1
|
Kassay N, Mótyán JA, Matúz K, Golda M, Tőzsér J. Biochemical Characterization, Specificity and Inhibition Studies of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3 Proteases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020127. [PMID: 33562087 PMCID: PMC7915765 DOI: 10.3390/life11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are causative agents of severe diseases including adult T-cell leukemia. Similar to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), the viral protease (PR) plays a crucial role in the viral life-cycle via the processing of the viral polyproteins. Thus, it is a potential target of anti-retroviral therapies. In this study, we performed in vitro comparative analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, 2, and 3 (HTLV-1, -2, and -3) proteases. Amino acid preferences of S4 to S1′ subsites were studied by using a series of synthetic oligopeptide substrates representing the natural and modified cleavage site sequences of the proteases. Biochemical characteristics of the different PRs were also determined, including catalytic efficiencies and dependence of activity on pH, temperature, and ionic strength. We investigated the effects of different HIV-1 PR inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir, DMP-323, indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) on enzyme activities, and inhibitory potentials of IB-268 and IB-269 inhibitors that were previously designed against HTLV-1 PR. Comparative biochemical analysis of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 PRs may help understand the characteristic similarities and differences between these enzymes in order to estimate the potential of the appearance of drug-resistance against specific HTLV-1 PR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| | - Krisztina Matúz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mária Golda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Savoret J, Mesnard JM, Gross A, Chazal N. Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:625941. [PMID: 33510738 PMCID: PMC7835632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.625941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Savoret
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Gross
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Complex Relationship between HTLV-1 and Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040287. [PMID: 32326562 PMCID: PMC7238105 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the establishment of an adaptive immune response, retroviruses can be targeted by several cellular host factors at different stages of the viral replication cycle. This intrinsic immunity relies on a large diversity of antiviral processes. In the case of HTLV-1 infection, these active innate host defense mechanisms are debated. Among these mechanisms, we focused on an RNA decay pathway called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which can target multiple viral RNAs, including HTLV-1 unspliced RNA, as has been recently demonstrated. NMD is a co-translational process that depends on the RNA helicase UPF1 and regulates the expression of multiple types of host mRNAs. RNA sensitivity to NMD depends on mRNA organization and the ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) composition. HTLV-1 has evolved several means to evade the NMD threat, leading to NMD inhibition. In the early steps of infection, NMD inhibition favours the production of HTLV-1 infectious particles, which may contribute to the survival of the fittest clones despite genome instability; however, its direct long-term impact remains to be investigated.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwob A, Teruel E, Dubuisson L, Lormières F, Verlhac P, Abudu YP, Gauthier J, Naoumenko M, Cloarec-Ung FM, Faure M, Johansen T, Dutartre H, Mahieux R, Journo C. SQSTM-1/p62 potentiates HTLV-1 Tax-mediated NF-κB activation through its ubiquitin binding function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16014. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated in adult T cell leukemia, an aggressive malignancy caused by Human T Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The viral oncoprotein Tax triggers this constitutive activation by interacting with the ubiquitin-rich IKK complex. We previously demonstrated that Optineurin and TAX1BP1, two members of the ubiquitin-binding, Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM-1/p62)-like selective autophagy receptor family, are involved in Tax-mediated NF-κB signaling. Here, using a proximity-dependent biotinylation approach (BioID), we identify p62 as a new candidate partner of Tax and confirm the interaction in infected T cells. We then demonstrate that p62 knock-out in MEF cells as well as p62 knock-down in HEK293T cells significantly reduces Tax-mediated NF-κB activity. We further show that although p62 knock-down does not alter NF-κB activation in Jurkat T cells nor in infected T cells, p62 does potentiate Tax-mediated NF-κB activity upon over-expression in Jurkat T cells. We next show that p62 associates with the Tax/IKK signalosome in cells, and identify the 170–206 domain of p62 as sufficient for the direct, ubiquitin-independent interaction with Tax. However, we observe that this domain is dispensable for modulating Tax activity in cells, and functional analysis of p62 mutants indicates that p62 could potentiate Tax activity in cells by facilitating the association of ubiquitin chains with the Tax/IKK signalosome. Altogether, our results identify p62 as a new ubiquitin-dependent modulator of Tax activity on NF-κB, further highlighting the importance of ubiquitin in the signaling activity of the viral Tax oncoprotein.
