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Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Zheng L, Fu S, Xie Y, Han Y, Zhou X, Wu J. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Umbravirus from Paederia scandens Plants Showing Leaf Chlorosis and Yellowing Symptoms. Viruses 2022; 14:1821. [PMID: 36016443 PMCID: PMC9414234 DOI: 10.3390/v14081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbraviruses are a special class of plant viruses that do not encode any viral structural proteins. Here, a novel umbravirus that has been tentatively named Paederia scandens chlorosis yellow virus (PSCYV) was discovered through RNA-seq in Paederia scandens plants showing leaf chlorosis and yellowing symptoms. The PSCYV genome is a 4301 nt positive-sense, single strand RNA that contains four open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1-4, that encode P1-P4 proteins, respectively. Together, ORF1 and ORF2 are predicted to encode an additional protein, RdRp, through a -1 frameshift mechanism. The P3 protein encoded by ORF3 was predicted to be the viral long-distance movement protein. P4 was determined to function as the viral cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) suppressor. Both P1 and RdRp function as weak post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressors of PSCYV. The PVX-expression system indicated that all viral proteins may be symptom determinants of PSCYV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PSCYV is evolutionarily related to members of the genus Umbravirus in the family Tombusviridae. Furthermore, a cDNA infectious clone of PSCYV was successfully constructed and used to prove that PSCYV can infect both Paederia scandens and Nicotiana benthamiana plants through mechanical inoculation, causing leaf chlorosis and yellowing symptoms. These findings have broadened our understanding of umbraviruses and their host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Han
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
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Wang D, Fu S, Wu H, Cao M, Liu L, Zhou X, Wu J. Discovery and Genomic Function of a Novel Rice Dwarf-Associated Bunya-like Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061183. [PMID: 35746655 PMCID: PMC9228739 DOI: 10.3390/v14061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses cause diseases in vertebrates, arthropods, and plants. Here, we used high-throughput RNA-seq to identify a bunya-like virus in rice plants showing the dwarfing symptom, which was tentatively named rice dwarf-associated bunya-like virus (RDaBV). The RDaBV genome consists of L, M, and S segments. The L segment has 6562 nt, and encodes an RdRp with a conserved Bunya_RdRp super family domain. The M segment has 1667 nt and encodes a nonstructural protein (NS). The complementary strand of the 1120 nt S segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N), while its viral strand encodes a small nonstructural protein (NSs). The amino acid (aa) sequence identities of RdRp, NS, and N between RDaBV and viruses from the family Discoviridae were the highest. Surprisingly, the RDaBV NSs protein did not match any viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp indicated that RDaBV is evolutionarily close to viruses in the family Discoviridae. The PVX-expressed system indicated that RDaBV N and NS may be symptom determinants of RDaBV. Our movement complementation and callose staining experiment results confirmed that RDaBV NSs is a viral movement protein in plants, while an agro-infiltration experiment found that RDaBV NS is an RNA silencing suppressor. Thus, we determined that RDaBV is a novel rice-infecting bunya-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongyue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China;
| | - Li Liu
- The Department of Applied Engineering, Zhejiang Economic and Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.W.)
