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Wang Y, Quan Y, He J, Chen S, Dong Z. SLAM-family receptors promote resolution of ILC2-mediated inflammation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5056. [PMID: 38871792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) initiate early allergic inflammation in the lung, but the factors that promote subsequent resolution of type 2 inflammation and prevent prolonged ILC2 activation are not fully known. Here we show that SLAM-family receptors (SFR) play essential roles in this process. We demonstrate dynamic expression of several SFRs on ILC2s during papain-induced type 2 immunity in mice. SFR deficiency exacerbates ILC2-driven eosinophil infiltration in the lung, and results in a significant increase in IL-13 production by ILC2s exclusively in mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), leading to increased dendritic cell (DC) and TH2 cell numbers. In MLNs, we observe more frequent interaction between ILC2s and bystander T cells, with T cell-expressed SFRs (especially SLAMF3 and SLAMF5) acting as self-ligands to suppress IL-13 production by ILC2s. Mechanistically, homotypic engagement of SFRs at the interface between ILC2s and T cells delivers inhibitory signaling primarily mediated by SHIP-1. This prevents activation of NF-κB, driven by IL-7 and IL-33, two major drivers of ILC2-mediated type 2 immunity. Thus, our study shows that an ILC2-DC-TH2 regulatory axis may promote the resolution of pulmonary type 2 immune responses, and highlights SLAMF3/SLAMF5 as potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuande Wang
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhe Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junming He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM), Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM), Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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2
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Solleti SK, Matthews BE, Rowe RK. SHIP-1 differentially regulates IgE-induced IL-10 and antiviral responses in human monocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.579109. [PMID: 38370636 PMCID: PMC10871339 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.579109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
IgE-mediated stimulation of monocytes regulates multiple cellular functions including cellular maturation, cytokine release, antiviral responses, and T cell priming and differentiation. The high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, is closely linked to serum IgE levels and atopic disease. The signaling molecules which regulate effector functions of this receptor have been well studied in mast cells and basophils, however, less is known about the signaling components, regulatory molecules, and mechanisms downstream of receptor activation in monocytes. This study sought to identify regulators of IgE-mediated cytokine release in human monocytes. SHIP-1 was identified as a negative regulator of IgE-induced IL-10 production. It was also determined that IgE-mediated stimulation and SHIP-1 inhibition decreased antiviral IP-10 production after liposomal poly(I:C) stimulation, indicating differential regulation by SHIP-1 in IgE-driven and antiviral response pathways. Both SHIP-1 and NF-κB were activated following IgE-mediated stimulation of primary monocytes, and NF-κB activation was related to both SHIP-1 and FcεRIα expression levels in monocytes. To our knowledge this is the first study to identify a role for SHIP-1 in regulating IgE-driven responses and antiviral responses in human monocytes. Given the importance of monocytes in inflammation and immune responses, a better understanding of the signaling and regulatory mechanisms downstream of FcεRI receptor could lead to new therapeutic targets in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Solleti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Bailey E. Matthews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Regina K. Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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3
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Yeoh WJ, Krebs P. SHIP1 and its role for innate immune regulation-Novel targets for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350446. [PMID: 37742135 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling plays key roles in the regulation of cellular activity in both health and disease. In immune cells, this PI3K/AKT pathway is critically regulated by the phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP1, which has been reported to modulate the function of most immune subsets. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of SHIP1 with a focus on innate immune cells, where we reflect on the most pertinent aspects described in the current literature. We also present several small-molecule agonists and antagonists of SHIP1 developed over the last two decades, which have led to improved outcomes in several preclinical models of disease. We outline these promising findings and put them in relation to human diseases with unmet medical needs, where we discuss the most attractive targets for immune therapies based on SHIP1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Yeoh
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Terzioglu G, Young-Pearse TL. Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:89. [PMID: 38017562 PMCID: PMC10685641 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have brought microglia under the spotlight, as loci associated with AD risk are enriched in genes expressed in microglia. Several of these genes have been recognized for their central roles in microglial functions. Increasing evidence suggests that SHIP1, the protein encoded by the AD-associated gene INPP5D, is an important regulator of microglial phagocytosis and immune response. A recent study from our group identified SHIP1 as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human iPSC-derived microglial cells (iMGs). In addition, we found evidence for a connection between SHIP1 activity and inflammasome activation in the AD brain. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines as part of innate immune responses against pathogens and endogenous damage signals. Previously published studies have suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in AD and contributes to AD-related pathology. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of AD-related inflammation. We then review the known intracellular functions of SHIP1, including its role in phosphoinositide signaling, interactions with microglial phagocytic receptors such as TREM2 and evidence for its intersection with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Through rigorous examination of the intricate connections between microglial signaling pathways across several experimental systems and postmortem analyses, the field will be better equipped to tailor newly emerging therapeutic strategies targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Terzioglu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Olufunmilayo EO, Holsinger RMD. INPP5D/SHIP1: Expression, Regulation and Roles in Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1845. [PMID: 37895194 PMCID: PMC10606568 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for approximately 38.5 million cases of all-cause dementia. Over 60% of these individuals live in low- and middle-income countries and are the worst affected, especially by its deleterious effects on the productivity of both patients and caregivers. Numerous risk factors for the disease have been identified and our understanding of gene-environment interactions have shed light on several gene variants that contribute to the most common, sporadic form of AD. Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have long been established as guardians of the brain by providing neuroprotection and maintaining cellular homeostasis. A protein with a myriad of effects on various important signaling pathways that is expressed in microglia is the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing Inositol 5' Phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) protein. Encoded by the INPP5D (Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase D) gene, SHIP1 has diminutive effects on most microglia signaling processes. Polymorphisms of the INPP5D gene have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of AD. Several studies have elucidated mechanistic processes by which SHIP1 exerts its perturbations on signaling processes in peripheral immune cells. However, current knowledge of the controllers of INPP5D/SHIP1 expression and the idiosyncrasies of its influences on signaling processes in microglia and their relevance to AD pathophysiology is limited. In this review, we summarize these discoveries and discuss the potential of leveraging INPP5D/SHIP1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O. Olufunmilayo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Road, Oritamefa, Ibadan 2002012, Nigeria
| | - R. M. Damian Holsinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
- Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Chang I, Park S, Lee HJ, Kim I, Park S, Ahn MK, Lee J, Kang M, Baek IJ, Sung YH, Pack CG, Kang HJ, Lee K, Im HJ, Seo EJ, Kim KM, Yang SK, Song K, Oh SH. Interpretation of XIAP Variants of Uncertain Significance in Paediatric Patients with Refractory Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1291-1304. [PMID: 33460440 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations in XIAP can lead to the development of treatment-refractory severe paediatric Crohn's disease [CD], for which haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the primary therapeutic option. The interpretation of variants of uncertain significance [VUSs] in XIAP needs to be scrutinized. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed for 33 male paediatric patients with refractory CD admitted at a tertiary referral hospital. To obtain functional data, biomolecular cell assays and supercomputing molecular dynamics simulations were performed. RESULTS Nine unrelated male patients harboured hemizygous XIAP variants. Four known pathogenic variants and one novel pathogenic variant [p.Lys168Serfs*12] were identified in five patients, and two novel VUSs [p.Gly205del and p.Pro260Ser] and one known VUS [p.Glu350del] were identified in the remaining four. Among children with VUSs, only the subject with p.Gly205del exhibited defective NOD2 signalling. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we determined that the altered backbone torsional energy of C203 in XIAP of p.G205del was ~2 kcal/mol, suggesting loss of zinc binding in the mutant XIAP protein and poor coordination between the mutant XIAP and RIP2 proteins. Elevated auto-ubiquitination of zinc-depleted p.G205del XIAP protein resulted in XIAP protein deficiency. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of XIAP deficiency was noted among children with refractory CD. Advanced functional studies decreased the subjectivity in the case-level interpretation of XIAP VUSs and directed consideration of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksoo Chang
- Supercomputing & Big Data Center, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institutes for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sojung Park
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institutes for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhwan Lee
- Supercomputing & Big Data Center, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mooseok Kang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institutes for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institutes for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institutes for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunsong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Ho Joon Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyuyoung Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seak Hee Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Zheng C, Zhang J, Chen X, Zhang J, Ding X, You X, Fan L, Chen C, Zhou Y. MicroRNA-155 Mediates Obesity-Induced Renal Inflammation and Dysfunction. Inflammation 2019; 42:994-1003. [PMID: 30715692 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to obesity-related renal damage. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNA (miR)-155 is closely associated with hyperglycemia-induced nephropathy, but whether renal miR-155 participates in the inflammatory response and development of obesity-related nephropathy is unknown. In present study, we investigated the pathophysiological role of renal miR-155 in palmitic acid (PA)-treated endothelial cell and high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mouse models by specific miR-155 sponge. Mice fed with HFD exhibited higher levels of renal miR-155, which positively correlated with urine microalbumin and blood urea nitrogen. In vitro study, mouse renal vascular endothelial cells stimulated with PA also showed higher miR-155 levels, accompanied with increased inflammatory response. Suppression of renal miR-155 effectively attenuated HFD-induced renal structural damages and dysfunction. MiR-155 sponge treatment also significantly decreased NF-κB signaling and downstream gene expression in vitro and in vivo. The obesity-increased macrophage infiltration and lipotoxicity was decreased in mouse kidney after miR-155 sponge treatment. Mechanistically, miR-155 directly targeted 3'-UTR of SHIP1/INPP5D and suppressed its expression in vitro and in vivo, whereas silence of SHIP1/INPP5D abolished the renal protective benefits of miR-155 sponge in obese mice. Taken together, present findings for the first time provided evidence for the potential role of miR-155 in obesity-related nephropathy and clarified that SHIP1/NF-κB signaling was a potential molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jianna Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaokai Ding
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaohan You
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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8
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Saz-Leal P, Del Fresno C, Brandi P, Martínez-Cano S, Dungan OM, Chisholm JD, Kerr WG, Sancho D. Targeting SHIP-1 in Myeloid Cells Enhances Trained Immunity and Boosts Response to Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1118-1126. [PMID: 30380404 PMCID: PMC6226423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan-induced trained immunity in myeloid cells leads to long-term protection against secondary infections. Although previous studies have characterized this phenomenon, strategies to boost trained immunity remain undefined. We found that β-glucan-trained macrophages from mice with a myeloid-specific deletion of the phosphatase SHIP-1 (LysMΔSHIP-1) showed enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide. Following β-glucan training, SHIP-1-deficient macrophages exhibited increased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR targets, correlating with augmented glycolytic metabolism. Enhanced training in the absence of SHIP-1 relied on histone methylation and acetylation. Trained LysMΔSHIP-1 mice produced increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines upon rechallenge in vivo and were better protected against Candida albicans infection compared with control littermates. Pharmacological inhibition of SHIP-1 enhanced trained immunity against Candida infection in mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data establish proof of concept for improvement of trained immunity and a strategy to achieve it by targeting SHIP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saz-Leal
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Paola Brandi
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Sarai Martínez-Cano
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Otto M Dungan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Pediatrics Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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10
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Shehat MG, Cardona OA, Aranjuez GF, Jewett MW, Tigno-Aranjuez JT. RIP2 promotes FcγR-mediated reactive oxygen species production. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10365-10378. [PMID: 31113864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a kinase that mediates signaling downstream of the bacterial peptidoglycan sensors NOD1 and NOD2. Genetic loss or pharmaceutical inhibition of RIP2 has been shown to be beneficial in multiple inflammatory disease models with the effects largely attributed to reducing proinflammatory signaling downstream of peptidoglycan recognition. However, given the widespread expression of this kinase and its reported interactions with numerous other proteins, it is possible that RIP2 may also function in roles outside of peptidoglycan sensing. In this work, we show that RIP2 undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in response to engagement of the Fc γ receptor (FcγR). Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from WT and RIP2-KO mice, we show that loss of RIP2 leads to deficient FcγR signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production upon FcγR cross-linking without affecting cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, or nitrate/nitrite production. The FcγR-induced ROS response was still dependent on NOD2, as macrophages deficient in this receptor showed similar defects. Mechanistically, we found that different members of the Src family kinases (SFKs) can promote RIP2 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation. Altogether, our findings suggest that RIP2 is functionally important in pathways outside of bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and that involvement in such pathways may depend on the actions of SFKs. These findings will have important implications for future therapies designed to target this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Shehat
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Omar A Cardona
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - George F Aranjuez
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Mollie W Jewett
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Justine T Tigno-Aranjuez
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
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11
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Courtois G, Fauvarque MO. The Many Roles of Ubiquitin in NF-κB Signaling. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 29642643 PMCID: PMC6027159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway ubiquitously controls cell growth and survival in basic conditions as well as rapid resetting of cellular functions following environment changes or pathogenic insults. Moreover, its deregulation is frequently observed during cell transformation, chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. Understanding how it is properly regulated therefore is a prerequisite to managing these adverse situations. Over the last years evidence has accumulated showing that ubiquitination is a key process in NF-κB activation and its resolution. Here, we examine the various functions of ubiquitin in NF-κB signaling and more specifically, how it controls signal transduction at the molecular level and impacts in vivo on NF-κB regulated cellular processes.