Collapse
|
5
|
SQSTM-1/p62 potentiates HTLV-1 Tax-mediated NF-κB activation through its ubiquitin binding function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16014. [PMID: 31690813 PMCID: PMC6831704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated in adult T cell leukemia, an aggressive malignancy caused by Human T Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The viral oncoprotein Tax triggers this constitutive activation by interacting with the ubiquitin-rich IKK complex. We previously demonstrated that Optineurin and TAX1BP1, two members of the ubiquitin-binding, Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM-1/p62)-like selective autophagy receptor family, are involved in Tax-mediated NF-κB signaling. Here, using a proximity-dependent biotinylation approach (BioID), we identify p62 as a new candidate partner of Tax and confirm the interaction in infected T cells. We then demonstrate that p62 knock-out in MEF cells as well as p62 knock-down in HEK293T cells significantly reduces Tax-mediated NF-κB activity. We further show that although p62 knock-down does not alter NF-κB activation in Jurkat T cells nor in infected T cells, p62 does potentiate Tax-mediated NF-κB activity upon over-expression in Jurkat T cells. We next show that p62 associates with the Tax/IKK signalosome in cells, and identify the 170–206 domain of p62 as sufficient for the direct, ubiquitin-independent interaction with Tax. However, we observe that this domain is dispensable for modulating Tax activity in cells, and functional analysis of p62 mutants indicates that p62 could potentiate Tax activity in cells by facilitating the association of ubiquitin chains with the Tax/IKK signalosome. Altogether, our results identify p62 as a new ubiquitin-dependent modulator of Tax activity on NF-κB, further highlighting the importance of ubiquitin in the signaling activity of the viral Tax oncoprotein.
Collapse
|
6
|
Millen S, Gross C, Donhauser N, Mann MC, Péloponèse JM, Thoma-Kress AK. Collagen IV (COL4A1, COL4A2), a Component of the Viral Biofilm, Is Induced by the HTLV-1 Oncoprotein Tax and Impacts Virus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2439. [PMID: 31708905 PMCID: PMC6819499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 infects CD4+ T-cells via cell-to-cell transmission requiring reorganization of the cytoskeleton and expression of the viral transactivator and oncoprotein Tax. Viruses spread at the virological synapse (VS), a virus-induced specialized cell-cell contact, by polarized budding into synaptic clefts, and by cell surface transfer of viral biofilms (VBs). Since little is known about Tax’s role in formation of the VB, we asked which component of the VB is regulated by Tax and important for HTLV-1 transmission. Collagens are not only structural proteins of the extracellular matrix and basal membrane but also represent an important component of the VB. Here, we report that among the collagens known to be present in VBs, COL4 is specifically upregulated in the presence of HTLV-1 infection. Further, we found that transient expression of Tax is sufficient to induce COL4A1 and COL4A2 transcripts in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM T-cells, while robust induction of COL4 protein requires continuous Tax expression as shown in Tax-transformed T-cell lines. Repression of Tax led to a significant reduction of COL4A1/A2 transcripts and COL4 protein. Mechanistically, luciferase-based promoter studies indicate that Tax activates the COL4A2 and, to a less extent, the COL4A1 promoter. Imaging showing partial co-localization of COL4 with the viral Gag protein in VBs at the VS and transfer of COL4 and Gag to target cells suggests a role of COL4 in VB formation. Strikingly, in chronically infected C91-PL cells, knockout of COL4A2 impaired Gag transfer between infected T-cells and acceptor T-cells, while release of virus-like particles was unaffected. Taken together, we identified COL4 (COL4A1, COL4A2) as a component of the VB and a novel cellular target of Tax with COL4A2 appearing to impact virus transmission. Thus, this study is the first to provide a link between Tax’s activity and VB formation by hijacking COL4 protein functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Gross
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Donhauser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie C Mann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- IRIM-UMR 9004, Research Institute in Infectiology of Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bellon M, Moles R, Chaib-Mezrag H, Pancewicz J, Nicot C. JAG1 overexpression contributes to Notch1 signaling and the migration of HTLV-1-transformed ATL cells. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:119. [PMID: 30231940 PMCID: PMC6146899 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that infects over 20 million people worldwide and is responsible for the hematopoietic malignancy adult T cell leukemia (ATL). We previously demonstrated that Notch is constitutively activated in ATL cells. Activating genetic mutations were found in Notch; however, Notch signaling was also activated in the absence of genetic mutations suggesting the existence of other mechanisms. Methods We analyzed the expression of Notch receptor ligands in HTLV-I-transformed cells, ATL patient-derived cell lines, and fresh uncultured ATL samples by RT-PCR, FACS, and immunohistochemistry. We then investigated viral and cellular molecular mechanisms regulating expression of JAG1. Finally, using shRNA knock-down and neutralizing antibodies, we investigated the function of JAG1 in ATL cells. Results Here, we report the overexpression of the Notch ligand, JAG1, in freshly uncultured ATL patient samples compared to normal PBMCs. We found that in ATL cells, JAG1 overexpression relies upon the viral protein Tax and cellular miR-124a, STAT3, and NFATc1. Interestingly, our data show that blockade of JAG1 signaling dampens Notch1 downstream signaling and limits cell migration of transformed ATL cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that targeting JAG1 can block Notch1 activation in HTLV-I-transformed cells and represents a new target for immunotherapy in ATL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3046, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3046, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hassiba Chaib-Mezrag
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3046, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Joanna Pancewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3046, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3046, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibition of Tunneling Nanotube (TNT) Formation and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Transmission by Cytarabine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11118. [PMID: 30042514 PMCID: PMC6057998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly dependent on cell-to-cell interaction for transmission and productive infection. Cell-to-cell interactions through the virological synapse, biofilm-like structures and cellular conduits have been reported, but the relative contribution of each mechanism on HTLV-1 transmission still remains vastly unknown. The HTLV-1 protein p8 has been found to increase viral transmission and cellular conduits. Here we show that HTLV-1 expressing cells are interconnected by tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) defined as thin structures containing F-actin and lack of tubulin connecting two cells. TNTs connected HTLV-1 expressing cells and uninfected T-cells and monocytes and the viral proteins Tax and Gag localized to these TNTs. The HTLV-1 expressing protein p8 was found to induce TNT formation. Treatment of MT-2 cells with the nucleoside analog cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, AraC) reduced number of TNTs and furthermore reduced TNT formation induced by the p8 protein. Intercellular transmission of HTLV-1 through TNTs provides a means of escape from recognition by the immune system. Cytarabine could represent a novel anti-HTLV-1 drug interfering with viral transmission.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamagishi M, Fujikawa D, Watanabe T, Uchimaru K. HTLV-1-Mediated Epigenetic Pathway to Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1686. [PMID: 30087673 PMCID: PMC6066519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first reported human oncogenic retrovirus, is the etiologic agent of highly aggressive, currently incurable diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 proteins, including Tax and HBZ, have been shown to have critical roles in HTLV-1 pathogenicity, yet the underlying mechanisms of HTLV-1-driven leukemogenesis are unclear. The frequent disruption of genetic and epigenetic gene regulation in various types of malignancy, including ATL, is evident. In this review, we illustrate a focused range of topics about the establishment of HTLV-1 memory: (1) genetic lesion in the Tax interactome pathway, (2) gene regulatory loop/switch, (3) disordered chromatin regulation, (4) epigenetic lock by the modulation of epigenetic factors, (5) the loss of gene fine-tuner microRNA, and (6) the alteration of chromatin regulation by HTLV-1 integration. We discuss the persistent influence of Tax-dependent epigenetic changes even after the disappearance of HTLV-1 gene expression due to the viral escape from the immune system, which is a remaining challenge in HTLV-1 research. The summarized evidence and conceptualized description may provide a better understanding of HTLV-1-mediated cellular transformation and the potential therapeutic strategies to combat HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yamagishi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Fujikawa
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Percher F, Curis C, Pérès E, Artesi M, Rosewick N, Jeannin P, Gessain A, Gout O, Mahieux R, Ceccaldi PE, Van den Broeke A, Duc Dodon M, Afonso PV. HTLV-1-induced leukotriene B4 secretion by T cells promotes T cell recruitment and virus propagation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15890. [PMID: 28639618 PMCID: PMC5489682 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is efficiently transmitted through cellular contacts. While the molecular mechanisms of viral cell-to-cell propagation have been extensively studied in vitro, those facilitating the encounter between infected and target cells remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that HTLV-1-infected CD4 T cells secrete a potent chemoattractant, leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 secretion is dependent on Tax-induced transactivation of the pla2g4c gene, which encodes the cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma. Inhibition of LTB4 secretion or LTB4 receptor knockdown on target cells reduces T-cell recruitment, cellular contact formation and virus propagation in vitro. Finally, blocking the synthesis of LTB4 in a humanized mouse model of HTLV-1 infection significantly reduces proviral load. This results from a decrease in the number of infected clones while their expansion is not impaired. This study shows the critical role of LTB4 secretion in HTLV-1 transmission both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Percher
