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Kerle IA, Scheuble AM, Kobitzsch B, Stocker G, Hiller GGR, Badendick M, William D, Krueger A, Gross T, Koegler A, Hartig A, Richter D, Aust DE, Schroeck E, Heining C, Glimm H, Hacker UT. Exceptional Response of BRAFV600E-Mutated Acinar Cell CUP to BRAF/MEK Inhibition. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2400030. [PMID: 38820503 DOI: 10.1200/po.24.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Complete remission of BRAF V600E-driven ACC CUP by BRAF/MEK inhibition underscores importance of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kerle
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Scheuble
- Department of Medicine 2, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kobitzsch
- Department of Medicine 2, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gertraud Stocker
- Department of Medicine 2, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Leipzig, Germany
| | - G G Ruth Hiller
- Institute of Pathology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maja Badendick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen William
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ERN GENTURIS, Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Krueger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Koegler
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hartig
- Institute of Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Richter
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela E Aust
- Institute of Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schroeck
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ERN GENTURIS, Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich T Hacker
- Department of Medicine 2, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Leipzig, Germany
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Calimano-Ramirez LF, Daoud T, Gopireddy DR, Morani AC, Waters R, Gumus K, Klekers AR, Bhosale PR, Virarkar MK. Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5827-5844. [PMID: 36353206 PMCID: PMC9639656 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i40.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare pancreatic malignancy with distinctive clinical, molecular, and morphological features. The long-term survival of ACC patients is substantially superior to that of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. As there are no significant patient series about ACCs, our understanding of this illness is mainly based on case reports and limited patient series. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for patients with the disease restricted to one organ; however, with recent breakthroughs in precision medicine, medicines targeting the one-of-a-kind molecular profile of ACC are on the horizon. There are no standard treatment protocols available for people in which a total surgical resection to cure the condition is not possible. As a result of shared genetic alterations, ACCs are chemosensitive to agents with activity against pancreatic adenocarcinomas and colorectal carcinomas. The role of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has not been established. This article aims to do a comprehensive literature study and present the most recent information on acinar cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taher Daoud
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Dheeraj Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States
| | - Ajaykumar C Morani
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rebecca Waters
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kazim Gumus
- Department of Research and Diagnostic Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States
| | - Albert Russell Klekers
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Priya R Bhosale
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mayur K Virarkar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States
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Fenor MD, Ruiz-Llorente S, Rodríguez-Moreno JF, Caleiras E, Torrego JC, Sevillano-Fernández E, Navarro P, Yagüe-Fernández M, Amarilla-Quintana S, Barquín A, García-Donas J. MEK inhibitor sensitivity in BRAF fusion-driven prostate cancer. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2432-2440. [PMID: 35994225 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The identification of subpopulations harboring druggable targets has become a major step forward in the subclassification of solid tumors into small groups suitable for specific therapies. BRAF fusions represent a paradigm of uncommon and targetable oncogenic events and have been widely correlated to the development of specific malignancies. However, they are only present in a limited frequency across most common tumor types. At this regard, we performed a genomic screening aimed to identifying rare variants associated to advanced prostate cancer development. METHODS Tumoral tissue genomic screening of 41 patients developing advanced prostate cancer was performed at our center as part of the GETHI XX study. The project, sponsored by the Spanish Collaborative Group in Rare Cancers (GETHI), aims to analyze the molecular background of rare tumors and to discover unfrequent molecular variants in common tumors. RESULTS Here we present the clinical outcome and an in-deep molecular analysis performed in a case harboring a SND1-BRAF fusion gene. The identification of such rearrangement in a patient refractory to standard therapies led to the administration of trametinib (MEK inhibitor). Despite unsensitive to standard therapies, the patient achieved a dramatic response to trametinib. A comprehensive study of the tumor demonstrated this event to be a trunk alteration with higher expression of MEK in areas of tumor invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the patient-driven discovery of the first BRAF fusion-driven prostate cancer effectively treated with trametinib. Consequently, MAPK pathway activation could define a new subtype of prostate cancer susceptible to a tailored management.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Fenor
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Llorente
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Sevillano-Fernández
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Navarro
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Yagüe-Fernández
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Amarilla-Quintana
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Barquín
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Donas
- Laboratory of Innovation in Oncology, HM CIOCC MADRID (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genitourinary and Gynecological Tumors, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Monteprincipe Avenue, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
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RNA-sequencing of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas reveals a novel SND1::BRAF fusion and 3 different molecular aberrations with the potential to upregulate the TEAD1 gene including SEC23IP::VGLL3 and TEAD1::MRTFB gene fusions. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:613-620. [PMID: 35776191 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) has been shown to harbor various recurrent molecular aberrations; most of which, however, seem to be present in only a minority of cases. In order to better characterize the molecular underpinnings of MIFS, fourteen cases were analyzed by targeted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), VGLL3 enumeration FISH probe, and BRAF break-apart and enumeration probes. Neither t(1;10)(p22;q24) nor BRAF gene amplifications were found. However, VGLL3 gene amplification was detected in 5 cases by FISH which corresponded with an increase in VGLL3 expression detected by RNA-seq. In 1 of these cases, RNA-seq additionally revealed a novel SND1::BRAF fusion. Two of the 9 cases lacking VGLL3 amplification harbored either a SEC23IP::VGLL3 or a TEAD1::MRTFB rearrangement by RNA-seq, both confirmed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. The detected molecular aberrations have a potential to either activate the expression of genes regulated by the transcription factors of the TEAD family, which are involved in tumor initiation and progression, or switch on the MEK/ERK signaling cascade, which plays an important role in cell cycle progression. Our results broaden the molecular genetic spectrum of MIFS and point toward the importance of the VGLL3-TEAD interaction, as well as the deregulation of the MEK/ERK pathway in the pathogenesis of MIFS, and may represent a potential target for therapy of recurrent or advanced disease.
