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Hussain S, Yasin MT, Ahmad K, Khan S, Ahmad R, Khan J, Ghani A, Shah MM, Ahmed M, Tariq H, Rehman H, Hussain A, Faheem M, Bokhari SAI. Enhancement effect of AgO nanoparticles on fermentative cellulase activity from thermophilic Bacillus subtilis Ag-PQ. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:151. [PMID: 38017118 PMCID: PMC10684452 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulase is an important bioprocessing enzyme used in various industries. This study was conducted with the aim of improving the biodegradation activity of cellulase obtained from the Bacillus subtilis AG-PQ strain. For this purpose, AgO and FeO NPs were fabricated using AgNO3 and FeSO4·7H2O salt respectively through a hydro-thermal method based on five major steps; selection of research-grade materials, optimization of temperature, pH, centrifuge, sample washed with distilled water, dry completely in the oven at the optimized temperature and finally ground for characterization. The synthesized NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the morphology, elemental composition, and structure of the sample respectively. The diameter of the NPs was recorded through SEM which lay in the range of 70-95 nm. RESULTS Cultural parameters were optimized to achieve better cellulase production, where incubation time of 56 h, inoculum size of 5%, 1% coconut cake, 0.43% ammonium nitrate, pH 8, and 37 °C temperature were found optimal. The enhancing effect of AgO NPs was observed on cellulase activity (57.804 U/ml/min) at 50 ppm concentration while FeO NPs exhibited an inhibitory effect on cellulase activity at all concentrations. Molecular docking analysis was also performed to understand the underlying mechanism of improved enzymatic activity by nanocatalysts. CONCLUSION This study authenticates AgO NPs as better nanocatalysts for improved thermostable cellulase biodegradation activity with the extraordinary capability to be potentially utilized in bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, China
| | - Muhammad Talha Yasin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Sciences and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266404, P.R. China.
| | - Suleman Khan
- Department of Physics, NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Jallat Khan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghani
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Musaddiq Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, 51040, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamil Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Rehman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adil Hussain
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre (FBRC), Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 56400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Imran Bokhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Iglesias Rando MR, Gorojovsky N, Zylberman V, Goldbaum FA, Craig PO. Improvement of Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase CenA by multienzymatic display on a decameric structural scaffold. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12581-6. [PMID: 37212884 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional particles using polymeric scaffolds is an emerging technology for many nanobiotechnological applications. Here we present a system for the production of multifunctional complexes, based on the high affinity non-covalent interaction of cohesin and dockerin modules complementary fused to decameric Brucella abortus lumazine synthase (BLS) subunits, and selected target proteins, respectively. The cohesin-BLS scaffold was solubly expressed in high yield in Escherichia coli, and revealed a high thermostability. The production of multienzymatic particles using this system was evaluated using the catalytic domain of Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase CenA recombinantly fused to a dockerin module. Coupling of the enzyme to the scaffold was highly efficient and occurred with the expected stoichiometry. The decavalent enzymatic complexes obtained showed higher cellulolytic activity and association to the substrate compared to equivalent amounts of the free enzyme. This phenomenon was dependent on the multiplicity and proximity of the enzymes coupled to the scaffold, and was attributed to an avidity effect in the polyvalent enzyme interaction with the substrate. Our results highlight the usefulness of the scaffold presented in this work for the development of multifunctional particles, and the improvement of lignocellulose degradation among other applications. KEY POINTS: • New system for multifunctional particle production using the BLS scaffold • Higher cellulolytic activity of polyvalent endoglucanase compared to the free enzyme • Amount of enzyme associated to cellulose is higher for the polyvalent endoglucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías R Iglesias Rando
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gorojovsky
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Zylberman
- Inmunova SA, Gral. San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021 (CP 1650), Villa Lynch, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Goldbaum
- Inmunova SA, Gral. San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021 (CP 1650), Villa Lynch, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (CP 1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Rediseño e Ingeniería de Proteínas (CRIP), UNSAM Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia (CP 1650), Gral. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio O Craig
