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Chaniad P, Chukaew A, Payaka A, Phuwajaroanpong A, Techarang T, Plirat W, Punsawad C. Antimalarial potential of compounds isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers: in vitro and molecular docking studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:266. [PMID: 36224571 PMCID: PMC9554980 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance encourages the search for new antimalarial agents. Mammea siamensis belongs to the Calophyllaceae family, which is a medicinal plant that is used in traditional Thai preparations. The hexane and dichloromethane extracts of this plant were found to have potent antimalarial activity. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate active compounds from M. siamensis flowers and evaluate their antimalarial potential and their interactions with Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). Methods: The compounds from M. siamensis flowers were isolated by chromatographic techniques and evaluated for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. falciparum (K1) strains using a parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. Interactions between the isolated compounds and the PfLDH enzyme were investigated using a molecular docking method. Results: The isolation produced the following thirteen compounds: two terpenoids, lupeol (1) and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (5); two mammea coumarins, mammea A/AA cyclo D (6) and mammea A/AA cyclo F (7); and nine xanthones, 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (2), 4-hydroxyxanthone (3), 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone (4), 1,6-dihydroxyxanthone (8), 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone (9), 3,4,5-trihydroxyxanthone (10), 5-hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone (11), 2-hydroxyxanthone (12), and 1,5-dihydroxy-6-methoxyxanthone (13). Compound 9 exhibited the most potent antimalarial activity with an IC50 value of 9.57 µM, followed by 10, 1, 2 and 13 with IC50 values of 15.48, 18.78, 20.96 and 22.27 µM, respectively. The molecular docking results indicated that 9, which exhibited the most potent activity, also had the best binding affinity to the PfLDH enzyme in terms of its low binding energy (-7.35 kcal/mol) and formed interactions with ARG109, ASN140, and ARG171. Conclusion: These findings revealed that isolated compounds from M. siamensis flowers exhibited antimalarial activity. The result suggests that 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone is a possible lead structure as a potent inhibitor of the PfLDH enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Medicine, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Arnon Chukaew
- grid.444195.90000 0001 0098 2188Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, 84100 Surat Tani, Thailand
| | - Apirak Payaka
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Science, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Medicine, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Tachpon Techarang
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Medicine, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Medicine, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347School of Medicine, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, 80160 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Yadav MK, Tripathi MK, Yadav S. Discovery of novel inhibitors targeting Plasmodium knowlesi dihydrofolate reductase using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105214. [PMID: 34592368 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, recognized as the fifth Plasmodium parasite, is the least studied malaria parasite. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the South-East Asia region. Enzymes of folate synthesis, especially dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), is a well-approved drug target in other Plasmodium species, but its role in Plasmodium knowlesi is poorly studied. This work characterizes PkDHFR as a drug target and identifies inhibitors that can withstand the upcoming problem of resistance. The 3D structure of the PkDHFR target is modelled using comparative modelling, and further, it is refined and validated using energy minimization and torsional angle analysis methods. We extracted 13 compounds from DrugBank and ZINC databases using the "target similarity search" criteria. These compounds were categorized based on their binding affinity (-4.49 to -10.08 kcal/mol) and pose prediction against the active site of PkDHFR. Later on, the top 5 PkDHFR-compound complexes with high or equivalent binding affinity to its natural ligand (dihydrofolate) have undergone for dynamics. The simulation experiments reveal the higher stability of DB00563-PkDHFR complex and less conformational fluctuations and share a similar degree of compactness throughout the simulation trajectory. The MM/GBSA calculation of free energy of DB00563 is also the least (-72.84 kcal/mol) compared to others. Furthermore, the flexible side chain of DB00563 can bind and block the active site of PkDHFR more efficiently. Thus, the identified drug may be considered as a potential candidate for treating P. knowlesi malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Bioinformatics, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat, 131 029, Haryana, India.
