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Elarabi NI, Abdel-Rahman AA, Abdel-Haleem H, Abdel-Hakeem M. Silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles disrupt essential parasitism, neuropeptidergic, and expansion-like proteins genes in Meloidogyne incognita. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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3
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Aparecida Godinho Mendes R, Basso MF, Amora DX, Silva AP, Paes-de-Melo B, Coiti Togawa R, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Lima Pepino Macedo L, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Grossi-de-Sa MF. In planta RNAi approach targeting three M. incognita effector genes disturbed the process of infection and reduced plant susceptibility. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108246. [PMID: 35460697 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is the most economically important species of the root-knot nematode complex causing damage to several crops worldwide. During parasitism in host plants, M. incognita secretes several effector proteins to suppress the plant immune system, manipulate the plant cell cycle, and promote parasitism. Several effector proteins have been identified, but their relationship with plant parasitism by M. incognita has not been fully confirmed. Herein, the Minc01696, Minc00344, and Minc00801 putative effector genes were evaluated to assess their importance during soybean and Nicotiana tabacum parasitism by M. incognita. For this study, we used in planta RNAi technology to overexpress dsRNA molecules capable of producing siRNAs that target and downregulate these nematode effector genes. Soybean composite roots and N. tabacum lines were successfully generated, and susceptibility level to M. incognita was evaluated. Consistently, both transgenic soybean roots and transgenic N. tabacum lines carrying the RNAi strategy showed reduced susceptibility to M. incognita. The number of galls per plant and the number of egg masses per plant were reduced by up to 85% in transgenic soybean roots, supported by the downregulation of effector genes in M. incognita during parasitism. Similarly, the number of galls per plant, the number of egg masses per plant, and the nematode reproduction factor were reduced by up to 83% in transgenic N. tabacum lines, which was also supported by the downregulation of the Minc00801 effector gene during parasitism. Therefore, our data indicate that all three effector genes can be a target in the development of new biotechnological tools based on the RNAi strategy in economically important crops for M. incognita control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Deisy Xavier Amora
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais, Uberaba, MG, 38060-040, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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4
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Mejias J, Chen Y, Bazin J, Truong NM, Mulet K, Noureddine Y, Jaubert-Possamai S, Ranty-Roby S, Soulé S, Abad P, Crespi MD, Favery B, Quentin M. Silencing the conserved small nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 target gene alters susceptibility to root-knot nematodes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1741-1756. [PMID: 35385078 PMCID: PMC9237699 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most damaging pests of agricultural crops. Meloidogyne is an extremely polyphagous genus of nematodes that can infect thousands of plant species. A few genes for resistance (R-genes) to RKN suitable for use in crop breeding have been identified, but virulent strains and species of RKN have emerged that render these R-genes ineffective. Secretion of RKN effectors targeting plant functions mediates the reprogramming of root cells into specialized feeding cells, the giant cells, essential for RKN development and reproduction. Conserved targets among plant species define the more relevant strategies for controlling nematode infection. The EFFECTOR18 (EFF18) protein from M. incognita interacts with the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 (SmD1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), disrupting its function in alternative splicing regulation and modulating the giant cell transcriptome. We show here that EFF18 is a conserved RKN-specific effector that targets this conserved spliceosomal SmD1 protein in Solanaceae. This interaction modulates alternative splicing events produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in response to M. incognita infection. The alteration of SmD1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in Solanaceae affects giant cell formation and nematode development. Thus, our work defines a promising conserved SmD1 target gene to develop broad resistance for the control of Meloidogyne spp. in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Sarah Ranty-Roby
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Dialog between Kingdoms: Enemies, Allies and Peptide Phytohormones. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112243. [PMID: 34834606 PMCID: PMC8618561 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Various plant hormones can integrate developmental and environmental responses, acting in a complex network, which allows plants to adjust their developmental processes to changing environments. In particular, plant peptide hormones regulate various aspects of plant growth and development as well as the response to environmental stress and the interaction of plants with their pathogens and symbionts. Various plant-interacting organisms, e.g., bacterial and fungal pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as symbiotic and plant-beneficial bacteria and fungi, are able to manipulate phytohormonal level and/or signaling in the host plant in order to overcome plant immunity and to create the habitat and food source inside the plant body. The most striking example of such phytohormonal mimicry is the ability of certain plant pathogens and symbionts to produce peptide phytohormones of different classes. To date, in the genomes of plant-interacting bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, the genes encoding effectors which mimic seven classes of peptide phytohormones have been found. For some of these effectors, the interaction with plant receptors for peptide hormones and the effect on plant development and defense have been demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the currently described classes of peptide phytohormones found among the representatives of other kingdoms, as well as mechanisms of their action and possible evolutional origin.