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tsai SL, Sun Q, Chen W. Advances in consolidated bioprocessing using synthetic cellulosomes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102840. [PMID: 36356377 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary obstacle impeding the more widespread use of biomass for energy and chemical production is the absence of a low-cost technology for overcoming their recalcitrant nature. It has been shown that the overall cost can be reduced by using a 'consolidated' bioprocessing (CBP) approach, in which enzyme production, biomass hydrolysis, and sugar fermentation can be combined. Cellulosomes are enzyme complexes found in many anaerobic microorganisms that are highly efficient for biomass depolymerization. While initial efforts to display synthetic cellulosomes have been successful, the overall conversion is still low for practical use. This limitation has been partially alleviated by displaying more complex cellulsome structures either via adaptive assembly or by using synthetic consortia. Since synthetic cellulosome nanostructures have also been created using either protein nanoparticles or DNA as a scaffold, there is the potential to tether these nanostructures onto living cells in order to further enhance the overall efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Long Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradability by Obtaining and Using Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070843. [PMID: 35405833 PMCID: PMC8997131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo. México, Mexico;
| | - Griselda Chávez-Aguilar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria Agricultura Familiar (CENID AF), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ojuelos de Jalisco 47540, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Zepeda-Batista
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Mónica González-Reyes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Arturo César García-Casillas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
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Gad S, Ayakar S. Protein scaffolds: A tool for multi-enzyme assembly. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 32:e00670. [PMID: 34824995 PMCID: PMC8605239 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex molecules using multiple enzymes simultaneously in one reaction vessel has rapidly emerged as a new frontier in the field of bioprocess technology. However, operating different enzymes together in a single vessel limits their operational performance which needs to be addressed. With this respect, scaffolding proteins play an immense role in bringing different enzymes together in a specific manner. The scaffolding improves the catalytic performance, enzyme stability and provides an optimal micro-environment for biochemical reactions. This review describes the components of protein scaffolds, different ways of constructing a protein scaffold-based multi-enzyme complex, and their effects on enzyme kinetics. Moreover, different conjugation strategies viz; dockerin-cohesin interaction, SpyTag-SpyCatcher system, peptide linker-based ligation, affibody, and sortase-mediated ligation are discussed in detail. Various analytical and characterization tools that have enabled the development of these scaffolding strategies are also reviewed. Such mega-enzyme complexes promise wider applications in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Gad
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sonal Ayakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
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Indira TI, Burhan KH, Manurung R, Widiana A. Enhancement of Essential Oil Yield from Melaleuca Leucadendra L. Leaves by Lignocellulose Degradation Pre-Treatment Using Filamentous Fungi. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cellulosomes are elaborate multienzyme complexes capable of efficiently deconstructing lignocellulosic substrates, produced by cellulolytic anaerobic microorganisms, colonizing a large variety of ecological niches. These macromolecular structures have a modular architecture and are composed of two main elements: the cohesin-bearing scaffoldins, which are non-catalytic structural proteins, and the various dockerin-bearing enzymes that tenaciously bind to the scaffoldins. Cellulosome assembly is mediated by strong and highly specific interactions between the cohesin modules, present in the scaffoldins, and the dockerin modules, present in the catalytic units. Cellulosomal architecture and composition varies between species and can even change within the same organism. These differences seem to be largely influenced by external factors, including the nature of the available carbon-source. Even though cellulosome producing organisms are relatively few, the development of new genomic and proteomic technologies has allowed the identification of cellulosomal components in many archea, bacteria and even some primitive eukaryotes. This reflects the importance of this cellulolytic strategy and suggests that cohesin-dockerin interactions could be involved in other non-cellulolytic processes. Due to their building-block nature and highly cellulolytic capabilities, cellulosomes hold many potential biotechnological applications, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biofuels or the development of affinity based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Alves
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, ULisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, ULisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, ULisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Sofi HS, Akram T, Shabir N, Vasita R, Jadhav AH, Sheikh FA. Regenerated cellulose nanofibers from cellulose acetate: Incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111547. [PMID: 33255098 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers, which are troublesome to spin into fibers, can be easily fabricated by post-regeneration of its acetate-derived threads. Cellulose is a natural polymer; it enjoys better biocompatibility, cellular mimicking, and hydrophilic properties than its proportionate analog. Herein, we regenerated acetate-free nanofibers by alkaline de-acetylation of as-spun nanofibers. The resultant cellulose nanofibers previously loaded with hydroxyapatite (HAp) were immobilized using silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) by reduction of adsorbed Ag ions on using sodium borohydride. These amalgamated nanofibers were characterized for SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, and hydrophilicity tests revealing the existence of both HAp and Ag NPs in/on the nanofiber scaffolds. The de-acetylation of composite nanofibers resulted in spontaneous hydrophilicity. These nanofibers were cytocompatible, as resolved by MTT assay conducted on chicken embryo fibroblasts. The SEM of the samples after cell culture revealed that these composites allowed a proliferation of the fibroblasts over and within the nanofiber network, and increased concentration of HAp levitated the excessive of apatite formation as well as increased cell growth. The antimicrobial activity of these nanofibers was assessed on E. coli (BL21) and S. aureus, suggesting the potential of de-acetylated nanofibers to restrain bacterial growth. The degradation study for 10, 30, and 60 days indicated degradation of the fibers much is faster in enzymes as compared to degradation in PBS. The results certify that these nanofibers possess enormous potential for soft and hard tissue engineering besides their antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasham S Sofi
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Towseef Akram
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar 190001, India
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar 190001, India
| | - Rajesh Vasita
- Biomaterials and Biomimetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Arvind H Jadhav
- Centre for Nano and Material Science (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Faheem A Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Kozaki R, Miyake H. Enzymatic and molecular characterization of an endoglucanase E from Clostridium cellulovorans 743B. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Changing surface grafting density has an effect on the activity of immobilized xylanase towards natural polysaccharides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5763. [PMID: 30962508 PMCID: PMC6453946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are involved in various types of biological processes. In many cases, they are part of multi-component machineries where enzymes are localized in close proximity to each-other. In such situations, it is still not clear whether inter-enzyme spacing actually plays a role or if the colocalization of complementary activities is sufficient to explain the efficiency of the system. Here, we focus on the effect of spatial proximity when identical enzymes are immobilized onto a surface. By using an innovative grafting procedure based on the use of two engineered protein fragments, Jo and In, we produce model systems in which enzymes are immobilized at surface densities that can be controlled precisely. The enzyme used is a xylanase that participates to the hydrolysis of plant cell wall polymers. By using a small chromogenic substrate, we first show that the intrinsic activity of the enzymes is fully preserved upon immobilization and does not depend on surface density. However, when using beechwood xylan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, as substrate, we find that the enzymatic efficiency decreases by 10–60% with the density of grafting. This unexpected result is probably explained through steric hindrance effects at the nanoscale that hinder proper interaction between the enzymes and the polymer. A second effect of enzyme immobilization at high densities is the clear tendency for the system to release preferentially shorter oligosaccharides from beechwood xylan as compared to enzymes in solution.
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Myco-Nanotechnological Approach for Improved Degradation of Lignocellulosic Waste: Its Future Aspect. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Artzi L, Bayer EA, Moraïs S. Cellulosomes: bacterial nanomachines for dismantling plant polysaccharides. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:83-95. [PMID: 27941816 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosomes are multienzyme complexes that are produced by anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. They comprise a complex of scaffoldin, which is the structural subunit, and various enzymatic subunits. The intersubunit interactions in these multienzyme complexes are mediated by cohesin and dockerin modules. Cellulosome-producing bacteria have been isolated from a large variety of environments, which reflects their prevalence and the importance of this microbial enzymatic strategy. In a given species, cellulosomes exhibit intrinsic heterogeneity, and between species there is a broad diversity in the composition and configuration of cellulosomes. With the development of modern technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, the full protein content of cellulosomes and their expression levels can now be assessed and the regulatory mechanisms identified. Owing to their highly efficient organization and hydrolytic activity, cellulosomes hold immense potential for application in the degradation of biomass and are the focus of much effort to engineer an ideal microorganism for the conversion of lignocellulose to valuable products, such as biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Artzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Kamat RK, Zhang Y, Anuganti M, Ma W, Noshadi I, Fu H, Ekatan S, Parnas R, Wang C, Kumar CV, Lin Y. Enzymatic Activities of Polycatalytic Complexes with Nonprocessive Cellulases Immobilized on the Surface of Magnetic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11573-11579. [PMID: 27797206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycatalytic enzyme complexes made by immobilization of industrial enzymes on polymer- or nanoparticle-based scaffolds are technologically attractive due to their recyclability and their improved substrate binding and catalytic