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Zhou Y, Meyle J, Groeger S. Periodontal pathogens and cancer development. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38965193 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a significant association between periodontal disease and the occurrence of various cancers. The carcinogenic potential of several periodontal pathogens has been substantiated in vitro and in vivo. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms employed by different periodontal pathogens in the development of cancer. These mechanisms induce chronic inflammation, inhibit the host's immune system, activate cell invasion and proliferation, possess anti-apoptotic activity, and produce carcinogenic substances. Elucidating these mechanisms might provide new insights for developing novel approaches for tumor prevention, therapeutic purposes, and survival improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Mei EH, Yao C, Chen YN, Nan SX, Qi SC. Multifunctional role of oral bacteria in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:688-702. [PMID: 38818294 PMCID: PMC11135273 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i5.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders of varying severity, ultimately leading to fibrosis. This spectrum primarily consists of NAFL and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota and impairment of the intestinal barrier. Non-gut commensal flora, particularly bacteria, play a pivotal role in the progression of NAFLD. Notably, Porphyromonas gingivalis, a principal bacterium involved in periodontitis, is known to facilitate lipid accumulation, augment immune responses, and induce insulin resistance, thereby exacerbating fibrosis in cases of periodontitis-associated NAFLD. The influence of oral microbiota on NAFLD via the "oral-gut-liver" axis is gaining recognition, offering a novel perspective for NAFLD management through microbial imbalance correction. This review endeavors to encapsulate the intricate roles of oral bacteria in NAFLD and explore underlying mechanisms, emphasizing microbial control strategies as a viable therapeutic avenue for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hua Mei
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yi-Nan Chen
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shun-Xue Nan
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Qi
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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3
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Koidou VP, Hagi-Pavli E, Nibali L, Donos N. Elucidating the molecular healing of intrabony defects following non-surgical periodontal therapy: A pilot study. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:53-62. [PMID: 38010805 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the molecular healing of intrabony defects following non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). BACKGROUND DATA Currently limited information is available regarding the GCF of intrabony defects and the change in biomarker levels in the GCF at early time points following treatment interventions. METHODS Twenty-one patients (Periodontitis Stage III or IV) who have received NSPT, contributing one intrabony defect and one healthy site were included in this study. GCF sampling was performed at baseline, 1 day, 5 days and 3 months after NSPT. Multiplex bead immunoassays allowed the profiling of GCF for 27 markers, associated with inflammation and repair/regeneration. A mixed effects model with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was employed to compare the changes in the levels of GCF markers over time. RESULTS Following NSPT, changes were observed for several GCF markers, marked by significant increases 1 day post-intervention, before returning to baseline levels by 3 months. Specifically, GCF concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1 and FGFb significantly increased 1 day after NSPT. Signs of activation of cellular senescence were observed 1 day following treatment of intrabony defects, rapidly regressing by 5 days. CONCLUSION Significant molecular changes are observed as early as 1 day following NSPT in intrabony defects, along with activation of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki P Koidou
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Hagi-Pavli
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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4
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Higashi DL, Krieger MC, Qin H, Zou Z, Palmer EA, Kreth J, Merritt J. Who is in the driver's seat? Parvimonas micra: An understudied pathobiont at the crossroads of dysbiotic disease and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023. [PMID: 36999244 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of microbiome composition at sites of inflammatory dysbiosis have triggered a substantial interest in a variety of historically understudied bacteria, especially among fastidious obligate anaerobes. A plethora of new evidence suggests that these microbes play outsized roles in establishing synergistic polymicrobial infections at many different sites in the human body. Parvimonas micra is a prime example of such an organism. Despite being almost completely uncharacterized at the genetic level, it is one of the few species commonly detected in abundance at multiple mucosal sites experiencing either chronic or acute inflammatory diseases, and more recently, it has been proposed as a discriminating biomarker for multiple types of malignancies. In the absence of disease, P. micra is commonly found in low abundance, typically residing within the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. P. micra exhibits the typical features of an inflammophilic organism, meaning its growth actually benefits from active inflammation and inflammatory tissue destruction. In this mini-review, we will describe our current understanding of this underappreciated but ubiquitous pathobiont, specifically focusing upon the role of P. micra in polymicrobial inflammatory dysbiosis and cancer as well as the key emerging questions regarding its pathobiology. Through this timely work, we highlight Parvimonas micra as a significant driver of disease and discuss its unique position at the crossroads of dysbiosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin L Higashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Madeline C Krieger
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hua Qin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zhengzhong Zou
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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5