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Xu S, Zhang X, Xu K, Wang Z, Zhou X, Jiang L, Jiang T. Strawberry Vein Banding Virus Movement Protein P1 Interacts With Light-Harvesting Complex II Type 1 Like of Fragaria vesca to Promote Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884044. [PMID: 35722273 PMCID: PMC9201980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of light-harvesting complex II type 1 like (LHC II-1L) is an essential component of photosynthesis, which mainly maintains the stability of the electron transport chain. However, how the LHC II-1L protein of Fragaria vesca (FvLHC II-1L) affects viral infection remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the movement protein P1 of strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV P1) interacted with FvLHC II-1L in vivo and in vitro by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down assays. SVBV P1 was co-localized with FvLHC II-1L at the edge of epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and FvLHC II-1L protein expression was upregulated in SVBV-infected F. vesca. We also found that FvLHC II-1L effectively promoted SVBV P1 to compensate for the intercellular movement of movement-deficient potato virus X (PVXΔP25) and the systemic movement of movement-deficient cucumber mosaic virus (CMVΔMP). Transient overexpression of FvLHC II-1L and inoculation of an infectious clone of SVBV showed that the course of SVBV infection in F. vesca was accelerated. Collectively, the results showed that SVBV P1 protein can interact with FvLHC II-1L protein, which in turn promotes F. vesca infection by SVBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Jiang, Lei Jiang,
| | - Tong Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Jiang, Lei Jiang,
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Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng X, Yang X, Chen Y, Zhang T, Zhao X, Wang S, Zhao X, Song X, Zhang X, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, MacFarlane S, Liu Y, Chen J, Yan F. The plant protein NbP3IP directs degradation of Rice stripe virus p3 silencing suppressor protein to limit virus infection through interaction with the autophagy-related protein NbATG8. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1036-1051. [PMID: 32898938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, autophagy is involved in responses to viral infection. However, the role of host factors in mediating autophagy to suppress viruses is poorly understood. A previously uncharacterized plant protein, NbP3IP, was shown to interact with p3, an RNA-silencing suppressor protein encoded by Rice stripe virus (RSV), a negative-strand RNA virus. The potential roles of NbP3IP in RSV infection were examined. NbP3IP degraded p3 through the autophagy pathway, thereby affecting the silencing suppression activity of p3. Transgenic overexpression of NbP3IP conferred resistance to RSV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. RSV infection was promoted in ATG5- or ATG7-silenced plants and was inhibited in GAPC-silenced plants where autophagy was activated, confirming the role of autophagy in suppressing RSV infection. NbP3IP interacted with NbATG8f, indicating a potential selective autophagosomal cargo receptor role for P3IP. Additionally, the rice NbP3IP homolog (OsP3IP) also mediated p3 degradation and interacted with OsATG8b and p3. Through identification of the involvement of P3IP in the autophagy-mediated degradation of RSV p3, we reveal a new mechanism to antagonize the infection of RSV, and thereby provide the first evidence that autophagy can play an antiviral role against negative-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xijiao Song
- Public Lab, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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Yang X, Lu Y, Wang F, Chen Y, Tian Y, Jiang L, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, Yan C, Taliansky M, MacFarlane S, Wu Y, Chen J, Yan F. Involvement of the chloroplast gene ferredoxin 1 in multiple responses of Nicotiana benthamiana to Potato virus X infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2142-2156. [PMID: 31872217 PMCID: PMC7094082 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast protein ferredoxin 1 (FD1), with roles in the chloroplast electron transport chain, is known to interact with the coat proteins (CPs) of Tomato mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. However, our understanding of the roles of FD1 in virus infection remains limited. Here, we report that the Potato virus X (PVX) p25 protein interacts with FD1, whose mRNA and protein levels are reduced by PVX infection or by transient expression of p25. Silencing of FD1 by Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) promoted the local and systemic infection of plants by PVX. Use of a drop-and-see (DANS) assay and callose staining revealed that the permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) was increased in FD1-silenced plants together with a consistently reduced level of PD callose deposition. After FD1 silencing, quantitative reverse transcription-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and LC-MS revealed these plants to have a low accumulation of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), which contributed to the decreased callose deposition at PDs. Overexpression of FD1 in transgenic plants manifested resistance to PVX infection, but the contents of ABA and SA, and the PD callose deposition were not increased in transgenic plants. Overexpression of FD1 interfered with the RNA silencing suppressor function of p25. These results demonstrate that interfering with FD1 function causes abnormal plant hormone-mediated antiviral processes and thus enhances PVX infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Michael Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Hong JS, Ju HJ. The Plant Cellular Systems for Plant Virus Movement. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:213-228. [PMID: 28592941 PMCID: PMC5461041 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.09.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) are specialized intercellular channels that facilitate the exchange of various molecules, including sugars, ribonucleoprotein complexes, transcription factors, and mRNA. Their diameters, estimated to be 2.5 nm in the neck region, are too small to transfer viruses or viral genomes. Tobacco mosaic virus and Potexviruses are the most extensively studied viruses. In viruses, the movement protein (MP) is responsible for the PD gating that allows the intercellular movement of viral genomes. Various host factors interact with MP to regulate complicated mechanisms related to PD gating. Virus replication and assembly occur in viral replication complex (VRC) with membrane association, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum. VRC have a highly organized structure and are highly regulated by interactions among the various host factors, proteins encoded by the viral genome, and the viral genome. Virus trafficking requires host machineries, such as the cytoskeleton and the secretory systems. MP facilitates the virus replication and movement process. Despite the current level of understanding of virus movement, there are still many unknown and complex interactions between virus replication and virus movement. While numerous studies have been conducted to understand plant viruses with regards to cell-to-cell movement and replication, there are still many knowledge gaps. To study these interactions, adequate research tools must be used such as molecular, and biochemical techniques. Without such tools, virologists will not be able to gain an accurate or detailed understanding of the virus infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Plant Medicinal Research Center, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Csorba T, Kontra L, Burgyán J. viral silencing suppressors: Tools forged to fine-tune host-pathogen coexistence. Virology 2015; 479-480:85-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Aguilar E, Almendral D, Allende L, Pacheco R, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. The P25 protein of potato virus X (PVX) is the main pathogenicity determinant responsible for systemic necrosis in PVX-associated synergisms. J Virol 2015; 89:2090-103. [PMID: 25473046 PMCID: PMC4338884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02896-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most plant viruses counter the RNA silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). In this sense, VSRs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce R-mediated resistance. We made use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient coexpression of VSRs in combination with Potato virus X (PVX) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (SN) caused by PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. The hypersensitive response (HR)-like response was associated with an enhanced accumulation of PVX subgenomic RNAs. We further show that expression of P25, the VSR of PVX, in the presence of VSR from different viruses elicited an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. Furthermore, the expression of P25 by a Plum pox virus (PPV) vector was sufficient to induce an increase of PPV pathogenicity that led to necrotic mottling. A frameshift mutation in the P25 open reading frame (ORF) of PVX did not lead to necrosis when coexpressed with VSRs. These findings indicate that P25 is the main PVX determinant involved in eliciting a systemic HR-like response in PVX-associated synergisms. Moreover, we show that silencing of SGT1 and RAR1 attenuated cell death in both PVX-potyvirus synergistic infection and the HR-like response elicited by P25. Our study underscores that P25 variants that have impaired ability to suppress RNA silencing cannot act as elicitors when synergized by the presence of other VSRs. These findings highlight the importance of RNA silencing suppression activity in the HR-like response elicited by VSRs in certain hosts. IMPORTANCE The work presented here describes how the activity of the PVX suppressor P25 elicits an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. when overexpressed with other VSR proteins. This finding suggests that the SN response caused by PVX-associated synergisms is a delayed immune response triggered by P25, once it reaches a threshold level by the action of other VSRs. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of PVX P25 protein is a prerequisite for HR elicitation. We propose that unidentified avr determinants could be involved in other cases of viral synergisms in which heterologous "helper" viruses encoding strong VSRs exacerbate the accumulation of the avr-encoding virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Allende