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Godinho Mendes RA, Basso MF, Fernandes de Araújo J, Paes de Melo B, Lima RN, Ribeiro TP, da Silva Mattos V, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Grossi-de-Sa M, Dessaune Tameirao SN, da Rocha Fragoso R, Mattar da Silva MC, Vignols F, Fernandez D, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors interact with GmHub10 protein to promote the soybean parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108153. [PMID: 34508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several economically important crops are susceptible to root-knot nematode (RKNs). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica are the two most reported species from the RKN complex, causing damage to several crops worldwide. The successful outcome of the Meloidogyne-plant interaction is associated with molecular factors secreted by the nematode to suppress the plant's immune response and promote nematode parasitism. In contrast, several plant factors are associated with defense against nematode infection. In this study, we identified and characterized the specific interaction of Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors with soybean GmHub10 (Glyma.19G008200) protein in vitro and in vivo. An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant of AtHub10 (AT3G27960, an orthologous gene of GmHub10) showed higher susceptibility to M. incognita. Thus, since soybean and A. thaliana Hub10 proteins are involved in pollen tube growth and indirect activation of the defense response, our data suggest that effector-Hub10 interactions could be associated with an increase in plant susceptibility. These findings indicate the potential of these effector proteins to develop new biotechnological tools based on RNA interference and the overexpression of engineered Hub10 proteins for the efficient management of RKN in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rayane Nunes Lima
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maira Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar da Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Florence Vignols
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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Kaloshian I, Teixeira M. Advances in Plant-Nematode Interactions with Emphasis on the Notorious Nematode Genus Meloidogyne. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1988-1996. [PMID: 31613704 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-19-0163-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant infections by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) continue to be one of the major limitations in agricultural systems. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), belonging to the genus Meloidogyne, are one of the most important groups of PPNs worldwide. Their wide host range combined with ubiquitous presence, continues to provide challenges for their control and breeding for resistance. Although resistance to RKNs has been identified, incorporation of these resistances into crops and durability of the resistance remains challenging. In addition, progress in cloning of RKN resistance genes has been dismal. Recent identification of pattern-triggered immunity in roots against nematodes, an ascaroside as a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) and the discovery of a NAMP plant receptor, provide tools and opportunities to develop durable host resistance against nematodes including RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Marcella Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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Atia MAM, Abdeldaym EA, Abdelsattar M, Ibrahim DSS, Saleh I, Elwahab MA, Osman GH, Arif IA, Abdelaziz ME. Piriformospora indica promotes cucumber tolerance against Root-knot nematode by modulating photosynthesis and innate responsive genes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:279-287. [PMID: 31889848 PMCID: PMC6933207 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Root Knot Nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) is one of the greatest damaging soil pathogens causes severe yield losses in cucumber and many other economic crops. Here, we evaluated the potential antagonistic effect of the root mutualistic fungus Piriformospora indica against RKN and their impact on vegetative growth, yield, photosynthesis, endogenous salicylic acid (SA) and its responsive genes. Our results showed that P. indica dramatically decreased the damage on shoot and root architecture of cucumber plants, which consequently enhanced yield of infested plants. Likewise, P. indica colonization clearly improved the chlorophyll content and delimited the negative impact of RNK on photosynthesis. Moreover, P. indica colonization exhibited a significant reduction of different vital nematological parameters such as soil larva density, amount of eggs/eggmass, eggmasses, females and amount of galls at cucumber roots. Additionally, the results showed that SA level was significantly increased generally in the roots of all treatments especially in plants infested with RKN alone as compared to control. This suggests that P. indica promoting SA levels in host cucumber plant roots to antagonize the RKN and alleviate severity damages occurred in its roots. This higher levels of SA in cucumber roots was consistent with the higher expressional levels of SA pathway genes PR1 and PR3. Furthermore, P. indica colonization reduces PR1, PR3 and increased NPR1 in roots of RKN infested cucumber plants when compared to non-colonized plants. Interestingly, our in vitro results showed that direct application of P. indica suspension against the J2s exhibited a significant increase in mortality ratio. Our results collectively suggest that P. indica promoting morphological, physiological and SA levels that might together play a major important role to alleviate the adverse impact of RKN in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Atia