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Ruan Q, Guan P, Qi W, Li J, Xi M, Xiao L, Zhong S, Ma D, Ni J. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates atherosclerosis through an immune pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103592. [PMID: 36999040 PMCID: PMC10043234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, involving a pathological process of endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, plaque rupture, and arterial occlusion, and is one of the leading causes of death in the world population. The progression of AS is closely associated with several inflammatory diseases, among which periodontitis has been shown to increase the risk of AS. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), presenting in large numbers in subgingival plaque biofilms, is the “dominant flora” in periodontitis, and its multiple virulence factors are important in stimulating host immunity. Therefore, it is significant to elucidate the potential mechanism and association between P. gingivalis and AS to prevent and treat AS. By summarizing the existing studies, we found that P. gingivalis promotes the progression of AS through multiple immune pathways. P. gingivalis can escape host immune clearance and, in various forms, circulate with blood and lymph and colonize arterial vessel walls, directly inducing local inflammation in blood vessels. It also induces the production of systemic inflammatory mediators and autoimmune antibodies, disrupts the serum lipid profile, and thus promotes the progression of AS. In this paper, we summarize the recent evidence (including clinical studies and animal studies) on the correlation between P. gingivalis and AS, and describe the specific immune mechanisms by which P. gingivalis promotes AS progression from three aspects (immune escape, blood circulation, and lymphatic circulation), providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS by suppressing periodontal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Ruan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Qi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Xi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sulan Zhong
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
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Liu X, Yang L, Tan X. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: A double-edged sword in periodontitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114215. [PMID: 36630848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease caused by infection and immunological imbalance, which often leads to the destruction of periodontal tissue. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand: programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important "immune checkpoint" proteins that have a negative regulatory effect on T cells and are targets of immunotherapy. Studies have shown that the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in patients with periodontitis is higher than that in healthy individuals. The keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is believed to be the main factor driving the upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1. High expression of PD-1/PD-L1 can inhibit the inflammatory response and reduce the destruction of periodontal supporting tissues, but conversely, it can promote the "immune escape" of P. gingivalis, thus magnifying infections. In addition, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is also associated with various diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the influence and mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway as a "double-edged sword" affecting the occurrence and development of periodontitis, as well as its function in periodontitis-related systemic disorders. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could be a new avenue for periodontal and its related systemic disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Gao X, Guo Z, Wang P, Liu Z, Wang Z. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the potential crosstalk genes and immune relationship between IgA nephropathy and periodontitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1062590. [PMID: 36793719 PMCID: PMC9924229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1062590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that periodontitis has an important impact on systemic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate potential crosstalk genes, pathways and immune cells between periodontitis and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods We downloaded periodontitis and IgAN data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify shared genes. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the shared genes. Hub genes were further screened using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn according to the screening results. Finally, single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) was used to analyze the infiltration level of 28 immune cells in the expression profile and its relationship with shared hub genes. Results By taking the intersection of WGCNA important module genes and DEGs, we found that the SPAG4, CCDC69, KRT10, CXCL12, HPGD, CLDN20 and CCL187 genes were the most important cross-talk genes between periodontitis and IgAN. GO analysis showed that the shard genes were most significantly enriched in kinase regulator activity. The LASSO analysis results showed that two overlapping genes (CCDC69 and CXCL12) were the optimal shared diagnostic biomarkers for periodontitis and IgAN. The immune infiltration results revealed that T cells and B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and IgAN. Conclusion This study is the first to use bioinformatics tools to explore the close genetic relationship between periodontitis and IgAN. The SPAG4, CCDC69, KRT10, CXCL12, HPGD, CLDN20 and CCL187 genes were the most important cross-talk genes between periodontitis and IgAN. T-cell and B-cell-driven immune responses may play an important role in the association between periodontitis and IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Li C, Yu R, Ding Y. Association between Porphyromonas Gingivalis and systemic diseases: Focus on T cells-mediated adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1026457. [PMID: 36467726 PMCID: PMC9712990 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of P. gingivalis is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of P. gingivalis in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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9
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Zhang J, Xie M, Huang X, Chen G, Yin Y, Lu X, Feng G, Yu R, Chen L. The Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Atherosclerosis-Related Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766560. [PMID: 35003080 PMCID: PMC8734595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), one of the most common types of cardiovascular disease, has initially been attributed to the accumulation of fats and fibrous materials. However, more and more researchers regarded it as a chronic inflammatory disease nowadays. Infective disease, such as periodontitis, is related to the risk of atherosclerosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the most common bacteria in stomatology, is usually discovered in atherosclerotic plaque in patients. Furthermore, it was reported that P. gingivalis can promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis in atherosclerosis attracted attention, which is thought to be crucial to the therapy of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is much complicated, and many kinds of cells participate in it. By summarizing existing studies, we find that P. gingivalis can influence the function of many cells in atherosclerosis. It can induce the dysfunction of endothelium, promote the formation of foam cells as well as the proliferation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells, and lead to the imbalance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) cells, ultimately promoting the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the specific mechanism of atherosclerosis caused by P. gingivalis. It sorts out the interaction between P. gingivalis and AS-related cells, which provides a new perspective for us to prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of AS by inhibiting periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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10