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Suda K, Mitsudomi T. Emerging oncogenic fusions other than ALK, ROS1, RET, and NTRK in NSCLC and the role of fusions as resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:2618-2628. [PMID: 33489822 PMCID: PMC7815361 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that gene fusions caused by chromosomal rearrangements are frequent events in the initiation and during progression of solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Since the discoveries of ALK and ROS1 fusions in 2007 and the subsequent successes of pharmacological targeting for these fusions, numerous efforts have identified additional oncogenic driver fusions in NSCLCs, especially in lung adenocarcinomas. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in this field focusing on novel oncogenic fusions other than ALK, ROS1, NTRK, and RET fusions, which are summarized in other articles in this thematic issue. These novel gene fusions include neuregulin-1 (NRG1) fusions, MET fusions, fusion genes involving fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family members, EGFR fusions, and other rare fusions. In addition, evidence has suggested that acquisition of gene fusions by cancer cells can be a molecular mechanism of acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Most of the current data are from analyses of resistance mechanisms to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancers with oncogenic EGFR mutations. However, a few recent studies suggest that gene fusions can also be a resistance mechanism to ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancers with oncogenic ALK fusions. Detection, validation, and pharmacological inhibition of these fusion genes are becoming more important in the treatment of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suda
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mitsudomi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Huang X, Li E, Shen H, Wang X, Tang T, Zhang X, Xu J, Tang Z, Guo C, Bai X, Liang T. Targeting the HGF/MET Axis in Cancer Therapy: Challenges in Resistance and Opportunities for Improvement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:152. [PMID: 32435640 PMCID: PMC7218174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among hundreds of thousands of signal receptors contributing to oncogenic activation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor - also called tyrosine kinase MET - is a promising target in cancer therapy as its axis is involved in several different cancer types. It is also associated with poor outcomes and is involved in the development of therapeutic resistance. Several HGF/MET-neutralizing antibodies and MET kinase-specific small molecule inhibitors have been developed, resulting in some context-dependent progress in multiple cancer treatments. Nevertheless, the concomitant therapeutic resistance largely inhibits the translation of such targeted drug candidates into clinical application. Until now, numerous studies have been performed to understand the molecular, cellular, and upstream mechanisms that regulate HGF/MET-targeted drug resistance, further explore novel strategies to reduce the occurrence of resistance, and improve therapeutic efficacy after resistance. Intriguingly, emerging evidence has revealed that, in addition to its conventional function as an oncogene, the HGF/MET axis stands at the crossroads of tumor autophagy, immunity, and microenvironment. Based on current progress, this review summarizes the current challenges and simultaneously proposes future opportunities for HGF/MET targeting for therapeutic cancer interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enliang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zengwei Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiang Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Mustafa S, Hruban RH, Ali SZ. Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas: a clinicopathologic and cytomorphologic review. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 9:586-595. [PMID: 32461075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy of the pancreas with unique clinical, molecular, and morphologic characteristics. Clinically, these cancers can present with hypersecretory syndrome caused by the release of lipase into the circulation. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for patients with organ-confined disease; however, with recent advances in precision medicine, therapies targeting the distinct molecular profile of ACC are on the horizon. Cytomorphologic features of ACC have been well described in the literature; and in conjunction with available clinical data and appropriate ancillary studies, an accurate diagnosis can be rendered in most instances. The aim of the current article is to present a comprehensive review of ACC based on available literature while attempting to shed light on some of its key histologic and cytologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed Z Ali
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Finn KJ, Martin SE, Settleman J. A Single-Step, High-Dose Selection Scheme Reveals Distinct Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Oncogenic Kinase Inhibition in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2020; 80:79-90. [PMID: 31641034 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable clinical efficacy demonstrated by molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics, the benefits are typically temporary due to the emergence of acquired drug resistance. This has spurred a massive effort by the cancer research community to identify mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade treatment. Among the various methodologies developed and employed to identify such mechanisms, the most commonly used approach has been to model acquired resistance by exposing cancer cells in culture to gradually increasing concentrations of drug over an extended period of time. Here, we employed a less commonly used variation on this approach, wherein resistant cells are selected by immediately exposing cancer cells to a continuous, high concentration of drug. Using this approach, we isolated clones representing three distinct mechanisms of resistance to inhibition of MET kinase activity from a single clonally derived cancer cell line. The emergent clones had acquired resistance through engagement of alternative receptor tyrosine kinases either through upregulation of FGF3 or HBEGF or increased MAPK signaling through an activating V600E mutation in BRAF. Importantly, these mechanisms were not identified using the conventional "ramp-up" approach in previous studies that employed the same cell line. These results suggest that the particular nature of the selection scheme employed in cell culture modeling studies can determine which potential resistance mechanisms are identified and which ones may be missed, highlighting the need for careful consideration of the specific approach used to model resistance in cultured cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Through modeling resistance to MET kinase inhibition in cultured cancer cells using single-step, high-dose selection, these findings highlight that the specific nature of the selection protocol impacts which resistance mechanisms are identified.See related commentary by Floros et al., p. 25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Finn
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Scott E Martin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Settleman
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California.
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9
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Baldacci S, Kherrouche Z, Descarpentries C, Wislez M, Dansin E, Furlan A, Tulasne D, Cortot AB. [MET exon 14 splicing sites mutations: A new therapeutic opportunity in lung cancer]. Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35:796-812. [PMID: 30174236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mutations leading to MET exon 14 skipping represent a new class of molecular alterations described in various cancers. These alterations are observed in 2 to 3 % of cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several cases of NSCLC carrying such alterations and achieving objective response to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitorshave recently been published. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms responsible for MET exon 14 skipping as well as the consequences of the loss of this exon on receptor activity. We also describe the clinical characteristics of patients with METΔ14 mutations. Finally, we address the issues related to the detection of these mutations in lung cancer, and the need to anticipate resistance to MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baldacci
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8161-M3T, mécanismes de tumorigenèse et thérapies ciblées, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, OncoLille, université de Lille, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Z Kherrouche
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8161-M3T, mécanismes de tumorigenèse et thérapies ciblées, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Descarpentries
- Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, plateforme de biologie moléculaire des cancers, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Wislez
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris , France
| | - E Dansin
- Département de cancérologie cervico-faciale & thoracique, CLCC Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Furlan
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8161-M3T, mécanismes de tumorigenèse et thérapies ciblées, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Équipe de biophotonique cellulaire fonctionnelle, université Lille, CNRS UMR 8523 PhLAM, 59000 Lille, France
| | - D Tulasne
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8161-M3T, mécanismes de tumorigenèse et thérapies ciblées, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A B Cortot
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8161-M3T, mécanismes de tumorigenèse et thérapies ciblées, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, OncoLille, université de Lille, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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10
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A FISH assay efficiently screens for BRAF gene rearrangements in pancreatic acinar-type neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:132-140. [PMID: 28884748 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1-2% of pancreatic neoplasms are acinar cell carcinomas. Recently, BRAF gene rearrangements were identified in over 20% of acinar-type neoplasms, which included both pure acinar cell carcinomas and mixed carcinomas with acinar differentiation, using next-generation sequencing-based platforms, providing a potential therapeutic target for patients with these neoplasms. Thus, it is clinically important to develop a rapid, cost- and material-efficient assay to screen for BRAF gene fusions in pancreatic acinar-type neoplasms. We developed a dual color, break-apart FISH assay to detect BRAF gene rearrangements in these neoplasms and evaluated its performance in comparison to next-generation sequencing-based studies. A blinded BRAF rearrangement FISH investigation was performed on 31 acinar-type neoplasms that had been studied previously by next-generation sequencing-based analysis as well as on 18 additional acinar-type neoplasms that were accrued over the past 2 years. In total, BRAF fusions were identified in 12/49 (24%) acinar-type neoplasms by FISH. BRAF fusion partners were uncovered by using targeted next-generation sequencing studies in 11 FISH-positive cases that had sufficient material for next-generation sequencing studies. SND1 was the most frequent fusion partner involved in BRAF-fusion acinar-type neoplasms (50%), followed by HERPUD1 (18%). No BRAF fusions were identified by next-generation sequencing in any of the FISH-negative cases investigated. FISH analysis showed that BRAF rearrangements were diffusely present across tumor-rich areas in BRAF-fusion acinar-type neoplasms, which is consistent with an oncogenic driver alteration pattern. Thus, we demonstrated that, in comparison to targeted next-generation sequencing-based technologies, the FISH assay is highly sensitive and specific as well as time- and cost-efficient in the detection of BRAF fusions in acinar-type neoplasms. The FISH assay can be easily implemented in diagnostic settings to identify acinar-type neoplasms patients potentially suitable for targeted therapy to inhibit MAPK pathway activity.