activities. Herein, we report the synthesis of polycatalytic complexes by the immobilization of nonprocessive cellulases on the surface of colloidal polymers with a magnetic nanoparticle core and the study of their binding and catalytic activities. These polycatalytic cellulase complexes have increased binding affinity for the substrate. But due to their larger size, these complexes were unable to access to the internal surfaces of cellulose and have significantly lower binding capacity when compared to those of the corresponding free enzymes. Analysis of released soluble sugars indicated that the formation of complexes may promote the prospect of having consistent, multiple attacks on cellulose substrate. Once bound to the substrate, polycatalytic complexes tend to remain on the surface with very limited mobility due to their strong, multivalent binding to cellulose. Hence, the overall performance of polycatalytic complexes is limited by its substrate accessibility as well as mobility on the substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | - Wanfu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Changchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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Gunnoo M, Cazade PA, Galera-Prat A, Nash MA, Czjzek M, Cieplak M, Alvarez B, Aguilar M, Karpol A, Gaub H, Carrión-Vázquez M, Bayer EA, Thompson D. Nanoscale Engineering of Designer Cellulosomes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5619-47. [PMID: 26748482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts showcase the upper limit obtainable for high-speed molecular processing and transformation. Efforts to engineer functionality in synthetic nanostructured materials are guided by the increasing knowledge of evolving architectures, which enable controlled molecular motion and precise molecular recognition. The cellulosome is a biological nanomachine, which, as a fundamental component of the plant-digestion machinery from bacterial cells, has a key potential role in the successful development of environmentally-friendly processes to produce biofuels and fine chemicals from the breakdown of biomass waste. Here, the progress toward so-called "designer cellulosomes", which provide an elegant alternative to enzyme cocktails for lignocellulose breakdown, is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to rational design via computational modeling coupled with nanoscale characterization and engineering tools. Remaining challenges and potential routes to industrial application are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissabye Gunnoo
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pierre-André Cazade
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Albert Galera-Prat
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), IMDEA Nanociencias and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael A Nash
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique, de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, Bretagne, France
| | - Marek Cieplak
- Laboratory of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Biopolis S.L., Parc Científic de la Universitat de Valencia, Edificio 2, C/Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, 46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Marina Aguilar
- Abengoa, S.A., Palmas Altas, Calle Energía Solar nº 1, 41014, Seville, Spain
| | - Alon Karpol
- Designer Energy Ltd., 2 Bergman St., Tamar Science Park, Rehovot, 7670504, Israel
| | - Hermann Gaub
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariano Carrión-Vázquez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), IMDEA Nanociencias and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Damien Thompson
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Sun Q, Chen W. HaloTag mediated artificial cellulosome assembly on a rolling circle amplification DNA template for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6701-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the generation of artificial cellulosomes onto a DNA scaffold using the self-labeling HaloTag for DNA conjugation. Rolling circle amplification multiplexing templates were used to increase the complexity of this system with higher efficiency observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
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18
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Arora R, Behera S, Sharma NK, Kumar S. Bioprospecting thermostable cellulosomes for efficient biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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19
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C-Terminal-oriented Immobilization of Enzymes Using Sortase A-mediated Technique. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1375-80. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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An extracellular enzyme synthesizes narrow-sized silver nanoparticles in both water and methanol. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Gonçalves GAL, Mori Y, Kamiya N. Biomolecular assembly strategies to develop potential artificial cellulosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-014-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cellulosic biomass is a sustainable source for fuels and value-added chemicals, and is available in large quantities. One of the key challenges in biomass processing is associated with the establishment of an efficient enzymatic degradation of plant cell wall. A multi-enzymatic complex, cellulosome, was identified as a highly efficient biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass in nature. Significant progress has been achieved on cellulosome production and application since its discovery, but there is still a gap for industrial use. Artificial systems are being developed by employing various pairs of proteins and scaffolds with the objective of reconstructing this natural multi-enzymatic complex for sustainable biotechnology application.