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12
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Dobranowski P, Sly LM. SHIP negatively regulates type II immune responses in mast cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1053-1064. [PMID: 29345374 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIP is a hematopoietic-specific lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates PI3K-generated PI(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. SHIP removes this second messenger from the cell membrane blunting PI3K activity in immune cells. Thus, SHIP negatively regulates mast cell activation downstream of multiple receptors. SHIP has been referred to as the "gatekeeper" of mast cell degranulation as loss of SHIP dramatically increases degranulation or permits degranulation in response to normally inert stimuli. SHIP also negatively regulates Mϕ activation, including both pro-inflammatory cytokine production downstream of pattern recognition receptors, and alternative Mϕ activation by the type II cytokines, IL-4, and IL-13. In the SHIP-deficient (SHIP-/- ) mouse, increased mast cell and Mϕ activation leads to spontaneous inflammatory pathology at mucosal sites, which is characterized by high levels of type II inflammatory cytokines. SHIP-/- mast cells and Mϕs have both been implicated in driving inflammation in the SHIP-/- mouse lung. SHIP-/- Mϕs drive Crohn's disease-like intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, which is dependent on heightened responses to innate immune stimuli generating IL-1, and IL-4 inducing abundant arginase I. Both lung and gut pathology translate to human disease as low SHIP levels and activity have been associated with allergy and with Crohn's disease in people. In this review, we summarize seminal literature and recent advances that provide insight into SHIP's role in mast cells and Mϕs, the contribution of these cell types to pathology in the SHIP-/- mouse, and describe how these findings translate to human disease and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dobranowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Rowbotham SE, Pinchbeck JL, Anderson G, Bourke B, Bourke M, Gasser TC, Jaeggi R, Jenkins JS, Moran CS, Morton SK, Reid CM, Velu R, Yip L, Moxon JV, Golledge J. Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm (IMAGEN): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:547. [PMID: 29145894 PMCID: PMC5692794 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilation of the abdominal aorta and is associated with a risk of fatal rupture. Experimental studies suggest that myo-inositol may exert beneficial effects on AAAs through favourable changes to biological pathways implicated in AAA pathology. The aim of the Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm (IMAGEN) trial is to assess if myo-inositol will reduce AAA growth. Methods/design IMAGEN is a multi-centre, prospective, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 164 participants with an AAA measuring ≥ 30 mm will be randomised to either 2 g of myo-inositol or identical placebo twice daily for 12 months. The primary outcome measure will be AAA growth estimated by increase in total infrarenal aortic volume measured on computed tomographic scans. Secondary outcome measures will include AAA diameter assessed by computed tomography and ultrasound, AAA peak wall stress and peak wall rupture index, serum lipids, circulating AAA biomarkers, circulating RNAs and health-related quality of life. All analysis will be based on the intention-to-treat principle at the time of randomisation. All patients who meet the eligibility criteria, provide written informed consent and are enrolled in the study will be included in the primary analysis, regardless of adherence to dietary allocation. Discussion Currently, there is no known medical therapy to limit AAA progression. The IMAGEN trial will be the first randomised trial, to our knowledge, to assess the value of myo-inositol in limiting AAA growth. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12615001209583. Registered on 6 November 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2304-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Rowbotham
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Jenna L Pinchbeck
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Georgina Anderson
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Bernie Bourke
- Gosford Vascular Services, Gosford, NSW, 2250, Australia
| | - Michael Bourke
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Gosford Vascular Services, Gosford, NSW, 2250, Australia
| | - T Christian Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rene Jaeggi
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Jason S Jenkins
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Corey S Moran
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Susan K Morton
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ramesh Velu
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Lisan Yip
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Joseph V Moxon
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia. .,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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14