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Céline Curis
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Eléonore Pérès
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210 CNRS-UCBL UMR 5239, UMS 3444 SFR Biosciences-Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Maria Artesi
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Rosewick
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1000, Belgium
| | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Olivier Gout
- Service de Neurologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris F-75019, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, ENS de Lyon, and Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1000, Belgium
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210 CNRS-UCBL UMR 5239, UMS 3444 SFR Biosciences-Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3569, Paris F-75015, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cell-Free versus Cell-to-Cell Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1: Exploring the Link among Viral Source, Viral Trafficking, and Viral Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:7607-17. [PMID: 27334587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00407-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are complex retroviruses mainly infecting CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In addition, antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are targeted in vivo by both viruses, although to a lesser extent. Interaction of HIV-1 with DCs plays a key role in viral dissemination from the mucosa to CD4(+) T lymphocytes present in lymphoid organs. While similar mechanisms may occur for HTLV-1 as well, most HTLV-1 data were obtained from T-cell studies, and little is known regarding the trafficking of this virus in DCs. We first compared the efficiency of cell-free versus cell-associated viral sources of both retroviruses at infecting DCs. We showed that both HIV-1 and HTLV-1 cell-free particles are poorly efficient at productively infecting DCs, except when DC-SIGN has been engaged. Furthermore, while SAMHD-1 accounts for restriction of cell-free HIV-1 infection, it is not involved in HTLV-1 restriction. In addition, cell-free viruses lead mainly to a nonproductive DC infection, leading to trans-infection of T-cells, a process important for HIV-1 spread but not for that of HTLV-1. Finally, we show that T-DC cell-to-cell transfer implies viral trafficking in vesicles that may both increase productive infection of DCs ("cis-infection") and allow viral escape from immune surveillance. Altogether, these observations allowed us to draw a model of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 trafficking in DCs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Induced Overexpression of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM) Facilitates Trafficking of Infected Lymphocytes through the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Virol 2016; 90:7303-7312. [PMID: 27252538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00539-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This disease develops upon infiltration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes into the central nervous system, mostly the thoracic spinal cord. The central nervous system is normally protected by a physiological structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists primarily of a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. In this study, we investigated the role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, in the crossing of the BBB by HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes. We demonstrated that ALCAM is overexpressed on the surface of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes, both in chronically infected cell lines and in primary infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. ALCAM overexpression results from the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway by the viral transactivator Tax. In contrast, staining of spinal cord sections of HAM/TSP patients showed that ALCAM expression is not altered on the BBB endothelium in the context of HTLV-1 infection. ALCAM blockade or downregulation of ALCAM levels significantly reduced the migration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes across a monolayer of human BBB endothelial cells. This study suggests a potential role for ALCAM in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This disease is the consequence of the infiltration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS), mostly the thoracic spinal cord. The CNS is normally protected by a physiological structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists primarily of a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. The mechanism of migration of lymphocytes into the CNS is unclear. Here, we show that the viral transactivator Tax increases activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) expression. This molecule facilitates the migration of lymphocytes across the BBB endothelium. Targeting this molecule could be of interest in preventing or reducing the development of HAM/TSP.