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22
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Banik SP, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Ghorai S, Majumder R, Khowala S. Enhancement of extracellular cellobiase activity by reducing agents in the filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:175-81. [PMID: 25257587 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular cellobiase activity of Termitomyces clypeatus increased from 2.9 U ml(-1) to 4.4 and 4.1 in presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) and β-mercaptoethanol (ME), respectively, with a decrease in Km from 0.4 to 0.3 mM (DTT) and 0.35 mM (ME). Catalysis was further enhanced if the reduced enzyme was alkylated and activity increased from 11.4 U ml(-1) (control) to 15.2 (DTT+N-ethylmaleimide) and 15.3 (DTT+iodoacetamide) using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and from 14.6 U ml(-1)(control) to 21.9 (DTT+N-ethylmaleimide) and 18.7 (DTT+iodoacetamide) using cellobiose. The reduced enzyme showed 17 % lesser glucose inhibition. CD and tryptophan fluorescence showed no change in secondary structure was caused by DTT up to 50 mM. Cysteine content of the enzyme was 24 %. It is postulated that reduction of disulphide bonds allows better substrate affinity for cellobiase. The studies describe a novel and simple method to increase cellobiase activity for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Prosad Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, 8 Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkata, 700013, India
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23
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Abraham RE, Verma ML, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Suitability of magnetic nanoparticle immobilised cellulases in enhancing enzymatic saccharification of pretreated hemp biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:90. [PMID: 24976864 PMCID: PMC4061456 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research focused on pretreatment of biomass, production of fermentable sugars and their consumption to produce ethanol. The main goal of the work was to economise the production process cost of fermentable sugars. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to investigate enzyme hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose and hemp hurds (natural cellulosic substrate) using free and immobilised enzymes. Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was immobilised on an activated magnetic support by covalent binding and its activity was compared with that of the free enzyme to hydrolyse microcrystalline cellulose and hemp hurds on the basis of thermostability and reusability. RESULTS Up to 94% protein binding was achieved during immobilisation of cellulase on nanoparticles. Successful binding was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The free and immobilised enzymes exhibited identical pH optima (pH 4.0) and differing temperature optima at 50°C and 60°C, respectively. The K M values obtained for the free and immobilised enzymes were 0.87 mg/mL and 2.6 mg/mL respectively. The immobilised enzyme retained 50% enzyme activity up to five cycles, with thermostability at 80°C superior to that of the free enzyme. Optimum hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with free and immobilised enzymes was 88% and 81%, respectively. With pretreated hemp hurd biomass (HHB), the free and immobilised enzymes resulted in maximum hydrolysis in 48 h of 89% and 93%, respectively. CONCLUSION The current work demonstrated the advantages delivered by immobilised enzymes by minimising the consumption of cellulase during substrate hydrolysis and making the production process of fermentable sugars economical and feasible. The activity of cellulase improved as a result of the immobilisation, which provided a better stability at higher temperatures. The immobilised enzyme provided an advantage over the free enzyme through the reusability and longer storage stability properties that were gained as a result of the immobilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinu E Abraham
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Madan L Verma
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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24
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Kamat RK, Ma W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Kumar CV, Lin Y. Adsorption and hydrolytic activity of the polycatalytic cellulase nanocomplex on cellulose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8486-8494. [PMID: 23968137 DOI: 10.1021/am401916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polycatalytic enzyme complexes may enhance the effectiveness of enzymes due to improved substrate interaction and synergistic actions of multiple enzymes in proximity. Much effort has been made to develop highly efficient polycatalytic cellulase complexes by immobilizing cellulases on low-cost polymer or nanoparticle scaffolds, aiming at their potential applications in biomass conversion to fuels. However, some key cellulases carry out the hydrolytic reaction on crystalline cellulose in a directional, processive manner. A large, artificial polycatalytic complex is unlikely to undergo a highly coordinated motion to slide on the cellulose surface as a whole unit. The mechanism underlying the activity enhancements observed in some artificial cellulase complexes and the limit of this approach remain elusive. Herein, we report the synthesis of polycatalytic cellulase complexes bound to colloidal polymer nanoparticles with a magnetic core and describe their unique adsorption, hydrolytic activities, and motions on cellulose. The polycatalytic clusters of cellulases on colloidal polymers show an increased rate of hydrolytic reactions on cellulose, but this was observed mainly at relatively low cellulase-to-cellulose ratios. Enhanced efficiency is mainly attributed to increased local concentrations of cellulases on the scaffolds and their polyvalent interactions with cellulose. However, once bound, the polycatalytic complexes can only carry out reactions locally and are not capable of relocating to new sites rapidly due to their lack of long-range surface mobility and their extremely tight binding. The development of highly optimized polycatalytic complexes may arise by developing novel nanoscaffolds that induce concerted motion of the complex as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K Kamat
