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Krainc T, Monje MHG, Kinsinger M, Bustos BI, Lubbe SJ. Melanin and Neuromelanin: Linking Skin Pigmentation and Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:185-195. [PMID: 36350228 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are the most vulnerable neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work suggests that the accumulation of oxidized dopamine and neuromelanin mediate the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in patient-derived neurons. In addition, the expression of human tyrosinase in mouse SNpc led to the formation of neuromelanin resulting in the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, further highlighting the importance of neuromelanin in PD. The potential role of neuromelanin in PD pathogenesis has been supported by epidemiological observations, whereby individuals with lighter pigmentation or cutaneous malignant melanoma exhibit higher incidence of PD. Because neuromelanin and melanin share many functional characteristics and overlapping biosynthetic pathways, it has been postulated that genes involved in skin pigmentation and melanin formation may play a role in the susceptibility of vulnerable midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neurodegeneration. Here, we highlight potential mechanisms that may explain the link between skin pigmentation and PD, focusing on the role of skin pigmentation genes in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the importance of genetic ancestry in assessing the contribution of pigmentation-related genes to risk of PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Krainc
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariana H G Monje
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Morgan Kinsinger
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bernabe I Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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GPNMB Extracellular Fragment Protects Melanocytes from Oxidative Stress by Inhibiting AKT Phosphorylation Independent of CD44. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910843. [PMID: 34639184 PMCID: PMC8509362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that plays an important role in cancer metastasis and osteoblast differentiation. In the skin epidermis, GPNMB is mainly expressed in melanocytes and plays a critical role in melanosome formation. In our previous study, GPNMB was also found to be expressed in skin epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, decreased GPNMB expression was observed in the epidermis of lesional skin of patients with vitiligo. However, the exact role of keratinocyte-derived GPNMB and its effect on vitiligo is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that GPNMB expression was also decreased in rhododendrol-induced leukoderma, as seen in vitiligo. The extracellular soluble form of GPNMB (sGPNMB) was found to protect melanocytes from cytotoxicity and the impairment of melanogenesis induced by oxidative stress. Furthermore, the effect of rGPNMB was not altered by the knockdown of CD44, which is a well-known receptor of GPNMB, but accompanied by the suppressed phosphorylation of AKT but not ERK, p38, or JNK. In addition, we found that oxidative stress decreased both transcriptional GPNMB expression and sGPNMB protein expression in human keratinocytes. Our results suggest that GPNMB might provide novel insights into the mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of vitiligo and leukoderma.
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3
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Diversified Stimuli-Induced Inflammatory Pathways Cause Skin Pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083970. [PMID: 33921371 PMCID: PMC8070342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of melanin pigments by melanocytes and their quantity, quality, and distribution play a decisive role in determining human skin, eye, and hair color, and protect the skin from adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. Melanocytes reside in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and are compensated by melanocyte stem cells in the follicular bulge area. Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation. These acute or chronic inflammatory responses cause inflammatory cytokine production from epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts and other cells, which in turn stimulate melanocytes, often resulting in skin pigmentation. It is confirmed by some recent studies that several interleukins (ILs) and other inflammatory mediators modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes and also promote or inhibit expression of melanogenesis-related gene expression directly or indirectly, thereby participating in regulation of skin pigmentation. Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis. This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.