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Abdelsattar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina S S Ibrahim
- Nematology Department, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12619 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Saleh
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal H Osman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia.,Microbial Genetics Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Giza, Egypt.,Research Laboratories Center, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Arif
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Arendsee Z, Li J, Singh U, Bhandary P, Seetharam A, Wurtele ES. fagin: synteny-based phylostratigraphy and finer classification of young genes. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:440. [PMID: 31455236 PMCID: PMC6712868 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With every new genome that is sequenced, thousands of species-specific genes (orphans) are found, some originating from ultra-rapid mutations of existing genes, many others originating de novo from non-genic regions of the genome. If some of these genes survive across speciations, then extant organisms will contain a patchwork of genes whose ancestors first appeared at different times. Standard phylostratigraphy, the technique of partitioning genes by their age, is based solely on protein similarity algorithms. However, this approach relies on negative evidence ─ a failure to detect a homolog of a query gene. An alternative approach is to limit the search for homologs to syntenic regions. Then, genes can be positively identified as de novo orphans by tracing them to non-coding sequences in related species. RESULTS We have developed a synteny-based pipeline in the R framework. Fagin determines the genomic context of each query gene in a focal species compared to homologous sequence in target species. We tested the fagin pipeline on two focal species, Arabidopsis thaliana (plus four target species in Brassicaseae) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (plus six target species in Saccharomyces). Using microsynteny maps, fagin classified the homology relationship of each query gene against each target genome into three main classes, and further subclasses: AAic (has a coding syntenic homolog), NTic (has a non-coding syntenic homolog), and Unknown (has no detected syntenic homolog). fagin inferred over half the "Unknown" A. thaliana query genes, and about 20% for S. cerevisiae, as lacking a syntenic homolog because of local indels or scrambled synteny. CONCLUSIONS fagin augments standard phylostratigraphy, and extends synteny-based phylostratigraphy with an automated, customizable, and detailed contextual analysis. By comparing synteny-based phylostrata to standard phylostrata, fagin systematically identifies those orphans and lineage-specific genes that are well-supported to have originated de novo. Analyzing within-species genomes should distinguish orphan genes that may have originated through rapid divergence from de novo orphans. Fagin also delineates whether a gene has no syntenic homolog because of technical or biological reasons. These analyses indicate that some orphans may be associated with regions of high genomic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebulun Arendsee
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhandary
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Arun Seetharam
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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10
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Chen J, Lin B, Huang Q, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006301. [PMID: 28403192 PMCID: PMC5402989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to M. graminicola infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, in planta, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to M. graminicola. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the N-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, N-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of in planta glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
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11
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Janssen T, Karssen G, Topalović O, Coyne D, Bert W. Integrative taxonomy of root-knot nematodes reveals multiple independent origins of mitotic parthenogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172190. [PMID: 28257464 PMCID: PMC5336219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During sampling of several Coffea arabica plantations in Tanzania severe root galling, caused by a root-knot nematode was observed. From pure cultures, morphology and morphometrics of juveniles and females matched perfectly with Meloidogyne africana, whereas morphology of the males matched identically with those of Meloidogyne decalineata. Based on their Cox1 sequence, however, the recovered juveniles, females and males were confirmed to belong to the same species, creating a taxonomic conundrum. Adding further to this puzzle, re-examination of M. oteifae type material showed insufficient morphological evidence to maintain its status as a separate species. Consequently, M. decalineata and M. oteifae are synonymized with M. africana, which is herewith redescribed based on results of light and scanning electron microscopy, ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences, isozyme electrophoresis, along with bionomic and cytogenetic features. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis placed M. africana outside of the three major clades, together with M. coffeicola, M. ichinohei and M. camelliae. This phylogenetic position was confirmed by several morphological features, including cellular structure of the spermatheca, egg mass position, perineal pattern and head shape. Moreover, M. africana was found to be a polyphagous species, demonstrating that "early-branching" Meloidogyne spp. are not as oligophagous as had previously been assumed. Cytogenetic information indicates M. africana (2n = 21) and M. ardenensis (2n = 51-54) to be a triploid mitotic parthenogenetic species, revealing at least four independent origins of mitotic parthenogenesis within the genus Meloidogyne. Furthermore, M. mali (n = 12) was found to reproduce by amphimixis, indicating that amphimictic species with a limited number of chromosomes are widespread in the genus, potentially reflecting the ancestral state of the genus. The wide variation in chromosome numbers and associated changes in reproduction modes indicate that cytogenetic evolution played a crucial role in the speciation of root-knot nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Janssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Karssen
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
- National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen Nematode Collection, HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivera Topalović
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
- National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen Nematode Collection, HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o icipe, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Monteiro J, Cares J, Gomes A, Correa V, Mattos V, Santos M, Almeida M, Santos C, Castagnone-Sereno P, Carneiro R. First report of, and additional information on, Meloidogyne konaensis (Nematoda: Meloidogyninae) parasitising various crops in Brazil. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a survey for Meloidogyne spp. in different crops from 11 regions in Ceará State, Brazil, using esterase isozyme electrophoresis as a specific identification method, four atypical populations were characterised from cabbage, papaya, noni and canapum plants, all of which showed an esterase profile different from those previously detected in Brazil. Morphological studies showed typical characteristics of Meloidogyne konaensis. Perineal patterns of females were variable, similar to M. arenaria and M. incognita, stylet length 14-20 μm. In females, the knobs gradually merged with the shaft and the dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) ranged from 4 to 7 μm. Although males are not frequently found, the stylet morphology provides the most useful source of diagnostic character for the species, having 6-12 large projections protruding from the shaft. The esterase pattern K3 is unique and species-specific with three major bands Rm 1.0, 1.17, 1.27 and a secondary band Rm 1.10. Some confusion about the true identity of this species was clarified in this study, including differentiation from M. paranaensis. A species-specific SCAR marker developed for M. paranaensis was tested and no amplification products were observed. In Neighbour-Joining analyses of ITS and D2-D3 rRNA sequences, M. konaensis from Brazil appeared clearly separated from M. paranaensis. Pathological tests indicated that coffee is not a host of M. konaensis as previously reported in the original description of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M.S. Monteiro
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
- EMBRAPA-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CP 02372, Brasília, DF 70849-970, Brazil
| | - Juvenil E. Cares
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Valdir R. Correa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins-Campus Dianópolis, Rodovia TO-040-KM349, Loteamento Rio Palmeiras-Lote 177.300-000 Dianópolis-TO, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Mattos
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
- EMBRAPA-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CP 02372, Brasília, DF 70849-970, Brazil
| | - Marcilene F.A. Santos
- EMBRAPA-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CP 02372, Brasília, DF 70849-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carmem D.G. Santos
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Philippe Castagnone-Sereno
- INRA, Université de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Analysis of putative apoplastic effectors from the nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, and identification of an expansin-like protein that can induce and suppress host defenses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115042. [PMID: 25606855 PMCID: PMC4301866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is an important pest of potato. Like other pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes are presumed to employ effector proteins, secreted into the apoplast as well as the host cytoplasm, to alter plant cellular functions and successfully infect their hosts. We have generated a library of ORFs encoding putative G. rostochiensis putative apoplastic effectors in vectors for expression in planta. These clones were assessed for morphological and developmental effects on plants as well as their ability to induce or suppress plant defenses. Several CLAVATA3/ESR-like proteins induced developmental phenotypes, whereas predicted cell wall-modifying proteins induced necrosis and chlorosis, consistent with roles in cell fate alteration and tissue invasion, respectively. When directed to the apoplast with a signal peptide, two effectors, an ubiquitin extension protein (GrUBCEP12) and an expansin-like protein (GrEXPB2), suppressed defense responses including NB-LRR signaling induced in the cytoplasm. GrEXPB2 also elicited defense response in species- and sequence-specific manner. Our results are consistent with the scenario whereby potato cyst nematodes secrete effectors that modulate host cell fate and metabolism as well as modifying host cell walls. Furthermore, we show a novel role for an apoplastic expansin-like protein in suppressing intra-cellular defense responses.
