1
|
Gwon MG, Leem J, An HJ, Gu H, Bae S, Kim JH, Park KK. The decoy oligodeoxynucleotide against HIF-1α and STAT5 ameliorates atopic dermatitis-like mouse model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102036. [PMID: 37799329 PMCID: PMC10550406 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by an immune disorder. Mast cells are known to be activated and granulated to maintain an allergic reaction, including rhinitis, asthma, and AD. Although hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) play crucial roles in mast cell survival and granulation, their effects need to be clarified in allergic disorders. Thus, we designed decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) synthetic DNA, without open ends, containing complementary sequences for HIF-1α and STAT5 to suppress the transcriptional activities of HIF-1α and STAT5. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of HIF-1α/STAT5 ODN using AD-like in vivo and in vitro models. The HIF-1α/STAT5 decoy ODN significantly alleviated cutaneous symptoms similar to AD, including morphology changes, immune cell infiltration, skin barrier dysfunction, and inflammatory response. In the AD model, it also inhibited mast cell infiltration and degranulation in skin tissue. These results suggest that the HIF-1α/STAT5 decoy ODN ameliorates the AD-like disorder and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-induced mast cell activation by disrupting HIF-1α/STAT5 signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility of HIF-1α/STAT5 as therapeutic targets and their decoy ODN as a potential therapeutic tool for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Bae
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaufmann T, Simon HU. Pharmacological Induction of Granulocyte Cell Death as Therapeutic Strategy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:231-247. [PMID: 36028226 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is central for the maintenance of health. In the immune system, apoptosis guarantees proper development of immune cells and shutdown of immune reactions by the coordinated elimination of activated immune cells. Limitation of the life span of granulocytes is important, as overactivation of these cells is associated with chronic inflammation and collateral tissue damage. Consequently, targeted induction of granulocyte apoptosis may be beneficial in the course of respective immune disorders. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and monoclonal antibodies against IL-5Rα exert their function in part by triggering eosinophil apoptosis. Agonistic antibodies targeting Siglec-8 or death receptors are tested (pre)clinically. Moreover, a new class of inhibitors targeting antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins shows great promise for anticancer treatments. Because of their specificity and tolerable side effects, these so-called BH3 mimetics may be worthwhile to evaluate in inflammatory disorders. Here, we review past and recent data on pharmacological apoptosis induction of granulocytes and highlight respective therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; ,
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; , .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Dou J, You Q, Jiang Z. Inhibitors of BCL2A1/Bfl-1 protein: Potential stock in cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113539. [PMID: 34034128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family members rigorously regulate cell endogenous apoptosis, and targeting anti-apoptotic members is a hot topic in design of anti-cancer drugs. At present, FDA and EMA have approved Bcl-2 inhibitor Venetoclax (ABT-199) for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, inhibitors of anti-apoptotic protein BCL2A1/Bfl-1 have not been vigorously developed, and no molecule with ideal activity and selectivity has been found yet. Here we review the biological function and protein structure of Bfl-1, discuss the therapeutic potential and list the currently reported inhibitory peptides and small molecules. This will provide a reference for Bfl-1 targeting drug discovery in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Junwei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong HJ, Ryu KJ, Kim HM. Anticancer agent ABT-737 possesses anti-atopic dermatitis activity via blockade of caspase-1 in atopic dermatitis in vitro and in vivo models. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:319-326. [PMID: 29957081 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1482497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies reported that depletion of Bcl-2 has a protective effect against allergic diseases. Furthermore, recently our study showed that anticancer drug has antiallergic inflammatory effect. An anticancer agent ABT-737 is an inhibitor of Bcl-2 and has an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the antiallergic inflammatory activity of ABT-737 is still unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) activity and the mechanism of ABT-737 in AD models. MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells were used for in vitro experiments. To evaluate the effect of ABT-737 in vivo model, BalB/c mice were orally administered ABT-737 for 6 weeks in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD-like murine model. Major assays were enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-PCR, caspase-1 assay, histamine assay, and H&E staining. RESULTS ABT-737 significantly decreased thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion and caspase-1 activity in activated HaCaT cells. In DNFB-induced AD mice, oral administration of ABT-737 alleviated clinical severity and scratching behavior. ABT-737 decreased levels of AD-related biomarkers including IgE, histamine, TSLP, and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, ABT significantly reduced caspase-1 activity in skin lesions of AD mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ABT-737 elicited an anti-AD activity via suppression of caspase-1 activation in AD in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, this study provides important information regarding the use of anticancer drugs for controlling allergic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ja Jeong
