.7%, 44.8% and 19.5% in the group with bladder cancer and 32.5%, 46.4%, and 21.1% in the healthy control group (p for trend=0.6362). The odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer risk after adjusting for age and gender for those carrying 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 were 0.88 (95% CI=0.62-1.24, p=0.4357) and 0.83 (95% CI=0.61-1.26, p=0.3990), respectively, compared with the wild-type 2G/2G genotype. In allelic frequency analysis, the adjusted OR for those carrying the 1G allele at MMP1 rs1799750 was 0.87 (95% CI=0.71-1.23, p=0.3479) compared to those people carrying a 2G allele.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 appear to play little role in determining personal susceptibility to bladder cancer for Taiwanese.

Integrated bioinformatics analysis for differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways identification in gastric cancer

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) has a high mortality rate in cancer-related deaths worldwide. Currently, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer progression remains unclear. Here, we identified several vital candidate genes related to gastric cancer development and revealed the potential pathogenic mechanisms using integrated bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Two microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database integrated. Limma package was used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GC and matched normal specimens. DAVID was utilized to conduct Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis. The relative expression of OLFM4, IGF2BP3, CLDN1 and MMP1were analyzed based on TCGA database provided by UALCAN. Western blot and quantitative real time PCR assay were performed to determine the protein and mRNA levels of OLFM4, IGF2BP3, CLDN1 and MMP1 in GC tissues and cell lines, respectively. Results: We downloaded the expression profiles of GSE103236 and GSE118897 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Two integrated microarray datasets were used to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and bioinformatics methods were used for in-depth analysis. After gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments analysis, we identified 61 DEGs in common, of which the expression of 34 genes were elevated and 27 genes were decreased. GO analysis displayed that the biological functions of DEGs mainly focused on negative regulation of growth, fatty acid binding, cellular response to zinc ion and calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that these DEGs mainly related to the Wnt and tumor signaling pathway. Interestingly, we found 4 genes were most significantly upregulated in the DEGs, which were OLFM4, IGF2BP3, CLDN1 and MMP1. Then, we confirmed the upregulation of these genes in STAD based on sample types. In the final, western blot and qRT-PCR assay were performed to determine the protein and mRNA levels of OLFM4, IGF2BP3, CLDN1 and MMP1 in GC tissues and cell lines. Conclusion: In our study, using integrated bioinformatics to screen DEGs in gastric cancer could benefit us for understanding the pathogenic mechanism underlying gastric cancer progression. Meanwhile, we also identified four significantly upregulated genes in DEGs from both two datasets, which might be used as the biomarkers for early diagnosis and prevention of gastric cancer.

Association of polymorphisms in IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-13 with the risk and prognosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the risk and prognostic value of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) inIL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-13 in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).

DESIGN

SNPs rs2227532 and rs4073 inIL-8, rs2071230 and rs470558 in MMP-1, and rs2252070 in MMP-13 were genotyped in 125 oral and oropharyngeal SCC patients and 130 healthy controls, using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the association between SNPs and cancer development, as well as SNP-SNP interaction and gene-environmental factor (GxE) interaction. Univariate and multivariate methods were applied for survival analyses.

RESULTS

With exception of rs2227532, all the SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control. No associations between rs4073 in IL-8 and rs2071230 and rs470558 in MMP-1 were observed, but rs2252070 in MMP-13, in the dominant model, was associated in a protective manner to oral and oropharyngeal SCC (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.06-0.71, p = 0.007). All SNPs interact significantly with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on susceptibility to oral and oropharyngeal SCC, but they showed no influence on survival of the patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that rs2252070 inMMP-13 may confer protection effect against oral and oropharyngeal SCC. In addition, the combined effects of IL-8 (rs4073), MMP-1 (rs2071230 and rs470558) and MMP-13 (rs2252070) with environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco and alcohol, are related to increased risk for oral and oropharyngeal SCC development.