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Remedios Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bong Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Jiang S, Lu Y, Li K, Lin L, Zheng H, Yan F, Chen J. Heat shock protein 70 is necessary for Rice stripe virus infection in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:907-17. [PMID: 24823923 PMCID: PMC6638618 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are a highly conserved family of genes in eukaryotes, and are involved in a remarkable variety of cellular processes. In many plant positive-stranded RNA viruses, HSP70 participates in the construction of a viral replication complex and plays various roles during viral infection. Here, we found increased expression of HSP70 following infection by Rice stripe virus (RSV), a negative-stranded RNA virus, in both rice (the natural host) and Nicotiana benthamiana (an experimental host). Heat treatment of N. benthamiana (Nb) plants enhanced viral infection, whereas RSV infection was retarded and viral RNAs accumulated at a low level when HSP70 was silenced. In both bimolecular fluorescence complement and in vitro pull-down assays, the N-terminus of RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) interacted and co-localized with the HSP70s of both plants (OsHSP70 and NbHSP70). The localization of the N-terminus of RdRp when expressed alone was not obviously different from when it was co-expressed with OsHSP or NbHSP, and vice versa. RSV infection also had no effect on the localization of host HSP70. These results demonstrate that host HSP70 is necessary for RSV infection and probably plays a role in viral replication by interacting with viral RdRp, which provides the first evidence of an interacting host protein related to RSV replication, which has been little studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Plant Pest and Disease, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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Rong L, Lu Y, Lin L, Zheng H, Yan F, Chen J. A transmembrane domain determines the localization of rice stripe virus pc4 to plasmodesmata and is essential for its function as a movement protein. Virus Res 2014; 183:112-6. [PMID: 24560843 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pc4 protein encoded by rice stripe virus (RSV) is a viral movement protein (MP). A transmembrane (TM) domain spanning AAs 106-123 of pc4 was identified and shown to be essential for localization of pc4 to plasmodesmata (PD) (but not to chloroplasts) and for its ability to recover the movement of movement-deficient PVX. Analysis of alanine-scanning mutants showed that M116A and G120A had a similar localization to wild type pc4, being localized at PD and chloroplasts, but all other mutants were only localized at chloroplasts and not at PD. Mutants that could not be localized at PD had little (G123A) or no ability to recover PVX-GFPΔp25 movement, indicating that PD localization is crucial for the function of pc4 as a movement protein. Strangely, mutants M116A and G120A localized at PD and retained the ability to bind single-stranded RNA but did not support PVX-GFPΔp25 movement, indicating that properties other than PD localization and nucleotide binding ability may be needed for the function of pc4 as a movement protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Rong
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of China Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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12
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Park MR, Jeong RD, Kim KH. Understanding the intracellular trafficking and intercellular transport of potexviruses in their host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:60. [PMID: 24672528 PMCID: PMC3957223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The movement of potexviruses through the cytoplasm to plasmodesmata (PD) and through PD to adjacent cells depends on the viral and host cellular proteins. Potexviruses encode three movement proteins [referred to as the triple gene block (TGB1-3)]. TGB1 protein moves cell-to-cell through PD and requires TGB2 and TGB3, which are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located proteins. TGB3 protein directs the movement of the ER-derived vesicles induced by TGB2 protein from the perinuclear ER to the cortical ER. TGB2 protein physically interacts with TGB3 protein in a membrane-associated form and also interacts with either coat protein (CP) or TGB1 protein at the ER network. Recent studies indicate that potexvirus movement involves the interaction between TGB proteins and CP with host proteins including membrane rafts. A group of host cellular membrane raft proteins, remorins, can serve as a counteracting membrane platform for viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) docking and can thereby inhibit viral movement. The CP, which is a component of the RNP movement complex, is also critical for viral cell-to-cell movement through the PD. Interactions between TGB1 protein and/or the CP subunit with the 5'-terminus of genomic RNA [viral RNA (vRNA)] form RNP movement complexes and direct the movement of vRNAs through the PD. Recent studies show that tobacco proteins such as NbMPB2C or NbDnaJ-like proteins interact with the stem-loop 1 RNA located at the 5'-terminus of Potato virus X vRNA and regulate intracellular as well as intercellular movement. Although several host proteins that interact with vRNAs or viral proteins and that are crucial for vRNA transport have been screened and characterized, additional host proteins and details of viral movement remain to be characterized. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding potexvirus movement within and between cells and how such movement is affected by interactions between vRNA/proteins and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Rae-Dong Jeong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research InstituteJeongeup, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kook-Hyung Kim, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea e-mail:
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Park MR, Seo JK, Kim KH. Viral and nonviral elements in potexvirus replication and movement and in antiviral responses. Adv Virus Res 2013; 87:75-112. [PMID: 23809921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407698-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Potato virus X, a member of the genus Potexvirus, special sequences and structures at the 5' and 3' ends of the nontranslated region function as cis-acting elements for viral replication. These elements greatly affect interactions between viral RNAs and those between viral RNAs and host factors. The potexvirus genome encodes five open-reading frames. Viral replicase, which is required for the synthesis of viral RNA, binds viral RNA elements and host factors to form a viral replication complex at the host cellular membrane. The coat protein (CP) and three viral movement proteins (TGB1, TGB2, and TGB3) have critical roles in mediating cell-to-cell viral movement through plasmodesmata by virion formation or by nonvirion ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex formation with viral movement proteins (TGBs). The RNP complex, like TGB1-CP-viral RNA, is associated with viral replicase and used for immediate reinitiation of viral replication in newly invaded cells. Higher plants have defense mechanisms against potexviruses such as Rx-mediated resistance and RNA silencing. The CP acts as an avirulence effector for plant defense mechanisms, while TGB1 functions as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, which is the mechanism of innate immune resistance. Here, we describe recent findings concerning the involvement of viral and host factors in potexvirus replication and in antiviral responses to potexvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jang C, Seo EY, Nam J, Bae H, Gim YG, Kim HG, Cho IS, Lee ZW, Bauchan GR, Hammond J, Lim HS. Insights into Alternanthera mosaic virus TGB3 Functions: Interactions with Nicotiana benthamiana PsbO Correlate with Chloroplast Vesiculation and Veinal Necrosis Caused by TGB3 Over-Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23386854 PMCID: PMC3560364 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) triple gene block 3 (TGB3) protein is involved in viral movement. AltMV TGB3 subcellular localization was previously shown to be distinct from that of Potato virus X (PVX) TGB3, and a chloroplast binding domain identified; veinal necrosis and chloroplast vesiculation were observed in Nicotiana benthamiana when AltMV TGB3 was over-expressed from PVX. Plants with over-expressed TGB3 showed more lethal damage under dark conditions than under light. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) reveal that Arabidopsis thaliana PsbO1 has strong interactions with TGB3; N. benthamiana PsbO (NbPsbO) also showed obvious interaction signals with TGB3 through BiFC. These results demonstrate an important role for TGB3 in virus cell-to-cell movement and virus-host plant interactions. The Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein PsbO interaction with TGB3 is presumed to have a crucial role in symptom development and lethal damage under dark conditions. In order to further examine interactions between AtPsbO1, NbPsbO, and TGB3, and to identify the binding domain(s) in TGB3 protein, BiFC assays were performed between AtPsbO1 or NbPsbO and various mutants of TGB3. Interactions with C-terminally deleted TGB3 were significantly weaker than those with wild-type TGB3, and both N-terminally deleted TGB3 and a TGB3 mutant previously shown to lose chloroplast interactions failed to interact detectably with PsbO in BiFC. To gain additional information about TGB3 interactions in AltMV-susceptible plants, we cloned 12 natural AltMV TGB3 sequence variants into a PVX expression vector to examine differences in symptom development in N. benthamiana. Symptom differences were observed on PVX over-expression, with all AltMV TGB3 variants showing more severe symptoms than the WT PVX control, but without obvious correlation to sequence differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyong Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiryun Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yeong Guk Gim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - In Sook Cho
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development AdministrationSuwon, South Korea
| | - Zee-Won Lee
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science InstituteDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Gary R. Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: John Hammond, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. e-mail: ; Hyoun-Sub Lim, Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea. e-mail:
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: John Hammond, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. e-mail: ; Hyoun-Sub Lim, Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea. e-mail:
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Solovyev AG, Kalinina NO, Morozov SY. Recent advances in research of plant virus movement mediated by triple gene block. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:276. [PMID: 23248633 PMCID: PMC3520053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this short review was to summarize recent advances in the field of viral cell-to-cell movement mediated by the triple gene block (TGB). The growing body of new research has uncovered links between virus cell-to-cell trafficking and replication, silencing suppression, virus spread over the plant, as well as suggested the roles of nucleus/nucleolus in plant virus transport and revealed protein-membrane associations occurring during subcellular targeting and cell-to-cell movement. In this context, our review briefly summarized current views on several potentially important functions of TGB proteins and on the development of new experimental systems that improved understanding of the molecular events during TGB-mediated virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Solovyev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Sergey Y. Morozov, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia. e-mail:
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