- a Department of Food Science & Technology and Research Institute for Basic Science , Hoseo University , Asan , Chungcheongnam-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Jung Ryu
- b Department of Pharmacology College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- b Department of Pharmacology College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hazzan T, Guhl S, Artuc M, Franke K, Worm M, Zuberbier T, Babina M. An efficient method for gene knock-down by RNA interference in human skin mast cells. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1136-1139. [PMID: 28418623 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) from human skin have been notoriously resistant to gene manipulation, and a method to knock-down gene expression in in situ differentiated MCs is highly desired. The Dharmacon Accell® transfection system proved successful on several "difficult-to-transfect" cells. In the present work, we therefore tested this method on skin-derived MCs using different siRNA entities. The siRNA was readily taken up, followed by pronounced, specific reduction of gene and protein expression. Hence, we present the first efficient technique for the manipulation of gene expression in primary skin MCs ex vivo, which combines high transfection rates with retained cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hazzan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Guhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mast cell activation disease and the modern epidemic of chronic inflammatory disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:33-59. [PMID: 26850903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A large and growing portion of the human population, especially in developed countries, suffers 1 or more chronic, often quite burdensome ailments which either are overtly inflammatory in nature or are suspected to be of inflammatory origin, but for which investigations to date have failed to identify specific causes, let alone unifying mechanisms underlying the multiple such ailments that often afflict such patients. Relatively recently described as a non-neoplastic cousin of the rare hematologic disease mastocytosis, mast cell (MC) activation syndrome-suspected to be of greatly heterogeneous, complex acquired clonality in many cases-is a potential underlying/unifying explanation for a diverse assortment of inflammatory ailments. A brief review of MC biology and how aberrant primary MC activation might lead to such a vast range of illness is presented.
Collapse
|
7
|
Arthur G, Bradding P. New Developments in Mast Cell Biology: Clinical Implications. Chest 2016; 150:680-93. [PMID: 27316557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in connective tissue and at mucosal surfaces in all classes of vertebrates. In health, they contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defense, and tissue repair via multiple receptors regulating the release of a vast stockpile of proinflammatory mediators, proteases, and cytokines. However, these potentially protective cells are a double-edged sword. When there is a repeated or long-term stimulus, MC activation leads to tissue damage and dysfunction. Accordingly, MCs are implicated in the pathophysiologic aspects of numerous diseases covering all organs. Understanding the biology of MCs, their heterogeneity, mechanisms of activation, and signaling cascades may lead to the development of novel therapies for many diseases for which current treatments are lacking or are of poor efficacy. This review will focus on updates and developments in MC biology and their clinical implications, with a particular focus on their role in respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Low numbers of tryptase+ and chymase+ mast cells associated with reduced survival and advanced tumor stage in melanoma. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:479-85. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Sochalska M, Ottina E, Tuzlak S, Herzog S, Herold M, Villunger A. Conditional knockdown of BCL2A1 reveals rate-limiting roles in BCR-dependent B-cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:628-39. [PMID: 26450454 PMCID: PMC4986635 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2 family proteins control mitochondrial apoptosis and its members exert critical cell type and differentiation stage-specific functions, acting as barriers against autoimmunity or transformation. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2a1/Bfl1/A1 is frequently deregulated in different types of blood cancers in humans but its physiological role is poorly understood as quadruplication of the Bcl2a1 gene locus in mice hampers conventional gene targeting strategies. Transgenic overexpression of A1, deletion of the A1-a paralogue or constitutive knockdown in the hematopoietic compartment of mice by RNAi suggested rate-limiting roles in lymphocyte development, granulopoiesis and mast cell activation. Here we report on the consequences of conditional knockdown of A1 protein expression using a reverse transactivator (rtTA)-driven approach that highlights a critical role for this Bcl2 family member in the maintenance of mature B-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, we define the A1/Bim (Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death) axis as a target of key kinases mediating B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent survival signals, such as, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk). As such, A1 represents a putative target for the treatment of B-cell-related pathologies depending on hyperactivation of BCR-emanating survival signals and loss of A1 expression accounts, in part, for the pro-apoptotic effects of Syk- or Btk inhibitors that rely on the ‘BH3-only' protein Bim for cell killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sochalska
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Ottina
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Tuzlak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ottina E, Lyberg K, Sochalska M, Villunger A, Nilsson GP. Knockdown of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member A1/Bfl-1 protects mice from anaphylaxis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1316-22. [PMID: 25548219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many forms of hypersensitivity reactions and allergic responses depend on deregulated mast cell activity. Several reports suggested that the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bcl2a1/Bfl-1/A1 plays a critical role in mast cell survival upon activation. However, its in vivo relevance is poorly understood because of quadruplication of the Bcl2a1 gene locus in mice, hindering conventional knockout studies. In this study, we used a mouse model allowing traceable constitutive knockdown of all A1 isoforms expressed in the hematopoietic system by RNA interference. Knockdown of A1 reduced mast cell numbers in the skin and impaired connective tissue-like mast cell survival upon FcεRI-mediated activation in vitro. In contrast, A1 was dispensable for mucosa-like mast cell differentiation and survival. Moreover, knockdown of A1 prevented IgE-mediated passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that A1 is essential for the homeostasis of connective tissue mast cells, identifying A1 as a possible therapeutic target for therapy of certain types of mast cell-driven allergy symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ottina
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Katarina Lyberg
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Sochalska
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Gunnar P Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hind CK, Carter MJ, Harris CL, Chan HTC, James S, Cragg MS. Role of the pro-survival molecule Bfl-1 in melanoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:94-102. [PMID: 25486183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bfl-1 is a pro-survival Bcl-2 family member overexpressed in a subset of chemoresistant tumours, including melanoma. Here, we characterised the expression and regulation of Bfl-1 in normal and malignant melanocytes and determined its role in protecting these cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Bfl-1 was mitochondrially resident in both resting and apoptotic cells and experienced regulation by the proteasome and NFκB pathways. siRNA-mediated knockdown enhanced sensitivity towards various relevant drug treatments, with forced overexpression of Bfl-1 protective. These findings identify Bfl-1 as a contributor towards therapeutic resistance in melanoma cells and support the use of NFκB inhibitors alongside current treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Hind
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C L Harris
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T C Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaukinen A, Fitzgibbon A, Oikarinen A, Hinkkanen L, Viinikanoja M, Harvima IT. Increased numbers of tryptase-positive mast cells in the healthy and sun-protected skin of tobacco smokers. Dermatology 2014; 229:353-8. [PMID: 25376107 DOI: 10.1159/000365189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking may cause skin aging through mast cell proteinases. OBJECTIVE To compare the numbers of mast cells showing tryptase and chymase in the healthy-looking skin of smokers and non-smokers. METHODS The study subjects consisted of 80 males, 42 of whom were smokers and 38 non-smokers. A skin biopsy from the medial arm was processed for immunohistochemical staining of tryptase and chymase, as well as chymase inhibitors alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha-1-AC). RESULTS The number of tryptase(+) mast cells was significantly higher in the smoker group (84 ± 32 cells/mm(2)) than in the non-smoker group (70 ± 32 cells/mm(2)) (p = 0.044). Likewise, the number of chymase(+) mast cells was higher in the smoker group (89 ± 20 vs. 80 ± 22 cells/mm(2)), though statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.07). No significant difference was observed in alpha-1-PI(+) and alpha-1-AC(+) cells. CONCLUSION Especially tryptase, but probably also chymase, may have an influence on the skin of smokers, such as wrinkling and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kaukinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular targets on mast cells and basophils for novel therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:530-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|