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission. Viruses 2016; 8:74. [PMID: 27005656 PMCID: PMC4810264 DOI: 10.3390/v8030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4⁺ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8⁺ T-cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Efficient infection of CD4⁺ T-cells requires cell-cell contacts while cell-free virus transmission is inefficient. Two types of cell-cell contacts have been described to be critical for HTLV-1 transmission, tight junctions and cellular conduits. Further, two non-exclusive mechanisms of virus transmission at cell-cell contacts have been proposed: (1) polarized budding of HTLV-1 into synaptic clefts; and (2) cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at virological synapses. In contrast to CD4⁺ T-cells, dendritic cells can be infected cell-free and, to a greater extent, via viral biofilms in vitro. Cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 requires a coordinated action of steps in the virus infectious cycle with events in the cell-cell adhesion process; therefore, virus propagation from cell-to-cell depends on specific interactions between cellular and viral proteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 transmission with a focus on the HTLV-1-encoded proteins Tax and p8, their impact on host cell factors mediating cell-cell contacts, cytoskeletal remodeling, and thus, virus propagation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Baydoun HH, Cherian MA, Green P, Ratner L. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates DNA double strand breaks in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-induced leukemia/lymphoma. Retrovirology 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 26265053 PMCID: PMC4534112 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4+ T-lymphocytes infected by the Human T-Cell Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). The molecular mechanisms of transformation in ATLL have not been fully elucidated. However, genomic instability and cumulative DNA damage during the long period of latency is believed to be essential for HTLV-1 induced leukemogenesis. In addition, constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway was found to be a critical determinant for transformation. Whether a connection exists between NF-κB activation and accumulation of DNA damage is not clear. We recently found that the HTLV-1 viral oncoprotein, Tax, the activator of the NF-κB pathway, induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Results Here, we investigated whether any of the NF-κB target genes are critical in inducing DSBs. Of note, we found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells is over expressed in HTLV-1 infected and Tax-expressing cells. Interestingly, we show that in HTLV-1 infected cells, iNOS expression is Tax-dependent and specifically requires the activation of the classical NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways. A dramatic reduction of DSBs was observed when NO production was inhibited, indicating that Tax induces DSBs through the activation of NO synthesis. Conclusions Determination of the impact of NO on HTLV-1-induced leukemogenesis opens a new area for treatment or prevention of ATLL and perhaps other cancers in which NO is produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham H Baydoun
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Mathew A Cherian
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Patrick Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fufa TD, Byun JS, Wakano C, Fernandez AG, Pise-Masison CA, Gardner K. The Tax oncogene enhances ELL incorporation into p300 and P-TEFb containing protein complexes to activate transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:5-11. [PMID: 26188510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia protein (ELL) is a key regulator of RNA polymerase II mediated transcription. ELL facilitates RNA polymerase II transcription pause site entry and release by dynamically interacting with p300 and the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). In this study, we investigated the role of ELL during the HTLV-1 Tax oncogene induced transactivation. We show that ectopic expression of Tax enhances ELL incorporation into p300 and P-TEFb containing transcriptional complexes and the subsequent recruitment of these complexes to target genes in vivo. Depletion of ELL abrogates Tax induced transactivation of the immediate early genes Fos, Egr2 and NF-kB, suggesting that ELL is an essential cellular cofactor of the Tax oncogene. Thus, our study identifies a novel mechanism of ELL-dependent transactivation of immediate early genes by Tax and provides the rational for further defining the genome-wide targets of Tax and ELL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung S Byun
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clay Wakano
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lieke T, Steinberg CEW, Ju J, Saul N. Natural Marine and Synthetic Xenobiotics Get on Nematode's Nerves: Neuro-Stimulating and Neurotoxic Findings in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2785-812. [PMID: 25955755 PMCID: PMC4446606 DOI: 10.3390/md13052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae release a plethora of organic halogenated compounds, many of them with unknown ecological impact if environmentally realistic concentrations are applied. One major compound is dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) which was tested for neurotoxicity in the invertebrate model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This natural compound was compared with the widespread synthetic xenobiotic tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) found in marine sediments and mussels. We found a neuro-stimulating effect for DBAA; this is contradictory to existing toxicological reports of mammals that applied comparatively high dosages. For TBBP-A, we found a hormetic concentration-effect relationship. As chemicals rarely occur isolated in the environment, a combination of both organobromines was also examined. Surprisingly, the presence of DBAA increased the toxicity of TBBP-A. Our results demonstrated that organohalogens have the potential to affect single organisms especially by altering the neurological processes, even with promoting effects on exposed organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thora Lieke
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jingjuan Ju
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Nadine Saul
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thénoz M, Vernin C, Mortada H, Karam M, Pinatel C, Gessain A, Webb TR, Auboeuf D, Wattel E, Mortreux F. HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T-cells display alternative exon usages that culminate in adult T-cell leukemia. Retrovirology 2014; 11:119. [PMID: 25519886 PMCID: PMC4293115 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming cellular gene transcription sustains HTLV-1 viral persistence that ultimately leads to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). We hypothesized that besides these quantitative transcriptional effects, HTLV-1 qualitatively modifies the pattern of cellular gene expression. Results Exon expression analysis shows that patients’ untransformed and malignant HTLV-1+ CD4+ T-cells exhibit multiple alternate exon usage (AEU) events. These affect either transcriptionally modified or unmodified genes, culminate in ATLL, and unveil new functional pathways involved in cancer and cell cycle. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of array data permitted to isolate exon expression patterns of 3977 exons that discriminate uninfected, infected, and transformed CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, untransformed infected CD4+ clones and ATLL samples shared 486 exon modifications distributed in 320 genes, thereby indicating a role of AEUs in HTLV-1 leukemogenesis. Exposing cells to splicing modulators revealed that Sudemycin E reduces cell viability of HTLV-1 transformed cells without affecting primary control CD4+ cells and HTLV-1 negative cell lines, suggesting that the huge excess of AEU might provide news targets for treating ATLL. Conclusions Taken together, these data reveal that HTLV-1 significantly modifies the structure of cellular transcripts and unmask new putative leukemogenic pathways and possible therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0119-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Thénoz
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Céline Vernin
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Hussein Mortada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Maroun Karam
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Christiane Pinatel
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas R Webb
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA.