Association between the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 and the prognosis of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma

The present study aimed to investigate the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) in gastric adenocarcinoma. TNFAIP8 expression levels in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples (with and without lymph node metastasis), adjacent normal tissue samples and metastatic lymph node tissue samples were detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between TNFAIP8 expression levels and clinicopathological data and gastric adenocarcinoma prognosis was analyzed. The results demonstrated that TNFAIP8 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples and metastatic lymph node tissue samples markedly increased at a rate of 47.2% (50/106) and 81.7% (49/60), respectively, as compared with the adjacent normal tissue samples in which no TNGFAIP8 expression was detected (0%). This increase in TNFAIP8 expression was statistically significant. TNFAIP8 expression rates in the primary tumors (60%, 36/60) of patients with lymph node metastasis were significantly higher compared with the primary tumors of patients without lymph node metastasis (30.4%, 14/46). TNFAIP8 expression was associated with an increase in the severity of TNM stage, tumor grade, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and serum CA72-4 levels. The overall survival rate of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and high TNFAIP8 expression was poorer compared with patients with low TNFAIP8 expression, and TNFAIP8 expression was negatively correlated with patient prognosis. The results also demonstrated that TNFAIP8 was an independent prognostic marker in gastric adenocarcinoma (relative risk, 1.736; P=0.029). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that TNFAIP8 expression was associated with the occurrence, development and metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma, and negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. TNFAIP8 may therefore serve as a prognostic factor for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Long noncoding RNAs: novel insights into gastric cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Recent advances in the non-protein coding part of human genome analysis have discovered extensive transcription of large RNA transcripts that lack coding protein function, termed non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is becoming evident that lncRNAs may be an important class of pervasive genes involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, the biological and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in diverse diseases are not yet fully understood. Thus, it is anticipated that more efforts should be made to clarify the lncRNA world. Moreover, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that many lncRNAs are dysregulated in gastric cancer (GC) and closely related to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and prognosis or diagnosis. In this review, we will briefly outline the regulation and functional role of lncRNAs in GC. Finally, we discussed the potential of lncRNAs as prospective novel targets in GC treatment and biomarkers for GC diagnosis.

The contribution of the genetic variations of the matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene to the genetic susceptibility of gastric cancer

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), an interstitial collagenase, is responsible for the proteolytic degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix. MMP-1 plays a major role in the invasion of gastric cancer (GC). The role of the genetic polymorphisms in the functional regions of MMP-1 on the risk of GC remains unclear. To identify the markers that contribute to the genetic susceptibility to GC, we examined the potential association between GC and nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs 1799750, rs 498186, rs 475007, rs 514921, rs 494379, rs 996999, rs 2071232, rs 1938901, and rs 2239008) of the MMP-1 gene using the MassARRAY system in this study. The participants enrolled in this study included 422 patients with GC and 428 healthy subjects as the healthy controls from a Chinese Han population. The analysis revealed a weak association between the rs 1799750 (in the promoter region) genotype distribution and GC (p=0.020). The frequency of the 2G allele was significantly higher in the patients with GC than in the healthy controls (p=0.005, odds ratio [OR]=1.324, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.087-1.613). Moreover, the patients with the 2G/2G genotype of rs 1799750 had a significantly increased risk of cancer invasion compared with patients with the 1G/1G+1G/2G genotype (p=0.001, OR=0.505, 95% CI: 0.331-0.771). Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed in three blocks (D'>0.9). Significantly, more C-2G haplotypes (block 3) (p=0.0005 after Bonferroni correction) were found in GC subjects. These findings point to a role for MMP-1 promoter polymorphism in GC among a Han Chinese population, and may be informative for future genetic or biological studies on GC.

Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA AC096655.1-002 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are newfound noncoding RNAs that are greater than 200 nucleotides in length. They have emerged recently as major players in governing fundamental biological processes. However, the expression level of lncRNAs and their clinical significances are not well understood. To investigate the lncRNA expression in gastric cancer, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was conducted. Then, the association between the level of AC096655.1-002, one of lncRNA, in gastric cancer tissues and the clinicopathological features of patients with gastric cancer was further analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the diagnostic values. The results showed that AC096655.1-002 was significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues (P < 0.001). Its expression level was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001), tumor-node-metastasis stages (P < 0.001), and differentiation (P = 0.030). The area under the ROC curve of AC096655.1-002 was up to 0.731. For the detection of gastric cancer, the use of AC096655.1-002 showed a remarkable improvement compared with the use of serum carcinoembryonic antigen. These results indicated that lncRNA AC096655.1-002 may be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.