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Jhuria L, Muthu V, Gupta S, Singh MP, Biswal M, Goyal K, Pannu AK, Kumari S, Bhalla A, Mohindra R, Suri V. Coinfection of H1N1 Influenza and Scrub Typhus-A Review. QJM 2020; 113:465-468. [PMID: 32031635 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza infection usually coincides with the typical scrub typhus season in North India. This leads to diagnostic difficulties due to their similar and non-specific symptoms. We describe three patients with confirmed co-infection of pandemic (H1N1) influenza and scrub typhus who had presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic review of database yielded one case of scrub typhus and H1N1 influenza co-infection reported from South Korea. Co-infection of influenza with tropical infections may not be uncommon in endemic countries and hence a high index of suspicion on the part of physicians coupled with appropriate investigations are needed. The true burden of co-infections needs to be evaluated during outbreaks of influenza in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jhuria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - V Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - M P Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - M Biswal
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - K Goyal
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - A K Pannu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - S Kumari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - A Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - R Mohindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - V Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
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2
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Scoping review of non-pharmacological interventions to control H1N1 in India. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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3
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Fischer WA, Gong M, Bhagwanjee S, Sevransky J. Global burden of influenza as a cause of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Glob Heart 2014; 9:325-36. [PMID: 25667184 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory infections, including influenza, are a leading cause of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality worldwide. Until recently, the epidemiology of influenza was limited to resource-rich countries. Emerging epidemiological reports characterizing the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, however, suggest that influenza exerts an even greater toll in low-income, resource-constrained environments where it is the cause of 5% to 27% of all severe acute respiratory infections. The increased burden of disease in this setting is multifactorial and likely is the result of higher rates of comorbidities such as human immunodeficiency virus, decreased access to health care, including vaccinations and antiviral medications, and limited healthcare infrastructure, including oxygen therapy or critical care support. Improved global epidemiology of influenza is desperately needed to guide allocation of life-saving resources, including vaccines, antiviral medications, and direct the improvement of basic health care to mitigate the impact of influenza infection on the most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Fischer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - Satish Bhagwanjee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Sevransky
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Hirve S, Krishnan A, Dawood FS, Lele P, Saha S, Rai S, Gupta V, Lafond KE, Juvekar S, Potdar V, Broor S, Lal RB, Chadha M. Incidence of influenza-associated hospitalization in rural communities in western and northern India, 2010-2012: a multi-site population-based study. J Infect 2014; 70:160-70. [PMID: 25218056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of influenza is increasingly recognized, but data from India remain sparse. We conducted a multi-site population-based surveillance study to estimate and compare rates of influenza-associated hospitalization at two rural Indian health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) sites at Ballabgarh and Vadu during 2010-2012. METHODS Prospective facility-based surveillance for all hospitalizations (excluding those for trauma, elective surgery and obstetric, ophthalmic or psychiatric reasons) was conducted at 72 health facilities. After collection of clinical details, patients had nasopharyngeal swabs taken and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for influenza viruses. Annual healthcare utilization surveys (HUS) were conducted in HDSS households to identify proportion of hospitalizations occurring at non-study facilities to adjust for hospitalizations missed through facility-based surveillance. RESULTS HUS showed that 69% and 67% of hospitalizations occurred at study facilities at Ballabgarh and Vadu, respectively. Overall, 6004 patients hospitalized with acute medical illness at participating facilities were enrolled (1717 from Ballabgarh; 4287 from Vadu). The proportion of patients with influenza was higher at Vadu than Ballabgarh annually (2010: 21% vs. 5%, p < 0.05; 2011: 18% vs. 5%, p < 0.05; 2012: 23% vs. 5%, p < 0.05). Annual adjusted influenza-associated hospitalization rates were 5-11 fold higher in Vadu (20.3-51.6 per 10,000) vs Ballabgarh (4.4-6.3 per 10,000). At both sites, influenza A/H1N1pdm09 and B predominated during 2010, A/H3N2 and B during 2011, and A/H1N1pdm09 and B during 2012. CONCLUSION The markedly different influenza hospitalization rates by season and across communities in India highlight the need for sustained multi-site surveillance system for estimating national influenza disease burden. That would be the first step for initiating discussions around Influenza prevention and control strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhivinayak Hirve
- Vadu Rural Health Program, King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Center, Pune, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Fatimah S Dawood
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Pallavi Lele
- Vadu Rural Health Program, King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Center, Pune, India
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Sanjay Rai
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- National Institute of Mental Health and Allied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kathryn E Lafond
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Center, Pune, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | | | - Renu B Lal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mandeep Chadha
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India.
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5
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Le MN, Yoshida LM, Suzuki M, Nguyen HA, Le HT, Moriuchi H, Dang DA, Ariyoshi K. Impact of 2009 pandemic influenza among Vietnamese children based on a population-based prospective surveillance from 2007 to 2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:389-96. [PMID: 24602158 PMCID: PMC4181797 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus is one of the major viral pathogens causing pediatric acute respiratory infection (ARI). The spread of pandemic influenza A (A(H1N1)pdm09) in 2009 around the globe had a huge impact on global health. Objective To investigate the impact of A(H1N1)pdm09 on pediatric ARI in Vietnam. Study design An ongoing population-based prospective surveillance in central Vietnam was used. All children aged <15 years residing in Nha Trang city, enrolled to the ARI surveillance in Khanh Hoa General Hospital, from February 2007 through March 2011 were studied. Clinical data and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected. Influenza A was detected and genotyped by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing. Results Among enrolled 2736 hospitalized ARI cases, 354 (13%) were positive for influenza A. Genotyping results revealed that seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 (sea-H1N1) viruses were cocirculating before A(H1N1)pdm09 appeared in July 2009. The A(H1N1)pdm09 replaced the sea-H1N1 after the pandemic. The majority of influenza A cases (90%) were aged <5 years with incidence rate of 537 (387–775) per 100 000 population. Annual incidence rates of hospitalized influenza cases for pre-, initial and post-pandemic periods among children aged <5 year were 474, 452, and 387 per 100 000, respectively. Children with A(H1N1)pdm09 were elder, visited the hospital earlier, less frequently had severe signs, and were less frequently associated with viral coinfection compared with seasonal influenza cases. Conclusions The A(H1N1)pdm09 did not increase the influenza annual hospitalization incidence or disease severity compared with seasonal influenza among pediatric ARI cases in central Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nhat Le
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; National Institutes of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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