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11
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Al-Hader A, Al-Rohil RN, Han H, Von Hoff D. Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma: A review on molecular profiling of patient tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7945-7951. [PMID: 29259370 PMCID: PMC5725289 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i45.7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinomas with acinar differentiation are rare, accounting for 1%-2% of adult pancreatic tumors; they include pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC), pancreatoblastoma, and carcinomas of mixed differentiation. Patients with PACC have a prognosis better than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas but worse than pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Reports of overall survival range from 18 to 47 mo. A literature review on PACCs included comprehensive genomic profiling and whole exome sequencing on a series of more than 70 patients as well as other diagnostic studies including immunohistochemistry. Surgical resection of PACC is the preferred treatment for localized and resectable tumors. The efficacy of adjuvant treatment is unclear. Metastatic PACCs are generally not curable and treated with systemic chemotherapy. They are moderately responsive to chemotherapy with different regimens showing various degrees of response in case reports/series. Most of these regimens were developed to treat patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas or colorectal adenocarcinomas. Review of PACC's molecular profiling showed a number of gene alterations such as: SMAD4, BRAF, BRCA2, TP53, RB1, MEN1, JAK-1, BRCA-1, BRCA-2, and DNA mismatch repair abnormalities. PACCs had multiple somatic mutations with some targetable with available drugs. Therefore, molecular profiling of PACC should be an option for patients with refractory PACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Hader
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082, United States
| | - Rami N Al-Rohil
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Haiyong Han
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
| | - Daniel Von Hoff
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
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12
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Attarian S, Rahman N, Halmos B. Emerging uses of biomarkers in lung cancer management: molecular mechanisms of resistance. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:377. [PMID: 29057237 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.07.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Management of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has recently been transformed by molecularly targeted and immunotherapeutic agents. In patients with EGFR/ALK/ROS mutated NSCLC, first line molecular therapy is the standard of care. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionary treatment options for advanced NSCLC and are now the standard of care in front-line or later line settings. Both classes of agents have led to improved patient outcomes, however, primary resistance and development of acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapeutic agents is commonly observed, limiting the use of these agents in clinical settings. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance, progress in the spectrum of assays detecting causative molecular events and the development of new generations of inhibitors to overcome acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Attarian
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Numa Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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13
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Gimenez-Xavier P, Pros E, Bonastre E, Moran S, Aza A, Graña O, Gomez-Lopez G, Derdak S, Dabad M, Esteve-Codina A, Hernandez Mora JR, Salinas-Chaparro D, Esteller M, Pisano D, Sanchez-Cespedes M. Genomic and Molecular Screenings Identify Different Mechanisms for Acquired Resistance to MET Inhibitors in Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1366-1376. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Cortot AB, Kherrouche Z, Descarpentries C, Wislez M, Baldacci S, Furlan A, Tulasne D. Exon 14 Deleted MET Receptor as a New Biomarker and Target in Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2982828. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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15
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Ge X, Lin Y, Dai C, Chang J, Liu X, Geng R, Wang C, Chen H, Sun M, Guo W, Li J. Identification of short-form RON as a novel intrinsic resistance mechanism for anti-MET therapy in MET-positive gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40519-34. [PMID: 26528757 PMCID: PMC4747350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising results from initial studies, there are significant limitations in the application of MET-targeted therapy in gastric cancer. Intrinsic resistance is one of the major obstacles. The aim of this study is to identify the responsible receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that determine the unresponsiveness of MET inhibitor in MET-positive gastric cancer. through an RNA-interference-based functional screen targeting most human RTKs, we identified that activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) pathways attenuated MET inhibitor-induced suppression of cell proliferation and migration. Notably, in the two forms of RON pathway activation, only upregulation of short-form RON (sf-RON), but not stimulation of full length RON with macrophage stimulating protein, conferred MET inhibitor resistance in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the profile of the gastric cancer samples observed that sf-RON was frequently upregulated in MET-positive gastric cancer. Our findings indicate that activation of the sf-RON signaling pathway represents a novel mechanism underlying MET inhibitor unresponsiveness. A combination strategy with drugs targeting both RON and MET pathways is believed to improve the efficacy of MET-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Congqi Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinjia Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruixuan Geng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Menghong Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weijian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Wang DD, Chen Y, Chen ZB, Yan FJ, Dai XY, Ying MD, Cao J, Ma J, Luo PH, Han YX, Peng Y, Sun YH, Zhang H, He QJ, Yang B, Zhu H. CT-707, a Novel FAK Inhibitor, Synergizes with Cabozantinib to Suppress Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Blocking Cabozantinib-Induced FAK Activation. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2916-2925. [PMID: 27638856 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and the development of new treatment regimens is urgently needed to improve therapeutic approach. In our study, we found that the combination of a Met inhibitor, cabozantinib, and a novel FAK inhibitor, CT-707, exerted synergistic antitumor effects against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo Interestingly, further studies showed that therapeutic concentrations of cabozantinib increased the phosphorylation of FAK, which might attenuate the antitumor activity of cabozantinib. The simultaneous exposure to CT-707 effectively inhibited the activation of FAK that was induced by cabozantinib, which contributes to the synergistic effect of the combination. Furthermore, cabozantinib increased the mRNA and protein levels of integrin α5, which is a canonical upstream of FAK, and the introduction of cilengitide to block integrin function could abrogate FAK activation by cabozantinib, indicating that cabozantinib upregulated the phosphorylation of FAK in an integrin-dependent manner. Similar synergy was also observed on PHA-665752, another selective MET inhibitor, indicating that this observation might be a common characteristic of MET-targeting strategies. Our findings not only favor the development of the novel FAK inhibitor CT-707 as a therapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma but also provide a new strategy of combining MET and FAK inhibitors to potentiate the anticancer activities of these two types of agents for treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(12); 2916-25. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bo Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Jie Yan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Dai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Dan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hua Luo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xin Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centaurus BioPharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of Discovery Biology, Centaurus BioPharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hui Sun
- Department of Discovery Biology, Centaurus BioPharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Discovery Biology, Centaurus BioPharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Lee J, Tran P, Klempner SJ. Targeting the MET Pathway in Gastric and Oesophageal Cancers: Refining the Optimal Approach. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 28:e35-44. [PMID: 26880063 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastric and oesophageal cancers are a major cause of global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Improvements in treatment for locoregional and metastatic gastric and oesophageal cancer have been incremental and the overall prognosis remains poor. Increasingly, molecular classification has identified recurrent, therapeutically relevant, somatic alterations in gastroesophageal malignancies. However, other than ERBB2 amplification, molecularly directed therapies have not translated to improved survival. Amplification of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET is found in about 5% of gastroesophageal cancers and represents an oncogenic driver and therapeutic target. Small series have shown activity of MET-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but the clinical benefit of anti-MET antibodies has been disappointing. Here we discuss the MET pathway in gastroesophageal cancers, the clinical data for MET small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-MET antibodies and future clinical directions for targeting MET in gastric and oesophageal cancers. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive review of the clinical experience with MET-directed therapies in gastric and oesophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - P Tran
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - S J Klempner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.