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Eric Wattel
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Université Lyon I, Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Oncovirologie et Biotherapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS, Lyon/UCBL/HCL; Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie; 69364, Lyon cedex 07, France.
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Oncovirologie et Biotherapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS, Lyon/UCBL/HCL; Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie; 69364, Lyon cedex 07, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Discovery and characterization of auxiliary proteins encoded by type 3 simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses. J Virol 2014; 89:931-51. [PMID: 25355890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02150-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of auxiliary protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) in HTLV-3, the latest HTLV to be discovered, is unknown. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) is almost identical to HTLV-3. Given the lack of HTLV-3-infected cell lines, we took advantage of STLV-3-infected cells and of an STLV-3 molecular clone to search for the presence of auxiliary transcripts. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), we first uncovered the presence of three unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins of 5, 8, and 9 kDa and confirmed the presence of the previously reported RorfII transcript. The existence of these viral mRNAs was confirmed by using splice site-specific RT-PCR with ex vivo samples. We showed that p5 is distributed throughout the cell and does not colocalize with a specific organelle. The p9 localization is similar to that of HTLV-1 p12 and induced a strong decrease in the calreticulin signal, similarly to HTLV-1 p12. Although p8, RorfII, and Rex-3 share an N-terminal sequence that is predicted to contain a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS), only p8 is found in the nucleolus. The p8 location in the nucleolus is linked to a bipartite NoLS. p8 and, to a lesser extent, p9 repressed viral expression but did not alter Rex-3-dependent mRNA export. Using a transformation assay, we finally showed that none of the STLV-3 auxiliary proteins had the ability to induce colony formation, while both Tax-3 and antisense protein of HTLV-3 (APH-3) promoted cellular transformation. Altogether, these results complete the characterization of the newly described primate T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (PTLV-3). IMPORTANCE Together with their simian counterparts, HTLVs form the primate T-lymphotropic viruses. HTLVs arose from interspecies transmission between nonhuman primates and humans. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of ORFs encoding auxiliary proteins in HTLV-3 or STLV-3 genomes was unknown. Using in silico analyses, ex vivo samples, or in vitro experiments, we have uncovered the presence of 3 previously unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins and confirmed the presence of a previously reported viral transcript. We characterized the intracellular localization of the four proteins. We showed that two of these proteins repress viral expression but that none of them have the ability to induce colony formation. However, both Tax and the antisense protein APH-3 promote cell transformation. Our results allowed us to characterize 4 new retroviral proteins for the first time.