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4
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Lee AY. Skin Pigmentation Abnormalities and Their Possible Relationship with Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073727. [PMID: 33918445 PMCID: PMC8038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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5
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Rahman OU, Kim J, Mahon C, Jelani M, Kang C. Two missense mutations in GPNMB cause autosomal recessive amyloidosis cutis dyschromica in the consanguineous pakistani families. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:471-478. [PMID: 33687658 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica (ACD) is a rare variant of cutaneous amyloidosis. This disorder often clusters in families, and it has been suggested that genetic factors might be involved in its development. OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic causes of ACD, we recruited a consanguineous Pakistani family with multiple cases of ACD that display a recessive mode of inheritance. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of samples from 7 members of this family, followed by bioinformatic and in silico analyses to identify the causative variant. For the replication study, we recruited a British family with Pakistani ancestry, and sequenced all exons of glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein b (GPNMB) to identify mutations. We also investigated effects of the mutations on the stability of the GPNMB protein using the I-TASSER three-dimensional modeling tool. RESULTS We found a novel homozygous mutation, p.Gly363Val (c.1088 G>T), in GPNMB in all affected cases. In a replication study, another homozygous missense mutation in GPNMB, pIle174Met (c.522 C>G), was carried by the affected son. The two mutations were not observed in our in-house data set comprising 217 healthy Pakistani individuals or in The Genome Aggregation Database. Our structural modeling of GPNMB suggested that p.Gly363Val enhanced its stability, whereas p.Ile174Met caused instability. CONCLUSIONS This study reports two novel missense mutations in two Pakistani families that cause ACD. The mutations appear to influence GPNMB stability, as revealed by protein modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Ur Rahman
- Biochemistry Department, Swat Medical College, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Jeena Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Caroline Mahon
- Department of Dermatology, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Musharraf Jelani
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Changsoo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Sun L, Guo C, Yan L, Li H, Sun J, Huo X, Xie X, Hu J. Syntenin regulates melanogenesis via the p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:733-738. [PMID: 32626944 PMCID: PMC7339447 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the synthesis of the skin pigment melanin, which serves a critical role in the study of pigmentary skin diseases. Syntenin has been identified as a melanosome protein, but its role in melanogenesis is not completely understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms underlying syntenin on melanogenesis in immortalized human melanocytes. Depletion of syntenin expression increased both tyrosinase (Tyr) activity and melanin content. Syntenin silencing also increased the protein expression levels of Tyr, pre‑melanosomal protein and microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor. In addition, the results indicated that syntenin regulated melanogenesis by upregulating the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Taken together, these findings suggested that the regulation of melanogenesis by syntenin may be mediated by the activation of p38 MAPK and that syntenin might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of pigmented diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Liting Yan
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Huijin Li
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Huo
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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7
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Tsou PS, Sawalha AH. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B: A key mediator and an emerging therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. FASEB J 2020; 34:8810-8823. [PMID: 32445534 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB, also known as osteoactivin) is highly expressed in many cell types and regulates the homeostasis in various tissues. In different physiological contexts, it functions as a melanosome-associated protein, membrane-bound surface receptor, soluble ligand, or adhesion molecule. Therefore, GPNMB is involved in cell differentiation, migration, inflammation, metabolism, and neuroprotection. Because of its various involvement in different physiological conditions, GPNMB has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and more recently immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes the regulation and function of GPNMB in normal physiology, and discusses the involvement of GPNMB in disease conditions with a particular focus on its potential role and therapeutic implications in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Age-Related Changes in Hair Shaft Protein Profiling and Genetically Variant Peptides. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 47:102309. [PMID: 32485593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports highlight possible improvements in individual identification using proteomic information from human hair evidence. These reports have stimulated investigation of parameters that affect the utility of proteomic information. In addition to variables already studied relating to processing technique and anatomic origin of hair shafts, an important variable is hair ageing. Present work focuses on the effect of age on protein profiling and analysis of genetically variant peptides (GVPs). Hair protein profiles may be affected by developmental and physiological changes with age of the donor, exposure to different environmental conditions and intrinsic processes, including during storage. First, to explore whether general trends were evident in the population at different ages, hair samples were analyzed from groups of different subjects in their 20's, 40's and 60's. No significant differences were seen as a function of age, but consistent differences were evident between European American and African American hair profiles. Second, samples collected from single individuals at different ages were analyzed. Mostly, these showed few protein expression level differences over periods of 10 years or less, but samples from subjects at 44 and 65 year intervals were distinctly different in profile. The results indicate that use of protein profiling for personal identification, if practical, would be limited to decadal time intervals. Moreover, batch effects were clearly evident in samples processed by different staff. To investigate the contribution of storage (at room temperature) in affecting the outcomes, the same proteomic digests were analyzed for GVPs. In samples stored over 10 years, GVPs were reduced in number in parallel with the yield of identified proteins and unique peptides. However, a very different picture emerged with respect to personal identification. Numbers of GVPs sufficed to distinguish individuals despite the age differences of the samples. As a practical matter, three hair samples per person provided nearly the maximal number obtained from 5 or 6 samples. The random match probability (where the log increased in proportion to the number of GVPs) reached as high as 1 in 108. The data indicate that GVP results are dependent on the single nucleotide polymorphism profile of the donor genome, where environmental/processing factors affect only the yield, and thus are consistent despite the ages of the donors and samples and batchwise effects in processing. This conclusion is critical for application to casework where the samples may be in storage for long periods and used to match samples recently collected.