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18
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Chen SH, Zhang Y, Van Horn RD, Yin T, Buchanan S, Yadav V, Mochalkin I, Wong SS, Yue YG, Huber L, Conti I, Henry JR, Starling JJ, Plowman GD, Peng SB. Oncogenic BRAF Deletions That Function as Homodimers and Are Sensitive to Inhibition by RAF Dimer Inhibitor LY3009120. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:300-15. [PMID: 26732095 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have identified previously undiscovered BRAF in-frame deletions near the αC-helix region of the kinase domain in pancreatic, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. These deletions are mutually exclusive with KRAS mutations and occur in 4.21% of KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer. siRNA knockdown in cells harboring BRAF deletions showed that the MAPK activity and cell growth are BRAF dependent. Structurally, the BRAF deletions are predicted to shorten the β3/αC-helix loop and hinder its flexibility by locking the helix in the active αC-helix-in conformation that favors dimer formation. Expression of L485-P490-deleted BRAF is able to transform NIH/3T3 cells in a BRAF dimer-dependent manner. BRAF homodimer is confirmed to be the dominant RAF dimer by proximity ligation assays in BRAF deletion cells, which are resistant to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and sensitive to LY3009120, a RAF dimer inhibitor. In tumor models with BRAF deletions, LY3009120 has shown tumor growth regression, whereas vemurafenib is inactive. SIGNIFICANCE This study discovered oncogenic BRAF deletions with a distinct activation mechanism dependent on the BRAF dimer formation in tumor cells. LY3009120 is active against these cells and represents a potential treatment option for patients with cancer with these BRAF deletions, or other atypical BRAF mutations where BRAF functions as a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsun Chen
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Youyan Zhang
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Tinggui Yin
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Igor Mochalkin
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Swee Seong Wong
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Gang Yue
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lysiane Huber
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Oncology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James R Henry
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Sheng-Bin Peng
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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19
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Inokuchi M, Otsuki S, Fujimori Y, Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Kojima K. Clinical significance of MET in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:317-327. [PMID: 26600931 PMCID: PMC4644854 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i11.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has become the global standard treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer (GC), although outcomes remain unfavorable. Many molecular-targeted therapies inhibiting signaling pathways of various tyrosine kinase receptors have been developed, and monoclonal antibodies targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 have become standard therapy for GC. Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-MET (MET), play key roles in tumor growth through activated signaling pathways from receptor in GC cells. Genomic amplification of MET leads to the aberrant activation found in GC tumors and is related to survival in patients with GC. This review discusses the clinical significance of MET in GC and examines MET as a potential therapeutic target in patients with GC. Preclinical studies in animal models have shown that MET antibodies or small-molecule MET inhibitors suppress tumor-cell proliferation and tumor progression in MET-amplified GC cells. These drugs are now being evaluated in clinical trials as treatments for metastatic or unresectable GC.
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20
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Shen A, Wang L, Huang M, Sun J, Chen Y, Shen YY, Yang X, Wang X, Ding J, Geng M. c-Myc alterations confer therapeutic response and acquired resistance to c-Met inhibitors in MET-addicted cancers. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4548-59. [PMID: 26483207 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy leads invariably to acquired resistance stemming from kinase reprogramming. To overcome the dynamic nature of kinase adaptation, we asked whether a signal-integrating downstream effector might exist that provides a more applicable therapeutic target. In this study, we reported that the transcriptional factor c-Myc functions as a downstream effector to dictate the therapeutic response to c-Met inhibitors in c-Met-addicted cancer and derived resistance. Dissociation of c-Myc from c-Met control, likely overtaken by a variety of reprogrammed kinases, led to acquisition of drug resistance. Notably, c-Myc blockade by RNA interference or pharmacologic inhibition circumvented the acquired resistance to c-Met inhibition. Combining c-Myc blockade and c-Met inhibition in MET-amplified patient-derived xenograft mouse models heightened therapeutic activity. Our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for the application of c-Myc-blocking agents as a tactic to thwart resistance to kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Jingya Sun
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Yan-Yan Shen
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
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21
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Ji F, Liu X, Wu Y, Fang X, Huang G. Overexpression of PI3K p110α contributes to acquired resistance to MET inhibitor, in MET-amplified SNU-5 gastric xenografts. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:5697-704. [PMID: 26543351 PMCID: PMC4622552 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most virulent malignant diseases and is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. The receptor tyrosine kinase MET is constitutively activated in many gastric cancers and its expression is strictly required for survival of some gastric cancer cells. Targeting gastric cancers with amplified or abnormally activated MET may have therapeutic benefit based on nonclinical and emerging clinical findings. However, one of the major problems of therapies targeting tyrosine kinases is that many tumors are not responsive to treatment or eventually develop resistance to the drugs. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of MET resistance in gastric SNU-5 xenografts which developed resistance to PHA665752, a MET inhibitor, through long-period tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure. In the current study, we found that PI3K p110α is overexpressed in PHA665752-resistant SNU-5 xenografts. These findings showed that high PI3K p110α expression contributes to tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. In addition, we reported the development of a carcinogen-induced gastric cancer model that recapitulates PI3K p110α expression in human disease, which will serve as a useful model to study PI3K p110α's biology and its effectiveness as a novel biomarker and a molecular target for gastric cancer. Ultimately, PI3K p110α represents a novel target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanwen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jilin Central Hospital, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guomin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ross JS, Wang K, Chmielecki J, Gay L, Johnson A, Chudnovsky J, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Vergilio JA, Roels S, Miller VA, Nakamura BN, Gray A, Wong MK, Stephens PJ. The distribution of BRAF gene fusions in solid tumors and response to targeted therapy. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:881-90. [PMID: 26314551 PMCID: PMC5049644 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the BRAF V600E base substitution is an approved target for the BRAF inhibitors in melanoma, BRAF gene fusions have not been investigated as anticancer drug targets. In our study, a wide variety of tumors underwent comprehensive genomic profiling for hundreds of known cancer genes using the FoundationOne™ or FoundationOne Heme™ comprehensive genomic profiling assays. BRAF fusions involving the intact in-frame BRAF kinase domain were observed in 55 (0.3%) of 20,573 tumors, across 12 distinct tumor types, including 20 novel BRAF fusions. These comprised 29 unique 5' fusion partners, of which 31% (9) were known and 69% (20) were novel. BRAF fusions included 3% (14/531) of melanomas; 2% (15/701) of gliomas; 1.0% (3/294) of thyroid cancers; 0.3% (3/1,062) pancreatic carcinomas; 0.2% (8/4,013) nonsmall-cell lung cancers and 0.2% (4/2,154) of colorectal cancers, and were enriched in pilocytic (30%) vs. nonpilocytic gliomas (1%; p < 0.0001), Spitzoid (75%) vs. nonSpitzoid melanomas (1%; p = 0.0001), acinar (67%) vs. nonacinar pancreatic cancers (<1%; p < 0.0001) and papillary (3%) vs. nonpapillary thyroid cancers (0%; p < 0.03). Clinical responses to trametinib and sorafenib are presented. In conclusion, BRAF fusions are rare driver alterations in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, but enriched in Spitzoid melanoma, pilocytic astrocytomas, pancreatic acinar and papillary thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Laurie Gay
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke N Nakamura
- Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Adam Gray
- Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael K Wong
- Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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23
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Truncated RAF kinases drive resistance to MET inhibition in MET-addicted cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:221-33. [PMID: 25473895 PMCID: PMC4381590 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are known oncogenic drivers and provide valuable therapeutic targets in many cancer types. However, clinical efficacy of RTK inhibitors is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. To identify genes conferring resistance to inhibition of the MET RTK, we conducted a forward genetics screen in the GTL-16 gastric cancer cell line, carrying MET amplification and exquisitely sensitive to MET inhibition. Cells were transduced with three different retroviral cDNA expression libraries and selected for growth in the presence of the MET inhibitor PHA-665752. Selected cells displayed robust and reproducible enrichment of library-derived cDNAs encoding truncated forms of RAF1 and BRAF proteins, whose silencing reversed the resistant phenotype. Transduction of naïve GTL-16 cells with truncated, but not full length, RAF1 and BRAF conferred in vitro and in vivo resistance to MET inhibitors, which could be reversed by MEK inhibition. Induction of resistance by truncated RAFs was confirmed in other MET-addicted cell lines, and further extended to EGFR-addicted cells. These data show that truncated RAF1 and BRAF proteins, recently described as products of genomic rearrangements in gastric cancer and other malignancies, have the ability to render neoplastic cells resistant to RTK-targeted therapy.
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24
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Liu K, Song X, Zhu M, Ma H. Overexpression of FGFR2 contributes to inherent resistance to MET inhibitors in MET-amplified patient-derived gastric cancer xenografts. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2003-2008. [PMID: 26622787 PMCID: PMC4579967 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most malignant diseases and one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Although advances have been made in surgical techniques, perioperative management and the combined use of surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, patients with advanced stage gastric cancer continue to face poor outcomes. Furthermore, it was reported that MET gene amplification and overexpression predicted the sensitivity to MET inhibitors in gastric cancer. However, the identification of drug-resistant tumors has encouraged the pre-emptive elucidation of the possible mechanisms of clinical resistance. The current study assessed a number of patient-derived gastric cancer models with MET amplification and overexpression, including CNGAS028. The tumor tissues were subjected to microarray analysis (using single nucleotide polymorphism 6.0 and human genome U133 arrays) followed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that CNGAS028 xenograft tumors did not respond to treatment with a selective MET inhibitor. Additional analysis indicated that FGFR2 overexpression contributed to the resistance to MET inhibitors. Furthermore, treatment with a combination of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and MET inhibitors inhibited the growth of CNGAS028 xenograft tumors in vivo. In conclusion, the current results aid in understanding the mechanism of inherent resistance to selective MET inhibitors as well as provide important information for patient selection and clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Meirong Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Heng Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
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25
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Common Oncogene Mutations and Novel SND1-BRAF Transcript Fusion in Lung Adenocarcinoma from Never Smokers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9755. [PMID: 25985019 PMCID: PMC4434945 DOI: 10.1038/srep09755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinomas from never smokers account for approximately 15 to 20% of all lung cancers and these tumors often carry genetic alterations that are responsive to targeted therapy. Here we examined mutation status in 10 oncogenes among 89 lung adenocarcinomas from never smokers. We also screened for oncogene fusion transcripts in 20 of the 89 tumors by RNA-Seq. In total, 62 tumors had mutations in at least one of the 10 oncogenes, including EGFR (49 cases, 55%), K-ras (5 cases, 6%), BRAF (4 cases, 5%), PIK3CA (3 cases, 3%), and ERBB2 (4 cases, 5%). In addition to ALK fusions identified by IHC/FISH in four cases, two previously known fusions involving EZR- ROS1 and KIF5B-RET were identified by RNA-Seq as well as a third novel fusion transcript that was formed between exons 1–9 of SND1 and exons 2 to 3′ end of BRAF. This in-frame fusion was observed in 3/89 tested tumors and 2/64 additional never smoker lung adenocarcinoma samples. Ectopic expression of SND1-BRAF in H1299 cells increased phosphorylation levels of MEK/ERK, cell proliferation, and spheroid formation compared to parental mock-transfected control. Jointly, our results suggest a potential role of the novel BRAF fusion in lung cancer development and therapy.