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Pauls SD, Marshall AJ. Regulation of immune cell signaling by SHIP1: A phosphatase, scaffold protein, and potential therapeutic target. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:932-945. [PMID: 28480512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP is a critical regulator of immune cell activation. Despite considerable study, the mechanisms controlling SHIP activity to ensure balanced cell activation remain incompletely understood. SHIP dampens BCR signaling in part through its association with the inhibitory coreceptor Fc gamma receptor IIB, and serves as an effector for other inhibitory receptors in various immune cell types. The established paradigm emphasizes SHIP's inhibitory receptor-dependent function in regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 ; however, substantial evidence indicates that SHIP can be activated independently of inhibitory receptors and can function as an intrinsic brake on activation signaling. Here, we integrate historical and recent reports addressing the regulation and function of SHIP in immune cells, which together indicate that SHIP acts as a multifunctional protein controlled by multiple regulatory inputs, and influences downstream signaling via both phosphatase-dependent and -independent means. We further summarize accumulated evidence regarding the functions of SHIP in B cells, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, and macrophages, and data suggesting defective expression or activity of SHIP in autoimmune and malignant disorders. Lastly, we discuss the biological activities, therapeutic promise, and limitations of small molecule modulators of SHIP enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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15
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Hussman JP, Beecham AH, Schmidt M, Martin ER, McCauley JL, Vance JM, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. GWAS analysis implicates NF-κB-mediated induction of inflammatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2016; 17:305-12. [PMID: 27278126 PMCID: PMC4956564 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes and biologically relevant pathways associated with risk to develop multiple sclerosis (MS), the Genome-Wide Association Studies noise reduction method (GWAS-NR) was applied to MS genotyping data. Regions of association were defined based on the significance of linkage disequilibrium blocks. Candidate genes were cross-referenced based on a review of current literature, with attention to molecular function and directly interacting proteins. Supplementary annotations and pathway enrichment scores were generated using The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The candidate set of 220 MS susceptibility genes prioritized by GWAS-NR was highly enriched with genes involved in biological pathways related to positive regulation of cell, lymphocyte and leukocyte activation (P=6.1E-15, 1.2E-14 and 5.0E-14, respectively). Novel gene candidates include key regulators of NF-κB signaling and CD4+ T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) lineages. A large subset of MS candidate genes prioritized by GWAS-NR were found to interact in a tractable pathway regulating the NF-κB-mediated induction and infiltration of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 T-cell lineages, and maintenance of immune tolerance by T-regulatory cells. This mechanism provides a biological context that potentially links clinical observations in MS to the underlying genetic landscape that may confer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A H Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Schmidt
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L McCauley
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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16
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Getahun A, Beavers NA, Larson SR, Shlomchik MJ, Cambier JC. Continuous inhibitory signaling by both SHP-1 and SHIP-1 pathways is required to maintain unresponsiveness of anergic B cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:751-69. [PMID: 27114609 PMCID: PMC4854724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cambier et al. show that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain B cell anergy. Many autoreactive B cells persist in the periphery in a state of unresponsiveness called anergy. This unresponsiveness is rapidly reversible, requiring continuous BCR interaction with self-antigen and resultant regulatory signaling for its maintenance. Using adoptive transfer of anergic B cells with subsequent acute induction of gene deletion or expression, we demonstrate that the continuous activities of independent inhibitory signaling pathways involving the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain anergy. Acute breach of anergy by compromise of either of these pathways leads to rapid cell activation, proliferation, and generation of short-lived plasma cells that reside in extrafollicular foci. Results are consistent with predicted/observed reduction in the Lyn–SHIP-1–PTEN–SHP-1 axis function in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Nicole A Beavers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sandy R Larson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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17