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9
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Biswas KB, Takahashi A, Mizutani Y, Takayama S, Ishitsuka A, Yang L, Yang F, Iddamalgoda A, Katayama I, Inoue S. GPNMB is expressed in human epidermal keratinocytes but disappears in the vitiligo lesional skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4930. [PMID: 32188902 PMCID: PMC7080742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPNMB is involved in multiple cellular functions including cell adhesion, stress protection and stem cell maintenance. In skin, melanocyte-GPNMB is suggested to mediate pigmentation through melanosome formation, but details of keratinocyte-GPNMB have yet to be well understood. We confirmed the expression of GPNMB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) by reducing the expression using siRNA. A higher calcium concentration of over 1.25 mM decreased the GPNMB expression. Histological staining showed that GPNMB was expressed in the basal layer of normal skins but completely absent in vitiligo skins. The normal expression of GPNMB in nevus depigmentosus skin suggested that lack of GPNMB is characteristic of vitiligo lesional skins. IFN-γ and IL-17A, two cytokines with possible causal roles in vitiligo development, inhibited GPNMB expression in vitro. Approximately 4–8% of the total GPNMB expressed on NHEKs were released possibly by ADAM 10 as a soluble form, but the process of release was not affected by the cytokines. The suppressive effect of IFN-γ on GPNMB was partially via IFN-γ/JAK2/STAT1 signaling axis. Decreased GPNMB expression in keratinocytes may affect melanocyte maintenance or survival against oxidative stress although further studies are needed. These findings indicate a new target for vitiligo treatment, focusing on the novel role of IFN-γ and IL-17 in downregulating keratinocyte-GPNMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazal Boron Biswas
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Ichimaru Pharcos Co. Ltd., Motosu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mizutani
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoru Takayama
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Ichimaru Pharcos Co. Ltd., Motosu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Asako Ishitsuka
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arunasiri Iddamalgoda
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Research and Development, Ichimaru Pharcos Co. Ltd., Motosu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Inoue
- Department of Cosmetic Health Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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10
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Chiu FPC, Wessagowit V, Cakmak MF, Doolan BJ, Kootiratrakarn T, Chaowalit P, Bunnag T, Simpson MA, McGrath JA, Onoufriadis A. Molecular basis and inheritance patterns of amyloidosis cutis dyschromica. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:650-653. [PMID: 32097499 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F P C Chiu
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Wessagowit
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M F Cakmak
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B J Doolan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Kootiratrakarn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Chaowalit
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Bunnag
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M A Simpson
- The Institute of Dermatology, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - J A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Semidominant GPNMB Mutations in Amyloidosis Cutis Dyschromica. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2550-2554.e9. [PMID: 31226264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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van der Lienden MJC, Gaspar P, Boot R, Aerts JMFG, van Eijk M. Glycoprotein Non-Metastatic Protein B: An Emerging Biomarker for Lysosomal Dysfunction in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E66. [PMID: 30586924 PMCID: PMC6337583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diseases are caused by inherited defects in lysosomes, the so-called lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). In some of these LSDs, tissue macrophages transform into prominent storage cells, as is the case in Gaucher disease. Here, macrophages become the characteristic Gaucher cells filled with lysosomes laden with glucosylceramide, because of their impaired enzymatic degradation. Biomarkers of Gaucher cells were actively searched, particularly after the development of costly therapies based on enzyme supplementation and substrate reduction. Proteins selectively expressed by storage macrophages and secreted into the circulation were identified, among which glycoprotein non-metastatic protein B (GPNMB). This review focusses on the emerging potential of GPNMB as a biomarker of stressed macrophages in LSDs as well as in acquired pathologies accompanied by an excessive lysosomal substrate load in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Gaspar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Xu S, Fan Y, Li D, Liu Y, Chen X. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B accelerates tumorigenesis of cervical cancer in vitro by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 52:e7567. [PMID: 30484490 PMCID: PMC6262743 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women around the world. However, the underlying mechanism involved in cervical cancer progression is incompletely known. In the present study, we determined the role of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) in tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. According to the GEO database, we found that GPNMB expression was significantly higher in cervical cancer than in normal cervix epithelium. A similar pattern was observed in GPNMB expression in cultured cervical cancer cells and normal cervical epithelial cells. Compared with the control, GPNMB knockdown significantly decreased the proliferation and migration capacity, but enhanced the apoptosis capacity of SiHa and HeLa cells. Additionally, the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were aberrantly increased in SiHa and HeLa cells compared with normal cervical epithelial cells, whereas their activities were strongly inhibited by GPNMB siRNA. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling was activated by GPNMB in SiHa and HeLa cells. Increased MMP-2/MMP-9 expression was suppressed by Dkk-1, inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while it was enhanced by stimulator BIO. The proliferation, migration, and apoptosis capacity of HeLa cells were found to be affected by Dkk-1 and BIO to different extents. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GPNMB contributed to the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer, at least in part, by regulating MMP-2/MMP-9 activity in tumor cells via activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This might be a potential therapeutic target for treating human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Feather follicles transcriptome profiles in Bashang long-tailed chickens with different plumage colors. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:1357-1367. [PMID: 30229509 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rich variety in plumage color found in nature, genetic studies on how feather follicles affect pigmentation are often limited to animals that have black and white pigment. To test how gene expression influences plumage color, transcriptomes of chicken feather follicles with white, black, hemp, reed catkins, silvery grey, and landscape plumage colors were generated using Illumina sequencing. We generated six RNA-Seq libraries with over 25 million paired-end clean reads per library with percentage of paired-end clean reads ranging from 96.73 to 96.98%. 78% of the reads mapped to the chicken genome, and approximately 70% of the reads were mapped to exons and 6% mapped to introns. Transcriptomes of feather follicles producing hemp and land plumage were similar, but these two showed moderate differences compared with gray and reed colored plumage. The black and white follicle transcriptomes were most divergent from the other colors. We identified several candidate genes, including GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. All of these genes are known to induce pigment formation in mice. White feathers result from the lack of pigment formation, and our results suggest that the white chickens due to the recessive insertion mutation of TYR. The formation of black area size and color depth may be due to the expression levels of GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. The GO analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that DEGs in our transcriptome analysis were enriched in cytoskeleton and cell structure related pathways. The black plumage transcriptome showed significant differences in melanogenesis, tyrosine metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism compared with transcriptomes of other plumage colors. The transcriptome profiles of the different chicken plumage colors provide a valuable resource to understand how gene expression influences plumage color, and will be an important resource for identifying candidate genes in breeding programs.
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Zucca FA, Vanna R, Cupaioli FA, Bellei C, De Palma A, Di Silvestre D, Mauri P, Grassi S, Prinetti A, Casella L, Sulzer D, Zecca L. Neuromelanin organelles are specialized autolysosomes that accumulate undegraded proteins and lipids in aging human brain and are likely involved in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 29900402 PMCID: PMC5988730 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, neuronal organelles filled with neuromelanin (a dark-brown pigment) and lipid bodies accumulate in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra, a region targeted in Parkinson's disease. We have investigated protein and lipid systems involved in the formation of these organelles and in the synthesis of the neuromelanin of human substantia nigra. Membrane and matrix proteins characteristic of lysosomes were found in neuromelanin-containing organelles at a lower number than in typical lysosomes, indicating a reduced enzymatic activity and likely impaired capacity for lysosomal and autophagosomal fusion. The presence of proteins involved in lipid transport may explain the accumulation of lipid bodies in the organelle and the lipid component in neuromelanin structure. The major lipids observed in lipid bodies of the organelle are dolichols with lower amounts of other lipids. Proteins of aggregation and degradation pathways were present, suggesting a role for accumulation by this organelle when the ubiquitin-proteasome system is inadequate. The presence of proteins associated with aging and storage diseases may reflect impaired autophagic degradation or impaired function of lysosomal enzymes. The identification of typical autophagy proteins and double membranes demonstrates the organelle's autophagic nature and indicates that it has engulfed neuromelanin precursors from the cytosol. Based on these data, it appears that the neuromelanin-containing organelle has a very slow turnover during the life of a neuron and represents an intracellular compartment of final destination for numerous molecules not degraded by other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca A. Cupaioli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellei
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
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Kang M, Park SH, Oh SW, Lee SE, Yoo JA, Nho YH, Lee S, Han BS, Cho JY, Lee J. Anti-melanogenic effects of resorcinol are mediated by suppression of cAMP signaling and activation of p38 MAPK signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1188-1196. [PMID: 29621941 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1459176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of resorcinol in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. We found that resorcinol reduced both the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in these cells. In addition, resorcinol suppressed the expression of melanogenic gene microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MITF) and its downstream target genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. In addition, we found that resorcinol reduced intracellular cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and increased phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Resorcinol was also found to directly inhibit tyrosinase activity. However, resorcinol-induced decrease in melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and tyrosinase protein levels were attenuated by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Taken together, these data indicate that anti-melanogenic activity of resorcinol is be mediated through the inhibition of cAMP signaling and activation of p38 MAPK, indicating that resorcinol may be a possible ameliorating agent in the treatment of hyperpigmentation skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyeong Kang