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26
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Fioroni I, Dell'Aquila E, Pantano F, Intagliata S, Caricato M, Vincenzi B, Coppola R, Santini D, Tonini G. Role of c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition pathway in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1195-207. [PMID: 25881479 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1037739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer burden worldwide; many patients show incurable disease at the time of diagnosis and prognosis remains unfavorable. Recently, new findings on gastric cancer biology led to the preclinical and clinical development of new compounds aiming to improve the overall survival and to preserve quality of life and reducing chemotherapy-related toxicities. Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression/amplification have experienced benefit from the integration of trastuzumab to the standard chemotherapy. Ramucirumab has been recently approved in second line for treatment of gastric cancer. AREAS COVERED Drugs targeting molecules such as anti c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors are under investigation or in preclinical or early clinical development. Approximately 10 - 20% of gastric cancer presented an increased MET gene copy numbers; inappropriate activation of MET promotes cellular proliferation, cell motility, invasiveness and angiogenesis and is associated with more aggressive phenotype and with a lower survival. EXPERT OPINION The role of c-MET has been extensively evaluated both in Asian and Western population, even if data are far from being conclusive. The activation of MET/hepatocyte growth factor pathway is a negative prognostic factor, and it could partially explain the resistance to EGFR/HER2 inhibitors acting as a rescue pathway likewise in other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Fioroni
- University Campus Bio-Medico Rome - Medical Oncology, via Alvaro del Portillo , 200, 00128, Rome , Italy
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27
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Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell 2015; 159:676-90. [PMID: 25417114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1993] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Here, we describe the genomic landscape of 496 PTCs. We observed a low frequency of somatic alterations (relative to other carcinomas) and extended the set of known PTC driver alterations to include EIF1AX, PPM1D, and CHEK2 and diverse gene fusions. These discoveries reduced the fraction of PTC cases with unknown oncogenic driver from 25% to 3.5%. Combined analyses of genomic variants, gene expression, and methylation demonstrated that different driver groups lead to different pathologies with distinct signaling and differentiation characteristics. Similarly, we identified distinct molecular subgroups of BRAF-mutant tumors, and multidimensional analyses highlighted a potential involvement of oncomiRs in less-differentiated subgroups. Our results propose a reclassification of thyroid cancers into molecular subtypes that better reflect their underlying signaling and differentiation properties, which has the potential to improve their pathological classification and better inform the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Cancer Genome Atlas Program Office, National Cancer Institute at NIH, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31, Suite 3A20, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Liu MT, Chen MK, Huang CC, Huang CY. Prognostic Value of Molecular Markers and Implication for Molecular Targeted Therapies in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An Update in an Era of New Targeted Molecules Development. World J Oncol 2015; 6:243-261. [PMID: 29147412 PMCID: PMC5649942 DOI: 10.14740/wjon610w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of molecular biomarkers which could provide information for more accurate prognostication and development of novel therapeutic strategies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is a unique malignant epithelial carcinoma of head and neck region, with an intimate association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Currently, the prediction of NPC prognosis is mainly based on the clinical TNM staging; however, NPC patients with the same clinical stage often present different clinical outcomes, suggesting that the TNM stage is insufficient to precisely predict the prognosis of this disease. In this review, we give an overview of the prognostic value of molecular markers in NPC and discuss potential strategies of targeted therapies for treatment of NPC. Molecular biomarkers, which play roles in abnormal proliferation signaling pathways (such as Wnt/β-catenin pathway), intracellular mitogenic signal aberration (such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α), receptor-mediated aberrations (such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), tumor suppressors (such as p16 and p27 activity), cell cycle aberrations (such as cyclin D1 and cyclin E), cell adhesion aberrations (such as E-cadherin), apoptosis dysregualtion (such as survivin) and centromere aberration (centromere protein H), are prognostic markers for NPC. Plasma EBV DNA concentrations and EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins are also prognostic markers for NPC. Implication of molecular targeted therapies in NPC was discussed. Such therapies could have potential in combination with different cytotoxic agents to combat and eradicate tumor cells. In order to further improve overall survival for patients with loco-regionally advanced NPC, the development of innovative strategies, including prognostic molecular markers and molecular targeted agents is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Tai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nan Shiau Street, Changhua, Taiwan 500, ROC.,Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung San South Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100, ROC.,Department of Medicine, Chang Shan Medical University, 110 Section 1, Chien- Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan 402, ROC.,Department of Radiology, Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, ROC
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, 306 Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, ROC.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nan Shiau Street, Changhua, Taiwan 500, ROC
| | - Chia-Chun Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nan Shiau Street, Changhua, Taiwan 500, ROC
| | - Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung San South Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100, ROC
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29
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Co-targeting BRAF and cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 for BRAF mutant cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 149:139-49. [PMID: 25550229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective BRAF inhibitors have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in melanoma patients harboring oncogenic BRAF mutations. However, the majority of such patients either exhibit de novo resistance from the beginning of the treatment or acquire resistance and eventually relapse. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance, overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibitors remains an unmet medical need. Constitutive activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 as a result of genetic aberrations including CDKN2A inactivation and CCND1 amplification is common across many cancer types and frequently co-occurs with oncogenic BRAF mutations. Also, cyclin D1 overexpression is a common feature of resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Here we review CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target in BRAF mutant cancers and discuss emerging evidence supporting a critical role of cyclin D1/CDK4/6 axis in de novo and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Co-targeting CDK4/6 and BRAF could be a more effective therapy to augment clinical response of BRAF inhibitors and overcome resistance in BRAF mutant cancers.
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30
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Hutchinson KE, Ross JS, Stephens PJ, Miller VA, Sosman JA, Pao W. Melanoma BRAF fusions--response. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6632. [PMID: 25512636 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hutchinson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William Pao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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31
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Chmielecki J, Hutchinson KE, Frampton GM, Chalmers ZR, Johnson A, Shi C, Elvin J, Ali SM, Ross JS, Basturk O, Balasubramanian S, Lipson D, Yelensky R, Pao W, Miller VA, Klimstra DS, Stephens PJ. Comprehensive genomic profiling of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas identifies recurrent RAF fusions and frequent inactivation of DNA repair genes. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1398-405. [PMID: 25266736 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas (PACC) account for approximately 1% (∼500 cases) of pancreatic cancer diagnoses annually in the United States. Oncogenic therapuetic targets have proven elusive in this disease, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy have demonstrated limited efficacy against these tumors. Comprehensive genomic profiling of a large series of PACCs (n=44) identified recurrent rearrangements involving BRAF and RAF1 (CRAF) in approximately 23% of tumors. The most prevalent fusion, SND1-BRAF, resulted in activation of the MAPK pathway, which was abrogated with MEK inhibition. SND1-BRAF-transformed cells were sensitive to treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib. PACCs lacking RAF rearrangements were significantly enriched for genomic alterations, causing inactivation of DNA repair genes (45%); these genomic alterations have been associated with sensitivity to platinum-based therapies and PARP inhibitors. Collectively, these results identify potentially actionable genomic alterations in the majority of PACCs and provide a rationale for using personalized therapies in this disease. SIGNIFICANCE PACC is genomically distinct from other pancreatic cancers. Fusions in RAF genes and mutually exclusive inactivation of DNA repair genes represent novel potential therapeutic targets that are altered in over two thirds of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chanjuan Shi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Julia Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Olca Basturk
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - William Pao
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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32
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Abstract
Pancreatic neoplasms with acinar differentiation, including acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatoblastoma, and carcinomas with mixed differentiation, are distinctive pancreatic neoplasms with a poor prognosis. These neoplasms are clinically, pathologically, and genetically unique when compared to other more common pancreatic neoplasms. Most occur in adults, although pancreatoblastomas usually affect children under 10 years old. All of these neoplasms exhibit characteristic histologic features including a solid or acinar growth pattern, dense neoplastic cellularity, uniform nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Exocrine enzymes are detectable by immunohistochemistry and, for carcinomas with mixed differentiation, neuroendocrine or ductal lineage markers are also expressed. The genetic alterations of this family of neoplasms largely differ from conventional ductal adenocarcinomas, with only rare mutations in TP53, KRAS, and p16, but no single gene or neoplastic pathway is consistently altered in acinar neoplasms. Instead, there is striking genomic instability, and a subset of cases has mutations in the APC/β-catenin pathway, mutations in SMAD4, RAF gene family fusions, or microsatellite instability. Therapeutically targetable mutations are often present. This review summarizes the clinical and pathologic features of acinar neoplasms and reviews the current molecular data on these uncommon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231; Department of Oncology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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33
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Abstract
Human cancer genomes harbour a variety of alterations leading to the deregulation of key pathways in tumour cells. The genomic characterization of tumours has uncovered numerous genes recurrently mutated, deleted or amplified, but gene fusions have not been characterized as extensively. Here we develop heuristics for reliably detecting gene fusion events in RNA-seq data and apply them to nearly 7,000 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We thereby are able to discover several novel and recurrent fusions involving kinases. These findings have immediate clinical implications and expand the therapeutic options for cancer patients, as approved or exploratory drugs exist for many of these kinases. Kinases activated by gene fusions represent potentially important targets for the development of cancer drugs. Here, the authors develop a method for detecting gene fusion events in RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and identify several novel recurrent fusions involving kinases.