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Brooks R, Iyer S, Akada H, Neelam S, Russo CM, Chisholm JD, Kerr WG. Coordinate expansion of murine hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell compartments by SHIPi. Stem Cells 2015; 33:848-58. [PMID: 25402778 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Promoting the expansion of adult stem cell populations offers the potential to ameliorate radiation or chemotherapy-induced bone marrow failure and allows for expedited recovery for patients undergoing these therapies. Previous genetic studies suggested a pivotal role for SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) in limiting the size of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. The aim of this study was to determine whether our recent development of small molecule SHIP1 inhibitors offers the potential for pharmacological expansion of the HSC compartment in vivo. We show here that treatment of mice with aminosteroid inhibitors of SHIP1 (SHIPi) more than doubles the size of the adult mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) compartment while simultaneously expanding the HSC pool sixfold. Consistent with its ability to target SHIP1 function in vivo, SHIPi also significantly increases plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels, a growth factor that supports proliferation of HSC. Here, we show that SHIPi-induced G-CSF production mediates HSC and MSC expansion, as in vivo neutralization of G-CSF abrogates the SHIPi-induced expansion of both the HSC and MSC compartments. Due to its expansionary effect on adult stem cell compartments, SHIPi represents a potential novel strategy to improve declining stem cell function in both therapy induced and genetically derived bone marrow failure syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brooks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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18
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Malik M, Parikh I, Vasquez JB, Smith C, Tai L, Bu G, LaDu MJ, Fardo DW, Rebeck GW, Estus S. Genetics ignite focus on microglial inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:52. [PMID: 26438529 PMCID: PMC4595327 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, a series of large-scale genetic studies have revealed novel risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Analyses of these risk factors have focused attention upon the role of immune processes in AD, specifically microglial function. In this review, we discuss interpretation of genetic studies. We then focus upon six genes implicated by AD genetics that impact microglial function: TREM2, CD33, CR1, ABCA7, SHIP1, and APOE. We review the literature regarding the biological functions of these six proteins and their putative role in AD pathogenesis. We then present a model for how these factors may interact to modulate microglial function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Malik
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Jared B Vasquez
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Conor Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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19
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Pedersen J, LaCasse EC, Seidelin JB, Coskun M, Nielsen OH. Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) regulate intestinal immunity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:652-65. [PMID: 25282548 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members, notably cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP, are critical and universal regulators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mediated survival, inflammatory, and death signaling pathways. Furthermore, IAPs mediate the signaling of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1/NOD2 and other intracellular NOD-like receptors in response to bacterial pathogens. These pathways are important to the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inactivating mutations in the X-chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) gene causes an immunodeficiency syndrome, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 2 (XLP2), in which 20% of patients develop severe intestinal inflammation. In addition, 4% of males with early-onset IBD also have inactivating mutations in XIAP. Therefore, the IAPs play a greater role in gut homeostasis, immunity and IBD development than previously suspected, and may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie Pedersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Eric C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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20
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RIP kinases: key decision makers in cell death and innate immunity. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:225-36. [PMID: 25146926 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against invading pathogens. It consists of an initial inflammatory response that recruits white blood cells to the site of infection in an effort to destroy and eliminate the pathogen. Some pathogens replicate within host cells, and cell death by apoptosis is an important effector mechanism to remove the replication niche for such microbes. However, some microbes have evolved evasive strategies to block apoptosis, and in these cases host cells may employ further countermeasures, including an inflammatory form of cell death know as necroptosis. This review aims to highlight the importance of the RIP kinase family in controlling these various defence strategies. RIP1 is initially discussed as a key component of death receptor signalling and in the context of dictating whether a cell triggers a pathway of pro-inflammatory gene expression or cell death by apoptosis. The molecular and functional interplay of RIP1 and RIP3 is described, especially with respect to mediating necroptosis and as key mediators of inflammation. The function of RIP2, with particular emphasis on its role in NOD signalling, is also explored. Special attention is given to emphasizing the physiological and pathophysiological contexts for these various functions of RIP kinases.