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- b Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering , Hongik University , Sejong City , Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ah Yoo
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hwa Nho
- c COSMAX R&I Center , COSMAX Inc. , Seongnam City , Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyeon Lee
- d AMI Cosmetic Co., Ltd. , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- e Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea.,f Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea.,g Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
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17
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Chen T, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Dong C. MITF-M regulates melanogenesis in mouse melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:253-262. [PMID: 29496358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the impact of the microphthalamia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) signaling pathway on melanocytes progression has been extensively studied, the specific molecular mechanisms behind MITF-M-enhanced melanin production in melanocytes still need to be clarified. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the levels of Mitf-M in skin tissues of different coat mice in order to further reveal the relationship between Mitf-M and skin pigmentation. To address the function of Mitf-M on melanogenesis, we have used an overexpression system and combined morphological and biochemical methods to investigate its localization in different coat color mice and pigmentation-related genes' expression in mouse melanocytes. RESULTS The qRT-PCR assay and Western blotting analysis revealed that Mitf-M mRNA and protein were synthesized in all tested mice skin samples, with the highest expression level in brown skin, a moderate expression level in grey skin and the lowest expression level in black skin. Simultaneously, immunofluorescence staining revealed that MITF-M was mainly expressed in the hair follicle matrix and inner and outer root sheath in the skin tissues with different coat colors. Furthermore, overexpression of MITF-M led to increased melanin content and variable pigmentation-related gene expression. CONCLUSION These results directly demonstrate that MITF-M not only influences melanogenesis, but also determines the progression of melanosomal protein in mouse melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingling Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Linpei Yang
- Shenzhou Vocational and Technical Education Center, Shenzhou 053800, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
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18
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Yang CF, Lin SP, Chiang CP, Wu YH, H'ng WS, Chang CP, Chen YT, Wu JY. Loss of GPNMB Causes Autosomal-Recessive Amyloidosis Cutis Dyschromica in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:219-232. [PMID: 29336782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica (ACD) is a distinct form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis characterized by generalized hyperpigmentation mottled with small hypopigmented macules on the trunks and limbs. Affected families and sporadic case subjects have been reported predominantly in East and Southeast Asian ethnicities; however, the genetic cause has not been elucidated. We report here that the compound heterozygosity or homozygosity of GPNMB truncating alleles is the cause of autosomal-recessive ACD. Six nonsense or frameshift mutations were identified in nine individuals diagnosed with ACD. Immunofluorescence analysis of skin biopsies showed that GPNMB is expressed in all epidermal cells, with the highest staining observed in melanocytes. GPNMB staining is significantly reduced in the lesional skin of affected individuals. Hyperpigmented lesions exhibited significantly increased amounts of DNA/keratin-positive amyloid deposits in the papillary dermis and infiltrating macrophages compared with hypo- or depigmented macules. Depigmentation of the lesions was attributable to loss of melanocytes. Intracytoplasmic fibrillary aggregates were observed in keratinocytes scattered in the lesional epidermis. Thus, our analysis indicates that loss of GPNMB, which has been implicated in melanosome formation, autophagy, phagocytosis, tissue repair, and negative regulation of inflammation, underlies autosomal-recessive ACD and provides insights into the etiology of amyloidosis and pigment dyschromia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Departments of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Weng Siong H'ng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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19
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Ko GA, Shrestha S, Kim Cho S. Sageretia thea fruit extracts rich in methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate downregulate melanogenesis via the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:3-12. [PMID: 29399291 PMCID: PMC5792254 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sageretia thea is traditionally used as a medicinal herb to treat various diseases, including skin disorders, in China and Korea. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Sageretia thea fruit on melanogenesis and its underlying mechanisms in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The active chemical compounds in anti-melanogenesis were determined in