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34
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Sowalsky AG, Xia Z, Wang L, Zhao H, Chen S, Bubley GJ, Balk SP, Li W. Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals extensive unspliced mRNA in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:98-106. [PMID: 25189356 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Men with metastatic prostate cancer who are treated with androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) usually relapse within 2 to 3 years with disease that is termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To identify the mechanism that drives these advanced tumors, paired-end RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on a panel of CRPC bone marrow biopsy specimens. From this genome-wide approach, mutations were found in a series of genes with prostate cancer relevance, including AR, NCOR1, KDM3A, KDM4A, CHD1, SETD5, SETD7, INPP4B, RASGRP3, RASA1, TP53BP1, and CDH1, and a novel SND1:BRAF gene fusion. Among the most highly expressed transcripts were 10 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including MALAT1 and PABPC1, which are involved in RNA processing. Notably, a high percentage of sequence reads mapped to introns, which were determined to be the result of incomplete splicing at canonical splice junctions. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), a series of genes (AR, KLK2, KLK3, STEAP2, CPSF6, and CDK19) were confirmed to have a greater proportion of unspliced RNA in CRPC specimens than in normal prostate epithelium, untreated primary prostate cancer, and cultured prostate cancer cells. This inefficient coupling of transcription and mRNA splicing suggests an overall increase in transcription or defect in splicing. IMPLICATIONS Inefficient splicing in advanced prostate cancer provides a selective advantage through effects on microRNA networks but may render tumors vulnerable to agents that suppress rate-limiting steps in splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Sowalsky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Xia
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Zhao
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn J Bubley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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35
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Hutchinson KE, Lipson D, Stephens PJ, Otto G, Lehmann BD, Lyle PL, Vnencak-Jones CL, Ross JS, Pietenpol JA, Sosman JA, Puzanov I, Miller VA, Pao W. BRAF fusions define a distinct molecular subset of melanomas with potential sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 19:6696-702. [PMID: 24345920 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent "driver" mutations at specific loci in BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, and GNA11 define clinically relevant molecular subsets of melanoma, but more than 30% are "pan-negative" for these recurrent mutations. We sought to identify additional potential drivers in "pan-negative" melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay (FoundationOne™) and targeted RNA sequencing, we identified a novel PAPSS1-BRAF fusion in a "pan-negative" melanoma. We then analyzed NGS data from 51 additional melanomas genotyped by FoundationOne™, as well as melanoma RNA, whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), to determine the potential frequency of BRAF fusions in melanoma. We characterized the signaling properties of confirmed molecular alterations by ectopic expression of engineered cDNAs in 293H cells. RESULTS Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in cells by ectopic expression of PAPSS1-BRAF was abrogated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibition but not by BRAF inhibition. NGS data analysis of 51 additional melanomas revealed a second BRAF fusion (TRIM24-BRAF) in a "pan-negative" sample; MAPK signaling induced by TRIM24-BRAF was also MEK inhibitor sensitive. Through mining TCGA skin cutaneous melanoma dataset, we further identified two potential BRAF fusions in another 49 "pan-negative" cases. CONCLUSIONS BRAF fusions define a new molecular subset of melanoma, potentially comprising 4% to 8% of "pan-negative" cases. Their presence may explain an unexpected clinical response to MEK inhibitor therapy or assist in selecting patients for MEK-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hutchinson
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Biology, Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I, Okamoto W, Tanizaki J, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. Targeting MET Amplification as a New Oncogenic Driver. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1540-52. [PMID: 25055117 PMCID: PMC4190554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain genetically defined cancers are dependent on a single overactive oncogene for their proliferation and survival, a phenomenon known as "oncogene addiction". A new generation of drugs that selectively target such "driver oncogenes" manifests a clinical efficacy greater than that of conventional chemotherapy in appropriate genetically defined patients. MET is a proto-oncogene that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, and aberrant activation of MET signaling occurs in a subset of advanced cancers as result of various genetic alterations including gene amplification, polysomy, and gene mutation. Our preclinical studies have shown that inhibition of MET signaling either with the small-molecule MET inhibitor crizotinib or by RNA interference targeted to MET mRNA resulted in marked antitumor effects in cancer cell lines with MET amplification both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, patients with non-small cell lung cancer or gastric cancer positive for MET amplification have shown a pronounced clinical response to crizotinib. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence thus suggests that MET amplification is an "oncogenic driver" and therefore a valid target for treatment. However, the prevalence of MET amplification has not been fully determined, possibly in part because of the difficulty in evaluating gene amplification. In this review, we provide a rationale for targeting this genetic alteration in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Junko Tanizaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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Smyth EC, Sclafani F, Cunningham D. Emerging molecular targets in oncology: clinical potential of MET/hepatocyte growth-factor inhibitors. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1001-14. [PMID: 24959087 PMCID: PMC4061165 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s44941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The MET/hepatocyte growth-factor (HGF) signaling pathway plays a key role in the processes of embryogenesis, wound healing, and organ regeneration. Aberrant activation of MET/HGF occurs through multiple mechanisms including gene amplification, mutation, protein overexpression, and abnormal gene splicing interrupting autocrine and paracrine regulatory feedback mechanisms. In many cancers including non-small-cell lung cancer, colorectal, gastric, renal, and hepatocellular cancer, dysregulation of MET may lead to a more aggressive cancer phenotype and may be a negative prognostic indicator. Successful therapeutic targeting of the MET/HGF pathway has been achieved using monoclonal antibodies against the MET receptor and its ligand HGF in addition to MET-specific and multitargeted small-molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitors with several drugs in late-phase clinical trials including onartuzumab, rilotumumab, tivantinib, and cabozantinib. MET frequently interacts with other key oncogenic tyrosine kinases including epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-3 and these interactions may be responsible for resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. Similarly, resistance to MET inhibition may be mediated through EGFR activation, or alternatively by increasing levels of MET amplification or acquisition of novel "gatekeeper" mutations. In order to optimize development of effective inhibitors of the MET/HGF pathway clinical trials must be enriched for patients with demonstrable MET-pathway dysregulation for which robustly standardized and validated assays are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Smyth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Francesco Sclafani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