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15
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Arendsee ZW, Li L, Wurtele ES. Coming of age: orphan genes in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:698-708. [PMID: 25151064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sizable minorities of protein-coding genes from every sequenced eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome are unique to the species. These so-called ‘orphan genes’ may evolve de novo from non-coding sequence or be derived from older coding material. They are often associated with environmental stress responses and species-specific traits or regulatory patterns. However, difficulties in studying genes where comparative analysis is impossible, and a bias towards broadly conserved genes, have resulted in underappreciation of their importance. We review here the identification, possible origins, evolutionary trends, and functions of orphans with an emphasis on their role in plant biology. We exemplify several evolutionary trends with an analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana and present QQS as a model orphan gene.
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Eves-van den Akker S, Lilley CJ, Jones JT, Urwin PE. Identification and characterisation of a hyper-variable apoplastic effector gene family of the potato cyst nematodes. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004391. [PMID: 25255291 PMCID: PMC4177990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes are obligate biotrophs that modify host root tissues, using a suite of effector proteins to create and maintain a feeding site that is their sole source of nutrition. Using assumptions about the characteristics of genes involved in plant-nematode biotrophic interactions to inform the identification strategy, we provide a description and characterisation of a novel group of hyper-variable extracellular effectors termed HYP, from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. HYP effectors comprise a large gene family, with a modular structure, and have unparalleled diversity between individuals of the same population: no two nematodes tested had the same genetic complement of HYP effectors. Individuals vary in the number, size, and type of effector subfamilies. HYP effectors are expressed throughout the biotrophic stages in large secretory cells associated with the amphids of parasitic stage nematodes as confirmed by in situ hybridisation. The encoded proteins are secreted into the host roots where they are detectable by immunochemistry in the apoplasm, between the anterior end of the nematode and the feeding site. We have identified HYP effectors in three genera of plant parasitic nematodes capable of infecting a broad range of mono- and dicotyledon crop species. In planta RNAi targeted to all members of the effector family causes a reduction in successful parasitism. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes are pathogens that invade plant roots and establish a feeding site. The feeding site is a specialist structure used by the nematode to support its development within the plant. The nematode secretes a suite of proteins, termed ‘effector proteins’ that are responsible for initiating and maintaining the feeding site. The nematode must also evade recognition by the plant defence systems throughout its lifecycle that can last for many weeks. We describe a diverse and variable effector gene family (HYP), the products of which are secreted into the plant by the nematode and are required for successful infection. The variability and modular structure of this gene family can lead to the production of a large array of effector proteins. This diversity may allow the nematodes to combat any resistance mechanisms developed by the plant. Each nematode tested within a population is genetically unique in terms of these effector genes. We found huge variation in the number, size and type of HYP effectors at the level of the individual. This may explain some of the difficulties in breeding nematode resistant plants and has profound implications for those working with other plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eves-van den Akker
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - John T. Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rutter WB, Hewezi T, Abubucker S, Maier TR, Huang G, Mitreva M, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Mining novel effector proteins from the esophageal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:965-74. [PMID: 24875667 PMCID: PMC4249689 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0076-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most economically damaging plant pathogens in agriculture and horticulture. Identifying and characterizing the effector proteins which M. incognita secretes into its host plants during infection is an important step toward finding new ways to manage this pest. In this study, we have identified the cDNAs for 18 putative effectors (i.e., proteins that have the potential to facilitate M. incognita parasitism of host plants). These putative effectors are secretory proteins that do not contain transmembrane domains and whose genes are specifically expressed in the secretory gland cells of the nematode, indicating that they are likely secreted from the nematode through its stylet. We have determined that, in the plant cells, these putative effectors are likely to localize to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the transcripts of many of these novel effectors are specifically upregulated during different stages of the nematode's life cycle, indicating that they function at specific stages during M. incognita parasitism. The predicted proteins showed little to no homology to known proteins from free-living nematode species, suggesting that they evolved recently to support the parasitic lifestyle. On the other hand, several of the effectors are part of gene families within the M. incognita genome as well as that of M. hapla, which points to an important role that these putative effectors are playing in both parasites. With the discovery of these putative effectors, we have increased our knowledge of the effector repertoire utilized by root-knot nematodes to infect, feed on, and reproduce on their host plants. Future studies investigating the roles that these proteins play in planta will help mitigate the effects of this damaging pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Rutter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- University of Tennessee, Department of Plant Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561