Sageretia thea. MATERIALS/METHODS Solvent fractions from the crude extract were investigated for anti-melanogenic activities. These activities and the mechanism of anti-melanogenesis in B16F10 cells were examined by determining melanin content and tyrosinase activity, and by performing western blotting. RESULTS The n-hexane fraction of Sageretia thea fruit (HFSF) exhibited significant anti-melanogenic activity among the various solvent fractions without reducing viability of B16F10 cells. The HFSF suppressed the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1). The reduction of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression by the HFSF was mediated by the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling pathway, which promotes the reduction of β-catenin. Treatment with the GSK3β inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) restored HFSF-induced inhibition of MITF expression. The HFSF bioactive constituents responsible for anti-melanogenic activity were identified by bioassay-guided fractionation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HFSF and its constituents, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, could be used as whitening agents in cosmetics and have potential for treating hyperpigmentation disorders in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-A Ko
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Sabina Shrestha
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Somi Kim Cho
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Subtropical Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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20
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Rose AAN, Annis MG, Frederick DT, Biondini M, Dong Z, Kwong L, Chin L, Keler T, Hawthorne T, Watson IR, Flaherty KT, Siegel PM. MAPK Pathway Inhibitors Sensitize BRAF-Mutant Melanoma to an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting GPNMB. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6088-6098. [PMID: 27515299 PMCID: PMC6168941 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if BRAF and/or MEK inhibitor-induced GPNMB expression renders melanomas sensitive to CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma dataset was interrogated for a panel of MITF-regulated melanosomal differentiation antigens, including GPNMB. BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors were assessed for GPNMB expression by RT-qPCR, immunoblot, and FACS analyses. Transient siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches were used to determine if MITF is requirement for treatment-induced GPNMB upregulation. GPNMB expression was analyzed in serial biopsies and serum samples from patients with melanoma taken before, during, and after disease progression on MAPK inhibitor treatment. Subcutaneous injections were performed to test the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors alone, CDX-011 alone, or their combination in suppressing melanoma growth. RESULTS A MITF-dependent melanosomal differentiation signature is associated with poor prognosis in patients with this disease. MITF is increased following BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment and induces the expression of melanosomal differentiation genes, including GPNMB. GPNMB is expressed at the cell surface in MAPK inhibitor-treated melanoma cells and is also elevated in on-treatment versus pretreatment biopsies from melanoma patients receiving MAPK pathway inhibitors. Combining BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors with CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB, is effective in causing melanoma regression in preclinical animal models and delays the recurrent melanoma growth observed with MEK or BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of MAPK pathway inhibitors with an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB is an effective therapeutic option for patients with melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6088-98. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A N Rose
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew G Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marco Biondini
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Dong
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Kwong
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Ian R Watson
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Sun L, Pan S, Yang Y, Sun J, Liang D, Wang X, Xie X, Hu J. Toll-like receptor 9 regulates melanogenesis through NF-κB activation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1497-504. [PMID: 27075928 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216642529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play essential roles in the modulation of melanogenesis, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hyper- or hypopigmentation-related diseases. However, little is currently known regarding the role of TLR9 in human melanocytes. TLR9 recognizes unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides, and cytosine-phosphate-guanine ODN2006 acts as an hTLR9 agonist. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cytosine-phosphate-guanine ODN2006 on melanogenesis in the human melanocyte cells. MTT assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that ODN2006 stimulation (0, 1, 5, 10 µM) dose-dependently reduced cell viability and promoted the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in PIG1 melanocytes. The mRNA and protein levels of PMEL and TYRosinase were elevated at 6 h, and then decreased 24 h later, but were significantly augmented 72 h later following ODN2006 stimulation; whereas, TLR9 expressions were time-dependently increased in PIG1 melanocytes. Moreover, ultraviolet B irradiation combined with ODN2006 stimulation induced much more significant enhancement of PMEL, TYRosinase, and TLR9 mRNA and protein after three days in PIG1 melanocytes, and the similar results were obtained using the primary human melanocytes. The expression of TLR9 protein was down-regulated by TLR9 siRNA transfection. ODN2006 had an additive effect on ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis and PMEL expression, as well as NF-κB activation, which could be blocked by TLR9 knockdown, the NF-κB specific inhibitor PDTC, or the TBK1 inhibitor BX795. Collectively, we concluded that TLR9 regulates melanogenesis through NF-κB activation, suggesting that TLR9 may play a role in microbial-induced melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Shengjun Pan
- Department of Nursing, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Daoyan Liang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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22
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Jung H, Chung H, Chang SE, Kang DH, Oh ES. FK506 regulates pigmentation by maturing the melanosome and facilitating their transfer to keratinocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:199-209. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Jung