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Parikh RA, Wang P, Beumer JH, Chu E, Appleman LJ. The potential roles of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET pathway inhibitors in cancer treatment. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:969-83. [PMID: 24959084 PMCID: PMC4061161 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s40241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MET is located on chromosome 7q31 and is a proto-oncogene that encodes for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. HGF, also known as scatter factor (SF), is the only known ligand for MET. MET is a master regulator of cell growth and division (mitogenesis), mobility (motogenesis), and differentiation (morphogenesis); it plays an important role in normal development and tissue regeneration. The HGF-MET axis is frequently dysregulated in cancer by MET gene amplification, translocation, and mutation, or by MET or HGF protein overexpression. MET dysregulation is associated with an increased propensity for metastatic disease and poor overall prognosis across multiple tumor types. Targeting the dysregulated HGF-MET pathway is an area of active research; a number of monoclonal antibodies to HGF and MET, as well as small molecule inhibitors of MET, are under development. This review summarizes the key biological features of the HGF-MET axis, its dysregulation in cancer, and the therapeutic agents targeting the HGF-MET axis, which are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Parikh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonard J Appleman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lai AZ, Cory S, Zhao H, Gigoux M, Monast A, Guiot MC, Huang S, Tofigh A, Thompson C, Naujokas M, Marcus VA, Bertos N, Sehat B, Perera RM, Bell ES, Page BDG, Gunning PT, Ferri LE, Hallett M, Park M. Dynamic reprogramming of signaling upon met inhibition reveals a mechanism of drug resistance in gastric cancer. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra38. [PMID: 24757178 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase is activated or genetically amplified in some gastric cancers, but resistance to small-molecule inhibitors of Met often emerges in patients. We found that Met abundance correlated with a proliferation marker in patient gastric tumor sections, and gastric cancer cell lines that have MET amplifications depended on Met for proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in culture. Inhibition of Met induced temporal changes in gene expression in the cell lines, initiated by a rapid decrease in the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, followed by those encoding proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and finally those encoding cell cycle-related proteins. In the gastric cancer cell lines, microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed considerable overlap between genes regulated in response to Met stimulation and those regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The activity of STAT3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and the kinase Akt was decreased by Met inhibition, but only inhibitors of STAT3 were as effective as the Met inhibitor in decreasing tumor cell proliferation in culture and in xenografts, suggesting that STAT3 mediates the pro-proliferative program induced by Met. However, the phosphorylation of ERK increased after prolonged Met inhibition in culture, correlating with decreased abundance of the phosphatases DUSP4 and DUSP6, which inhibit ERK. Combined inhibition of Met and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-ERK pathway induced greater cell death in cultured gastric cancer cells than did either inhibitor alone. These findings indicate combination therapies that may counteract resistance to Met inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Z Lai
- 1Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
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40
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Kim B, Wang S, Lee JM, Jeong Y, Ahn T, Son DS, Park HW, Yoo HS, Song YJ, Lee E, Oh YM, Lee SB, Choi J, Murray JC, Zhou Y, Song PH, Kim KA, Weiner LM. Synthetic lethal screening reveals FGFR as one of the combinatorial targets to overcome resistance to Met-targeted therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1083-93. [PMID: 24662823 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cancer progression. In addition, Met has been implicated in resistance of tumors to various targeted therapies such as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancers, and has been prioritized as a key molecular target for cancer therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance to Met-targeting drugs is poorly understood. Here, we describe screening of 1310 genes to search for key regulators related to drug resistance to an anti-Met therapeutic antibody (SAIT301) by using a small interfering RNA-based synthetic lethal screening method. We found that knockdown of 69 genes in Met-amplified MKN45 cells sensitized the antitumor activity of SAIT301. Pathway analysis of these 69 genes implicated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) as a key regulator for antiproliferative effects of Met-targeting drugs. Inhibition of FGFR3 increased target cell apoptosis through the suppression of Bcl-xL expression, followed by reduced cancer cell growth in the presence of Met-targeting drugs. Treatment of cells with the FGFR inhibitors substantially restored the efficacy of SAIT301 in SAIT301-resistant cells and enhanced the efficacy in SAIT301-sensitive cells. In addition to FGFR3, integrin β3 is another potential target for combination treatment with SAIT301. Suppression of integrin β3 decreased AKT phosphorylation in SAIT301-resistant cells and restored SAIT301 responsiveness in HCC1954 cells, which are resistant to SAIT301. Gene expression analysis using CCLE database shows that cancer cells with high levels of FGFR and integrin β3 are resistant to crizotinib treatment, suggesting that FGFR and integrin β3 could be used as predictive markers for Met-targeted therapy and provide a potential therapeutic option to overcome acquired and innate resistance for the Met-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J M Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y Jeong
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - T Ahn
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - D-S Son
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H W Park
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H-s Yoo
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y-J Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - E Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y M Oh
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S B Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J Choi
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J C Murray
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P H Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - K-A Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - L M Weiner
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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41
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Teng L, Lu J. cMET as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1247-54. [PMID: 24141315 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Despite improvements in surgery and chemotherapy, the outcomes in patients with advanced gastric cancer remain poor. cMET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, and plays a key role in tumor survival, growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. cMET overexpression and/or gene amplification occurs in a significant proportion of gastric cancers. cMET is associated with a high tumor stage and poor prognosis. Several cMET inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials, and the initial results are encouraging. It has become increasingly apparent that cMET is a promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize the development of cMET inhibitors in the preclinical and clinical environment. In addition, we discuss the challenges of cMET-targeted therapy in gastric cancer and explore possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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