Collapse
|
20
|
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 3 (HTLV-3) and HTLV-4 antisense-transcript-encoded proteins interact and transactivate Jun family-dependent transcription via their atypical bZIP motif. J Virol 2014; 88:8956-70. [PMID: 24872589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus types 3 and 4 (HTLV-3 and HTLV-4) are recently isolated retroviruses. We have previously characterized HTLV-3- and HTLV-4-encoded antisense genes, termed APH-3 and APH-4, respectively, which, in contrast to HBZ, the HTLV-1 homologue, do not contain a typical bZIP domain (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). As HBZ differentially modulates the transactivation potential of various Jun family members, the effect of APH-3 and APH-4 on JunD-, c-Jun-, and JunB-mediated transcriptional activation was investigated. We first showed that APH-3 and APH-4 upregulated the transactivation potential of all tested Jun family members. Using an human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) promoter construct, our results also highlighted that, unlike HBZ, which solely modulates hTERT expression via JunD, both APH-3 and APH-4 acted positively on the transactivation of the hTERT promoter mediated by tested Jun factors. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that these Jun proteins interacted with APH-3 and APH-4. Although no activation domain was identified for APH proteins, the activation domain of c-Jun was very important in the observed upregulation of its activation potential. We further showed that APH-3 and APH-4 required their putative bZIP-like domains and corresponding leucine residues for interaction and modulation of the transactivation potential of Jun factors. Our results demonstrate that HTLV-encoded antisense proteins behave differently, and that the bZIP-like domains of both APH-3 and APH-4 have retained their interaction potential for Jun members. These studies are important in assessing the differences between HBZ and other antisense proteins, which might further contribute to determining the role of HBZ in HTLV-1-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE HBZ, the antisense transcript-encoded protein from HTLV-1, is now well recognized as a potential factor for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development. In order to better appreciate the mechanism of action of HBZ, comparison to antisense proteins from other HTLV viruses is important. Little is known in relation to the seemingly nonpathogenic HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses, and studies of their antisense proteins are limited to our previously reported study (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). Here, we demonstrate that Jun transcription factors are differently affected by APH-3 and APH-4 compared to HBZ. These intriguing findings suggest that these proteins act differently on viral replication but also on cellular gene expression, and that highlighting their differences of action might lead to important information allowing us to understand the link between HTLV-1 HBZ and ATL in infected individuals.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chevalier SA, Turpin J, Cachat A, Afonso PV, Gessain A, Brady JN, Pise-Masison CA, Mahieux R. Gem-induced cytoskeleton remodeling increases cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells, formation of infected-to-target T-cell conjugates and viral transmission. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003917. [PMID: 24586148 PMCID: PMC3937318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient HTLV-1 viral transmission occurs through cell-to-cell contacts. The Tax viral transcriptional activator protein facilitates this process. Using a comparative transcriptomic analysis, we recently identified a series of genes up-regulated in HTLV-1 Tax expressing T-lymphocytes. We focused our attention towards genes that are important for cytoskeleton dynamic and thus may possibly modulate cell-to-cell contacts. We first demonstrate that Gem, a member of the small GTP-binding proteins within the Ras superfamily, is expressed both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and in HTLV-1-infected cell lines. Using a series of ChIP assays, we show that Tax recruits CREB and CREB Binding Protein (CBP) onto a c-AMP Responsive Element (CRE) present in the gem promoter. This CRE sequence is required to drive Tax-activated gem transcription. Since Gem is involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, we investigated its role in infected cells motility. We show that Gem co-localizes with F-actin and is involved both in T-cell spontaneous cell migration as well as chemotaxis in the presence of SDF-1/CXCL12. Importantly, gem knock-down in HTLV-1-infected cells decreases cell migration and conjugate formation. Finally, we demonstrate that Gem plays an important role in cell-to-cell viral transmission. HTLV-1 was the first human oncoretrovirus to be discovered. Five to ten million people are infected, and 1–6% will develop either Adult T-cell Leukemia, or Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). HTLV-1 infects primarily T-cells, but dendritic cells were also found to carry proviruses. Contrary to HIV-1, cell-free HTLV-1 viral particles are poorly infectious. Thus, efficient viral transmission relies on formation of virological synapses or formation and transfer of viral biofilm-like structures. The Tax viral transactivator plays a key role in both modes of transmission. Using transcriptomic analyses, we recently identified cellular genes that are deregulated following Tax expression in T-cells. We focused our attention on genes that are important for cell architecture and are thus likely to modulate cell-to-cell contacts and motility. We found that Gem was highly upregulated both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and HTLV-1-infected cell lines. We further show that Tax binds cellular co-activators and transcription factor and activates transcription from the gem promoter. We demonstrated that Gem is involved in cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells. Importantly, gem knockdown decreases the rate of HTLV-1-infected cell migration and cell-to-cell conjugate formation. We also show that Gem plays an important role in HTLV-1 transmission through cell-to-cell contacts, the most efficient mode of viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A. Chevalier
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jocelyn Turpin
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Cachat
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - John N. Brady