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21
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Barbé F, Douglas T, Saleh M. Advances in Nod-like receptors (NLR) biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:681-97. [PMID: 25070125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is composed of a wide repertoire of conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) able to trigger inflammation and host defense mechanisms in response to endogenous or exogenous pathogenic insults. Among these, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular sentinels of cytosolic sanctity capable of orchestrating innate immunity and inflammatory responses following the perception of noxious signals within the cell. In this review, we elaborate on recent advances in the signaling mechanisms of NLRs, operating within inflammasomes or through alternative inflammatory pathways, and discuss the spectrum of their effector functions in innate immunity. We describe the progressive characterization of each NLR with associated controversies and cutting edge discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Barbé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Todd Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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22
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Singel SM, Batten K, Cornelius C, Jia G, Fasciani G, Barron SL, Wright WE, Shay JW. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 promotes triple-negative breast cancer cell migration and invasion via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R28. [PMID: 24642040 PMCID: PMC4053227 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Processes that allow for tumor cell migration and invasion are important therapeutic targets. Here we demonstrate that receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIP2), a kinase known to be involved in inflammatory processes, also has novel roles in cancer cell migration and invasion. Methods A total of six breast cancer expression databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, were assessed for RIP2 expression among various clinical subtypes and its role as a prognostic biomarker. mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for RIP2 was performed on 17 stage III breast cancers to determine if there was a correlation between RIP2 expression and lymph node involvement. RNA-interference was used to knock-down RIP2 expression in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, T47D, and HCC1428 cells. Cell migration and invasion were measured in vitro by scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays. A xenograft mouse model was used to assess tumor growth and chemosensitivity to docetaxel in vivo in MDA-MB-231 cells with and without RIP2 small hairpin RNA knockdown. Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging were used to evaluate protein expressions. Results Interrogation of expression databases showed that RIP2 expression is significantly over-expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC: estrogen-receptor (ER) negative, progesterone-receptor (PR) negative, Her2/neu- (Her2) negative), compared to other clinical subtypes. High RIP2 expression correlates with worse progression-free survival using a combined breast cancer expression array dataset consisting of 946 patients. Multivariate analysis shows RIP2 as an independent prognostic biomarker. Knock-down of RIP2 significantly decreases migration in both scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, and T47D cells and is correlated with decreased Nuclear Factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Finally, RIP2 knock-down leads to increased sensitivity to docetaxel and decreased tumor mass and lung metastases in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion These results highlight RIP2 as a pro-metastasis kinase in patients with advanced breast cancer. These results also illustrate a novel role for this kinase in addition to its known role in inflammation, and suggest that targeting RIP2 may improve outcomes in advanced breast cancer patients, in which it is overexpressed.
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24
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Wada T, Kanegane H, Ohta K, Katoh F, Imamura T, Nakazawa Y, Miyashita R, Hara J, Hamamoto K, Yang X, Filipovich AH, Marsh RA, Yachie A. Sustained elevation of serum interleukin-18 and its association with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in XIAP deficiency. Cytokine 2014; 65:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process that has been implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. There is increasing evidence that both ubiquitination and its reversal, deubiquitination, play crucial roles not only during the development of the immune system but also in the orchestration of an immune response by ensuring the proper functioning of the different cell types that constitute the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of the latest discoveries in this field and discuss how they impact our understanding of the ubiquitin system in host defence mechanisms as well as self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zinngrebe
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI) UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Damgaard RB, Fiil BK, Speckmann C, Yabal M, zur Stadt U, Bekker-Jensen S, Jost PJ, Ehl S, Mailand N, Gyrd-Hansen M. Disease-causing mutations in the XIAP BIR2 domain impair NOD2-dependent immune signalling. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1278-95. [PMID: 23818254 PMCID: PMC3944466 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) is an essential ubiquitin ligase for pro-inflammatory signalling downstream of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD)-1 and -2 pattern recognition receptors. Mutations in XIAP cause X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type-2 (XLP2), an immunodeficiency associated with a potentially fatal deregulation of the immune system, whose aetiology is not well understood. Here, we identify the XIAP baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR)2 domain as a hotspot for missense mutations in XLP2. We demonstrate that XLP2-BIR2 mutations severely impair NOD1/2-dependent immune signalling in primary cells from XLP2 patients and in reconstituted XIAP-deficient cell lines. XLP2-BIR2 mutations abolish the XIAP-RIPK2 interaction resulting in impaired ubiquitylation of RIPK2 and recruitment of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) to the NOD2-complex. We show that the RIPK2 binding site in XIAP overlaps with the BIR2 IBM-binding pocket and find that a bivalent Smac mimetic compound (SMC) potently antagonises XIAP function downstream of NOD2 to limit signalling. These findings suggest that impaired immune signalling in response to NOD1/2 stimulation is a general defect in XLP2 and demonstrate that the XIAP BIR2-RIPK2 interaction may be targeted pharmacologically to modulate inflammatory signalling. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type-2 is an immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in the XIAP gene. BIR2 domain mutations in patients impair RIPK2 binding and NOD2-dependent innate immune signaling, explaining some of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Menning M, Kufer TA. A role for the Ankyrin repeat containing protein Ankrd17 in Nod1- and Nod2-mediated inflammatory responses. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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