- Department of Life Sciences; The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Heesung Chung
- Department of Life Sciences; The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Ewha Medical Research Center; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences; The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
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23
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Furuya M, Hong SB, Tanaka R, Kuroda N, Nagashima Y, Nagahama K, Suyama T, Yao M, Nakatani Y. Distinctive expression patterns of glycoprotein non-metastatic B and folliculin in renal tumors in patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:315-23. [PMID: 25594584 PMCID: PMC4376441 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an inherited disorder associated with a germline mutation of the folliculin gene (FLCN). The affected families have a high risk for developing multiple renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Diagnostic markers that distinguish between FLCN-related RCC and sporadic RCC have not been investigated, and many patients with undiagnosed BHD fail to receive proper medical care. We investigated the histopathology of 27 RCCs obtained from 18 BHD patients who were diagnosed by genetic testing. Possible somatic mutations of RCC lesions were investigated by DNA sequencing. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to compare the expression levels of FLCN and glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB) between FLCN-related RCCs and sporadic renal tumors (n = 62). The expression of GPNMB was also evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. Histopathological analysis revealed that the most frequent histological type was chromophobe RCC (n = 12), followed by hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumor (n = 6). Somatic mutation analysis revealed small intragenic mutations in six cases and loss of heterozygosity in two cases. Western blot and immunostaining analyses revealed that FLCN-related RCCs showed overexpression of GPNMB and underexpression of FLCN, whereas sporadic tumors showed inverted patterns. GPNMB mRNA in FLCN-related RCCs was 23-fold more abundant than in sporadic tumors. The distinctive expression patterns of GPNMB and FLCN might identify patients with RCCs who need further work-up for BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Shi F, Xu Z, Chen H, Wang X, Cui J, Zhang P, Zhang P, Xie X. A Monoclonal Antibody Against PMEL. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:354-60. [PMID: 25118787 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenjie Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongdong Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
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25
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Abstract
Human melanocytes are distributed not only in the epidermis and in hair follicles but also in mucosa, cochlea (ear), iris (eye), and mesencephalon (brain) among other tissues. Melanocytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are unique in that they produce eu-/pheo-melanin pigments in unique membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes, which can be divided into four stages depending on their degree of maturation. Pigmentation production is determined by three distinct elements: enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, proteins required for melanosome structure, and proteins required for their trafficking and distribution. Many genes are involved in regulating pigmentation at various levels, and mutations in many of them cause pigmentary disorders, which can be classified into three types: hyperpigmentation (including melasma), hypopigmentation (including oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), and mixed hyper-/hypopigmentation (including dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria). We briefly review vitiligo as a representative of an acquired hypopigmentation disorder.
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Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays an indispensable role in epidermal pigmentation in hyperpigmentary disorders due to a central role in melanogenesis. Nevertheless, precise mechanism involved in ET-1-induced hyperpigmentation is still undefined. Glycoprotein (transmembrane) non-metastatic melanoma protein b (GPNMB) is a key element in melanosome formation. Therefore, we speculated that GPNMB was correlated with ET-1-induced pigmentation. After culturing with ET-1, melanin synthesis was significantly up-regulated, accompanying with increased expression of GPNMB and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Total number of melanosomes and melanin synthesis were sharply reduced via GPNMB-siRNA transfection, indicating ET-1-induced pigmentation by GPNMB-dependent manner. Furthermore, MITFsiRNA transfection strikingly inhibited GPNMB expression and the melanogenesis, and this suppression failed to be alleviated by ET-1 stimulation. All of these results demonstrated that ET-1 can trigger melanogenesis via the MITF-regulated GPNMB pathway. Taken together, these findings will provide a new explanation of how ET-1 induces hyperpigmentation, and possibly supply a new strategy for cosmetic studies. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(7): 364-369]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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27