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barrios CS, Castillo L, Zhi H, Giam CZ, Beilke MA. Human T cell leukaemia virus type 2 tax protein mediates CC-chemokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells via the nuclear factor kappa B canonical pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:92-103. [PMID: 24116893 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) are prevalent in many areas worldwide. It has been observed that HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are associated with slower rates of CD4(+) T cell decline and delayed progression to AIDS. This immunological benefit has been linked to the ability of Tax2, the transcriptional activating protein of HTLV-2, to induce the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 and to down-regulate the expression of the CCR5 co-receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study aimed to assess the role of Tax2-mediated activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway on the production of the anti-viral CC-chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES. Recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins, or proteins expressed via adenoviral vectors used to infect cells, were tested for their ability to activate the NF-κB pathway in cultured PBMCs in the presence or absence of NF-κB pathway inhibitors. Results showed a significant release of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES by PBMCs after the activation of p65/RelA and p50. The secretion of these CC-chemokines was significantly reduced (P < 0·05) by canonical NF-κB signalling inhibitors. In conclusion, Tax2 protein may promote innate anti-viral immune responses through the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Barrios
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Research Service 151-I, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Romanelli MG, Diani E, Bergamo E, Casoli C, Ciminale V, Bex F, Bertazzoni U. Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24058363 PMCID: PMC3766827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs) are complex human retroviruses of the Deltaretrovirus genus. Four types have been identified thus far, with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 much more prevalent than HTLV-3 or HTLV-4. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 possess strictly related genomic structures, but differ significantly in pathogenicity, as HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia and of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, whereas HTLV-2 is not associated with neoplasia. HTLVs code for a protein named Tax that is responsible for enhancing viral expression and drives cell transformation. Much effort has been invested to dissect the impact of Tax on signal transduction pathways and to identify functional differences between the HTLV Tax proteins that may explain the distinct oncogenic potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. This review summarizes our current knowledge of Tax-1 and Tax-2 with emphasis on their structure, role in activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) pathway, and interactions with host factors.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gessain A, Rua R, Betsem E, Turpin J, Mahieux R. HTLV-3/4 and simian foamy retroviruses in humans: discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology. Virology 2013; 435:187-99. [PMID: 23217627 PMCID: PMC7111966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates are considered to be likely sources of viruses that can infect humans and thus pose a significant threat to human population. This is well illustrated by some retroviruses, as the simian immunodeficiency viruses and the simian T lymphotropic viruses, which have the ability to cross-species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread. This leads to a pandemic situation for HIV-1 or an endemic one for HTLV-1. Here, we present the available data on the discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology of the recently discovered HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 deltaretroviruses, as well as the simian foamy retroviruses present in different human populations at risk, especially in central African hunters. We discuss also the natural history in humans of these retroviruses of zoonotic origin (magnitude and geographical distribution, possible inter-human transmission). In Central Africa, the increase of the bushmeat trade during the last decades has opened new possibilities for retroviral emergence in humans, especially in immuno-compromised persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Currer R, Van Duyne R, Jaworski E, Guendel I, Sampey G, Das R, Narayanan A, Kashanchi F. HTLV tax: a fascinating multifunctional co-regulator of viral and cellular pathways. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:406. [PMID: 23226145 PMCID: PMC3510432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been identified as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus infects between 15 and 20 million people worldwide of which approximately 2-5% develop ATL. The past 35 years of research have yielded significant insight into the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, including the molecular characterization of Tax, the viral transactivator, and oncoprotein. In spite of these efforts, the mechanisms of oncogenesis of this pleiotropic protein remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we illustrate the multiple oncogenic roles of Tax by summarizing a recent body of literature that refines our understanding of cellular transformation. A focused range of topics are discussed in this review including Tax-mediated regulation of the viral promoter and other cellular pathways, particularly the connection of the NF-κB pathway to both post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Tax and subcellular localization. Specifically, recent research on polyubiquitination of Tax as it relates to the activation of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is highlighted. Regulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage responses due to Tax are also discussed, including Tax interaction with minichromosome maintenance proteins and the role of Tax in chromatin remodeling. The recent identification of HTLV-3 has amplified the importance of the characterization of emerging viral pathogens. The challenge of the molecular determination of pathogenicity and malignant disease of this virus lies in the comparison of the viral transactivators of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 in terms of transformation and immortalization. Consequently, differences between the three proteins are currently being studied to determine what factors are required for the differences in tumorogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Currer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|