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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25
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Lacayo CI, Hwang MS, Ding SY, Thelen MP. Lignin depletion enhances the digestibility of cellulose in cultured xylem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68266. [PMID: 23874568 PMCID: PMC3715489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant lignocellulose constitutes an abundant and sustainable source of polysaccharides that can be converted into biofuels. However, the enzymatic digestion of native plant cell walls is inefficient, presenting a considerable barrier to cost-effective biofuel production. In addition to the insolubility of cellulose and hemicellulose, the tight association of lignin with these polysaccharides intensifies the problem of cell wall recalcitrance. To determine the extent to which lignin influences the enzymatic digestion of cellulose, specifically in secondary walls that contain the majority of cellulose and lignin in plants, we used a model system consisting of cultured xylem cells from Zinniaelegans. Rather than using purified cell wall substrates or plant tissue, we have applied this system to study cell wall degradation because it predominantly consists of homogeneous populations of single cells exhibiting large deposits of lignocellulose. We depleted lignin in these cells by treating with an oxidative chemical or by inhibiting lignin biosynthesis, and then examined the resulting cellulose digestibility and accessibility using a fluorescent cellulose-binding probe. Following cellulase digestion, we measured a significant decrease in relative cellulose content in lignin-depleted cells, whereas cells with intact lignin remained essentially unaltered. We also observed a significant increase in probe binding after lignin depletion, indicating that decreased lignin levels improve cellulose accessibility. These results indicate that lignin depletion considerably enhances the digestibility of cellulose in the cell wall by increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic attack. Although other wall components are likely to contribute, our quantitative study exploits cultured Zinnia xylem cells to demonstrate the dominant influence of lignin on the enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This system is simple enough for quantitative image analysis, but realistic enough to capture the natural complexity of lignocellulose in the plant cell wall. Consequently, these cells represent a suitable model for analyzing native lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine I. Lacayo
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Mona S. Hwang
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Chemical and Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Thelen
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Mazzoli R. Development of microorganisms for cellulose-biofuel consolidated bioprocessings: metabolic engineers' tricks. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 3:e201210007. [PMID: 24688667 PMCID: PMC3962139 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose waste biomass is the most abundant and attractive substrate for "biorefinery strategies" that are aimed to produce high-value products (e.g. solvents, fuels, building blocks) by economically and environmentally sustainable fermentation processes. However, cellulose is highly recalcitrant to biodegradation and its conversion by biotechnological strategies currently requires economically inefficient multistep industrial processes. The need for dedicated cellulase production continues to be a major constraint to cost-effective processing of cellulosic biomass. Research efforts have been aimed at developing recombinant microorganisms with suitable characteristics for single step biomass fermentation (consolidated bioprocessing, CBP). Two paradigms have been applied for such, so far unsuccessful, attempts: a) "native cellulolytic strategies", aimed at conferring high-value product properties to natural cellulolytic microorganisms; b) "recombinant cellulolytic strategies", aimed to confer cellulolytic ability to microorganisms exhibiting high product yields and titers. By starting from the description of natural enzyme systems for plant biomass degradation and natural metabolic pathways for some of the most valuable product (i.e. butanol, ethanol, and hydrogen) biosynthesis, this review describes state-of-the-art bottlenecks and solutions for the development of recombinant microbial strains for cellulosic biofuel CBP by metabolic engineering. Complexed cellulases (i.e. cellulosomes) benefit from stronger proximity effects and show enhanced synergy on insoluble substrates (i.e. crystalline cellulose) with respect to free enzymes. For this reason, special attention was held on strategies involving cellulosome/designer cellulosome-bearing recombinant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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