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srishti Yadav
- Medical Biotechnology Division, Department of Biochemistry, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, 492 001, Chhattisgarh, India
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Armistead JS, Adams JH. Advancing Research Models and Technologies to Overcome Biological Barriers to Plasmodium vivax Control. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:114-126. [PMID: 29153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria prevalence has declined in the past 10 years, especially outside of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the proportion of cases due to Plasmodium vivax is increasing, accounting for up to 90-100% of the malaria burden in endemic regions. Nonetheless, investments in malaria research and control still prioritize Plasmodium falciparum while largely neglecting P. vivax. Specific biological features of P. vivax, particularly invasion of reticulocytes, occurrence of dormant liver forms of the parasite, and the potential for transmission of sexual-stage parasites prior to onset of clinical illness, promote its persistence and hinder development of research tools and interventions. This review discusses recent advances in P. vivax research, current knowledge of its unique biology, and proposes priorities for P. vivax research and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Armistead
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Moraes Barros RR, Gibson TJ, Kite WA, Sá JM, Wellems TE. Comparison of two methods for transformation of Plasmodium knowlesi: Direct schizont electroporation and spontaneous plasmid uptake from plasmid-loaded red blood cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 218:16-22. [PMID: 28988930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human infections from Plasmodium knowlesi present challenges to malaria control in Southeast Asia. P. knowlesi also offers a model for other human malaria species including Plasmodium vivax. P. knowlesi parasites can be cultivated in the laboratory, and their transformation is standardly performed by direct electroporation of schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs) with plasmid DNA. Here we show that the efficiency of direct electroporation is exquisitely dependent on developmental age of the schizonts. Additionally, we show that transformation of P. knowlesi can be achieved without direct electroporation by using the parasite's ability to infect and take up DNA from plasmid-loaded RBCs. Transformation with plasmid-loaded RBCs does not require labor-intensive preparations of schizont-infected RBCs as for direct electroporation, and parasite damage from high voltage discharge is avoided. Further studies of the mechanism of spontaneous DNA uptake may suggest strategies for improved transformation and provide insights into the transport pathways of apicomplexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Moraes Barros
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Tyler J Gibson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Whitney A Kite
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
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Flannery EL, Wang T, Akbari A, Corey VC, Gunawan F, Bright AT, Abraham M, Sanchez JF, Santolalla ML, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Rosales LA, Lescano AG, Bafna V, Vinetz JM, Winzeler EA. Next-Generation Sequencing of Plasmodium vivax Patient Samples Shows Evidence of Direct Evolution in Drug-Resistance Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:367-79. [PMID: 26719854 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax, the parasite that causes the most widespread form of human malaria, is complicated by the lack of a suitable long-term cell culture system for this parasite. In contrast to P. falciparum, which can be more readily manipulated in the laboratory, insights about parasite biology need to be inferred from human studies. Here we analyze the genomes of parasites within 10 human P. vivax infections from the Peruvian Amazon. Using next-generation sequencing we show that some P. vivax infections analyzed from the region are likely polyclonal. Despite their polyclonality we observe limited parasite genetic diversity by showing that three or fewer haplotypes comprise 94% of the examined genomes, suggesting the recent introduction of parasites into this geographic region. In contrast we find more than three haplotypes in putative drug-resistance genes, including the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase and the P. vivax multidrug resistance associated transporter, suggesting that resistance mutations have arisen independently. Additionally, several drug-resistance genes are located in genomic regions with evidence of increased copy number. Our data suggest that whole genome sequencing of malaria parasites from patients may provide more insight about the evolution of drug resistance than genetic linkage or association studies, especially in geographical regions with limited parasite genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan F. Sanchez
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
| | - Meddly L. Santolalla
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
| | - G. Christian Baldeviano
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
| | - Kimberly A. Edgel
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
| | - Luis A. Rosales
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
| | - Andrés G. Lescano
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Avenida Venezuela Cuadra 36 S/N, Centro Médico
Naval, Lima Callao 02, Peru
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Moraes Barros RR, Straimer J, Sa JM, Salzman RE, Melendez-Muniz VA, Mu J, Fidock DA, Wellems TE. Editing the Plasmodium vivax genome, using zinc-finger nucleases. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:125-9. [PMID: 25081932 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a major cause of malaria morbidity worldwide yet has remained genetically intractable. To stably modify this organism, we used zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), which take advantage of homology-directed DNA repair mechanisms at the site of nuclease action. Using ZFNs specific to the gene encoding P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase (pvdhfr), we transfected blood specimens from Saimiri boliviensis monkeys infected with the pyrimethamine (Pyr)-susceptible Chesson strain with a ZFN plasmid carrying a Pyr-resistant mutant pvdhfr sequence. We obtained Pyr-resistant parasites in vivo that carried mutant pvdhfr and additional silent mutations designed to confirm editing. These results herald the era of stable P. vivax genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Moraes Barros
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Juliana M Sa
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca E Salzman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Viviana A Melendez-Muniz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Price RN, Auburn S, Marfurt J, Cheng Q. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of drug-resistant Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:522-9. [PMID: 23044287 PMCID: PMC4627502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review we present recent developments in the analysis of Plasmodium vivax clinical trials and ex vivo drug-susceptibility assays, as well approaches currently being used to identify molecular markers of drug resistance. Clinical trials incorporating the measurement of in vivo drug concentrations and parasite clearance times are needed to detect early signs of resistance. Analysis of P. vivax growth dynamics ex vivo have defined the criteria for acceptable assay thresholds for drug susceptibility testing, and their subsequent interpretation. Genotyping and next-generation sequencing studies in P. vivax field isolates are set to transform our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
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