| | - Sahar Abubucker
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Tom R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Richard S. Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Address correspondence to 351 Bessey Hall, , phone: 515-294-2398, Fax: 515-294-9420
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18
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Rutter WB, Hewezi T, Maier TR, Mitchum MG, Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Members of the Meloidogyne avirulence protein family contain multiple plant ligand-like motifs. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:879-85. [PMID: 25014776 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-13-0326-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes engage in complex interactions with their host plants by secreting effector proteins. Some effectors of both root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) mimic plant ligand proteins. Most prominently, cyst nematodes secrete effectors that mimic plant CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) ligand proteins. However, only cyst nematodes have been shown to secrete such effectors and to utilize CLE ligand mimicry in their interactions with host plants. Here, we document the presence of ligand-like motifs in bona fide root-knot nematode effectors that are most similar to CLE peptides from plants and cyst nematodes. We have identified multiple tandem CLE-like motifs conserved within the previously identified Meloidogyne avirulence protein (MAP) family that are secreted from root-knot nematodes and have been shown to function in planta. By searching all 12 MAP family members from multiple Meloidogyne spp., we identified 43 repetitive CLE-like motifs composing 14 unique variants. At least one CLE-like motif was conserved in each MAP family member. Furthermore, we documented the presence of other conserved sequences that resemble the variable domains described in Heterodera and Globodera CLE effectors. These findings document that root-knot nematodes appear to use CLE ligand mimicry and point toward a common host node targeted by two evolutionarily diverse groups of nematodes. As a consequence, it is likely that CLE signaling pathways are important in other phytonematode pathosystems as well.
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19
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Humphreys-Pereira DA, Humphreys-Pereira DA, Flores-Chaves L, Humphreys-Pereira DA, Flores-Chaves L, Gómez M, Humphreys-Pereira DA, Flores-Chaves L, Gómez M, Salazar L, Humphreys-Pereira DA, Flores-Chaves L, Gómez M, Salazar L, Gómez-Alpízar L, Humphreys-Pereira DA, Flores-Chaves L, Gómez M, Salazar L, Gómez-Alpízar L, Elling AA. Meloidogyne lopezi n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a new root-knot nematode associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Costa Rica, its diagnosis and phylogenetic relationship with other coffee-parasitising Meloidogyne species. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuai) seedlings with abundant small root galls caused by an unknown root-knot nematode were found in southern Costa Rica. Morphology, esterase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme phenotypes and DNA markers differentiated this nematode from known Meloidogyne spp. A new species, M. lopezi n. sp., with common name Costa Rican root-knot nematode, is suggested. Meloidogyne lopezi n. sp. is distinguished from other coffee-associated Meloidogyne spp. by size of female lips and stylet, male body length and stylet and second-stage juvenile body and tail morphology. The region of the mitochondrial genome between COII and 16S rRNA showed a unique amplicon size of 1370 bp, and digestions with restriction enzymes HinfI, AluI, DraI and DraIII revealed characteristic PCR-RFLP patterns that differed from the tropical root-knot nematode species M. arabicida, M. incognita, M. izalcoensis, M. javanica and M. paranaensis. Characterisation of the protein-coding map-1 gene and phylogenetic analyses suggested that M. lopezi n. sp. might reproduce by mitotic parthenogenesis. Phylogenies estimated using Bayesian analyses based on the region between the COII and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes, as well as the 18S and 28S ribosomal nuclear genes, indicated that M. lopezi n. sp. is closely related to other tropical Meloidogyne spp. that infect coffee, especially M. arabicida, M. izalcoensis and M. paranaensis from Central and South America. Isozyme analyses and PCR-RFLP of the COII-16S rRNA mitochondrial gene region enable a clear diagnostic differentiation between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorena Flores-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | | | - Lorena Flores-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | | | - Lorena Flores-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Salazar
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | | | - Lorena Flores-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Salazar
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Gómez-Alpízar
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomy Research Center, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | | | - Lorena Flores-Chaves