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Eichelbaum K, Krijgsveld J. Rapid temporal dynamics of transcription, protein synthesis, and secretion during macrophage activation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:792-810. [PMID: 24396086 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages provide the first line of host defense with their capacity to react to an array of cytokines and bacterial components requiring tight regulation of protein expression and secretion to invoke a properly tuned innate immune response. To capture the dynamics of this system, we introduce a novel method combining pulsed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) with pulse labeling using the methionine analog azidohomoalanine that allows the enrichment of newly synthesized proteins via click-chemistry followed by their identification and quantification by mass spectrometry. We show that this permits the analysis of proteome changes on a rapid time scale, as evidenced by the detection of 4852 newly synthesized proteins after only a 20-min SILAC pulse. We have applied this methodology to study proteome response during macrophage activation in a time-course manner. We have combined this with full proteome, transcriptome, and secretome analyses, producing an integrative analysis of the first 3 h of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation. We observed the rapid induction of multiple processes well known to TLR4 signaling, as well as anti-inflammatory proteins and proteins not previously associated with immune response. By correlating transcriptional, translational, and secretory events, we derived novel mechanistic principles of processes specifically induced by lipopolysaccharides, including ectodomain shedding and proteolytic processing of transmembrane and extracellular proteins and protein secretion independent of transcription. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the combination of pulsed azidohomoalanine and pulsed SILAC permits the detailed characterization of proteomic events on a rapid time scale. We anticipate that this approach will be very useful in probing the immediate effects of cellular stimuli and will provide mechanistic insight into cellular perturbation in multiple biological systems. The data have been deposited in ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD000600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Eichelbaum
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Tian F, Liu C, Wu Q, Qu K, Wang R, Wei J, Meng F, Liu S, Chang H. Upregulation of glycoprotein nonmetastatic B by colony-stimulating factor-1 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Res 2013; 20:341-50. [PMID: 23924854 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13657689382851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made in elucidating the appropriate biomarkers and the mechanism and functional significance of these biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Glycoprotein nonmetastatic B (GPNMB) overexpression occurs in cutaneous melanomas and breast cancer, and it is an attractive candidate for cancer therapy. However, little is known about the expression and regulation of GPNMB in HCC. In this study, we investigated the expression of GPNMB in HCC histochemically and tested the regulation effects of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the expression of GPNMB in HCC cells. Our results demonstrated that GPNMB levels were significantly enhanced in HCC compared with adjacent normal liver tissues. In HCC cells, GPNMB expression was regulated by EpCAM and CSF-1 partly through their common downstream product c-myc. Taken together, these results suggest that GPNMB, the expression of which was regulated in HCC cells by the highly coordinated function of various proteins, may be a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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29
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Maric G, Rose AA, Annis MG, Siegel PM. Glycoprotein non-metastatic b (GPNMB): A metastatic mediator and emerging therapeutic target in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:839-52. [PMID: 23874106 PMCID: PMC3711880 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s44906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapies are rapidly growing with respect to their clinical development and impact on cancer treatment due to their highly selective anti-tumor action. However, many aggressive cancers such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) currently lack well-defined therapeutic targets against which such agents can be developed. The identification of tumor-associated antigens and the generation of antibody drug-conjugates represent an emerging area of intense interest and growth in the field of cancer therapeutics. Glycoprotein non-metastatic b (GPNMB) has recently been identified as a gene that is over-expressed in numerous cancers, including TNBC, and often correlates with the metastatic phenotype. In breast cancer, GPNMB expression in the tumor epithelium is associated with a reduction in disease-free and overall survival. Based on these findings, glembatumumab vedotin (CDX-011), an antibody-drug conjugate that selectively targets GPNMB, is currently being investigated in clinical trials for patients with metastatic breast cancer and unresectable melanoma. This review discusses the physiological and potential pathological roles of GPNMB in normal and cancer tissues, respectively, and details the clinical advances and challenges in targeting GPNMB-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Maric
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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Theos AC, Watt B, Harper DC, Janczura KJ, Theos SC, Herman KE, Marks MS. The PKD domain distinguishes the trafficking and amyloidogenic properties of the pigment cell protein PMEL and its homologue GPNMB. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:470-86. [PMID: 23452376 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic fragments of the pigment cell-specific glycoprotein, PMEL, form the amyloid fibrillar matrix underlying melanins in melanosomes. The fibrils form within multivesicular endosomes to which PMEL is selectively sorted and that serve as melanosome precursors. GPNMB is a tissue-restricted glycoprotein with substantial sequence homology to PMEL, but no known function, and was proposed to localize to non-fibrillar domains of distinct melanosome subcompartments in melanocytes. Here we confirm that GPNMB localizes to compartments distinct from the PMEL-containing multivesicular premelanosomes or late endosomes in melanocytes and HeLa cells, respectively, and is largely absent from fibrils. Using domain swapping, the unique PMEL localization is ascribed to its polycystic kidney disease (PKD) domain, whereas the homologous PKD domain of GPNMB lacks apparent sorting function. The difference likely reflects extensive modification of the GPNMB PKD domain by N-glycosylation, nullifying its sorting function. These results reveal the molecular basis for the distinct trafficking and morphogenetic properties of PMEL and GPNMB and support a deterministic function of the PMEL PKD domain in both protein sorting and amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Theos
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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