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Salazar
- Laboratory of Nematology-CIPROC, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Gómez-Alpízar
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Agronomy Research Center, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Axel A. Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Sequence variability of the MspI satellite DNA family of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at different geographic scales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 70:120-9. [PMID: 24076248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tandemly repeated sequences known as satellite DNA (satDNA) generally exhibit complex evolutionary patterns of concerted evolution in which mutations are homogenized and fixed in a stochastic process of molecular drive. Here, the nucleotidic variability of the MspI satDNA family of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is analyzed in order to understand the evolutionary dynamics of satDNA at the intraspecific level. A total of 425 MspI monomer units, either PCR-amplified from isolates of local (Peninsula of Setúbal, Portugal) or worldwide origin, or retrieved from the B. xylophilus genome sequence, were characterized and compared. Whatever their origin, sliding window analysis of sequence variability patterns among monomers revealed low, moderate and highly variant domains, indicating that variable levels of evolutionary constraint may act upon the entire monomers. The phylogenetic inference based on the different sets of MspI satDNA family for this species shows a broad polymorphism of the individual monomers, which were distributed into four main clusters. However, such clustering appeared independent from the geographic origin of the nematodes, and could not discriminate isolates or groups of geographically close isolates. Rather, the formation of different phylogenetic groups within this satDNA family suggests an a priori embodying of a set of diverging repeats from a common ancestor satDNA library, which have been differently amplified along the evolutionary pathway of this species. The present work improves knowledge on the evolutionary dynamics of satDNA at the intraspecific level, and provides new information on satDNA sequence variability among natural populations sampled at a local geographic scale.
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Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Wang X, Elling AA, Wubben M, Davis EL. Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:879-894. [PMID: 23691972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet-secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Richard S Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Axel A Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Martin Wubben
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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22
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Kandoth PK, Mitchum MG. War of the worms: how plants fight underground attacks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:457-63. [PMID: 23890967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) establish specialized feeding cells within roots to maintain long-term relationships with their hosts. However, feeding cells degenerate prematurely in plants that harbor resistance (R) genes against these parasites reducing their life span and ability to reproduce. Recognition of the nematode, mediated directly or indirectly by plant R proteins, occurs via nematode secreted effectors and evokes a resistance response, which is referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Recent breakthroughs in nematode effector biology shed new light on key players mediating ETI and have identified those involved in plant defense suppression as novel targets for engineering resistance in transgenic plants. Advances in plant genetics and genomics has facilitated the discovery of R genes to nematodes. Nevertheless, underlying resistance mechanisms remain poorly understood and are confounded by recently identified R genes that do not fit previously proposed paradigms. Thus, there is still much to be learned about how plants fight off underground attacks from PPNs. In coming years, we can expect breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of plant resistance and nematode virulence as we explore these novel R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Kandoth
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Danchin EGJ, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Abad P. Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:203-20. [PMID: 23682915 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites of major worldwide economic importance. They exhibit a wide continuum of variation in their reproductive strategies, ranging from amphimixis to obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis. Molecular phylogenetic studies have highlighted divergence between mitotic and meiotic parthenogenetic RKN species and probable interspecific hybridization as critical steps in their speciation and diversification process. The recent completion of the genomes of two RKNs, Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita, that exhibit striking differences in their mode of reproduction (with and without sex, respectively), their geographic distribution, and their host range has opened the way for deciphering the evolutionary significance of (a)sexual reproduction in these parasites. Accumulating evidence suggests that whole-genome duplication (in M. incognita) and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) represent major forces that have shaped the genome of current RKN species and may account for the extreme adaptive capacities and parasitic success of these nematodes.
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