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Wang T, Ishikawa T, Sasaki M, Chiba T. Oral and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Central Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822190. [PMID: 35308549 PMCID: PMC8924514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota play many important roles, such as the regulation of immunity and barrier function in the intestine, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. The disruption in microbiota is called dysbiosis, which has been associated with various chronic inflammatory conditions, food allergies, colorectal cancer, etc. The gut microbiota is also affected by several other factors such as diet, antibiotics and other medications, or bacterial and viral infections. Moreover, there are some reports on the oral-gut-liver axis indicating that the disruption of oral microbiota affects the intestinal biota. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the systemic diseases caused due to the dysregulation of the oral-gut-liver axis. NAFLD is the most common liver disease reported in the developed countries. It includes liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Recently, accumulating evidence supports an association between NAFLD and dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota. Periodontopathic bacteria, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, have been correlated with the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD based on the clinical and basic research, and immunology. P. gingivalis was detected in the liver, and lipopolysaccharide from this bacteria has been shown to be involved in the progression of NAFLD, thereby indicating a direct role of P. gingivalis in NAFLD. Moreover, P. gingivalis induces dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which promotes the progression of NAFLD, through disrupting both metabolic and immunologic pathways. Here, we review the roles of microbial dysbiosis in NAFLD. Focusing on P. gingivalis, we evaluate and summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between oral-gut microbiome symbiosis and the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as discuss novel strategies targeting both P. gingivalis and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- Ting Wang
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toshimi Chiba
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshimi Chiba
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11
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Deng J, Lu C, Zhao Q, Chen K, Ma S, Li Z. The Th17/Treg cell balance: crosstalk among the immune system, bone and microbes in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:246-255. [PMID: 34878170 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontopathic bacteria constantly stimulate the host, which causes an immune response, leading to host-induced periodontal tissue damage. The complex interaction and imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells may be critical in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Furthermore, the RANKL/RANK/OPG system plays a significant role in periodontitis bone metabolism, and its relationship with the Th17/Treg cell imbalance may be a bridge between periodontal bone metabolism and the immune system. This article reviews the literature related to the Th17/Treg cell imbalance mediated by pathogenic periodontal microbes, and its mechanism involving RANKL/RANK/OPG in periodontitis bone metabolism, in an effort to provide new ideas for the study of the immunopathological mechanism of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Deng
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunting Lu
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingtong Zhao
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexiao Chen
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Ma
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Department of Stomatology, College of stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Chaoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Chaozhou, China
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12
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Smorodin EP. Prospects and Challenges of the Study of Anti-Glycan Antibodies and Microbiota for the Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111608. [PMID: 34769037 PMCID: PMC8584091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a large amount of data has been accumulated in various subfields of glycobiology. However, much clinically relevant data and many tools are still not widely used in medicine. Synthetic glycoconjugates with the known structure of glycans are an accurate tool for the study of glycan-binding proteins. We used polyacrylamide glycoconjugates (PGs) including PGs with tumour-associated glycans (TAGs) in immunoassays to assess the prognostic potential of the serum level of anti-glycan antibodies (AG Abs) in gastrointestinal cancer patients and found an association of AG Abs with survival. The specificity of affinity-isolated AG Abs was investigated using synthetic and natural glycoconjugates. AG Abs showed mainly a low specificity to tumour-associated and tumour-derived mucins; therefore, the protective role of the examined circulating AG Abs against cancer remains a challenge. In this review, our findings are analysed and discussed in the context of the contribution of bacteria to the AG Abs stimulus and cancer progression. Examples of the influence of pathogenic bacteria colonising tumours on cancer progression and patient survival through mechanisms of interaction with tumours and dysregulated immune response are considered. The possibilities and problems of the integrative study of AG Abs and the microbiome using high-performance technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniy P Smorodin
- Department of Virology and Immunology, National Institute for Health Development, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
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13
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Sun J, Tang Q, Zhang J, Chen G, Peng J, Chen L. Possible Immunotherapeutic Strategies Based on Carcinogen-Dependent Subgroup Classification for Oral Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:717038. [PMID: 34497832 PMCID: PMC8419237 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.717038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity serves as an open local organ of the human body, exposed to multiple external factors from the outside environment. Coincidentally, initiation and development of oral cancer are attributed to many external factors, such as smoking and drinking, to a great extent. This phenomenon was partly explained by the genetic abnormalities traditionally induced by carcinogens. However, more and more attention has been attracted to the influence of carcinogens on the local immune status. On the other hand, immune heterogeneity of cancer patients is a huge obstacle for enhancing the clinical efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Thus, in this review, we try to summarize the current opinions about variant genetic changes and multiple immune alterations induced by different oral cancer carcinogens and discuss the prospects of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies based on specific immune abnormalities caused by different carcinogens, as a predictive way to improve clinical outcomes of immunotherapy-treated oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyuan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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14
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Zheng S, Yu S, Fan X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lin L, Wang H, Pan Y, Li C. Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills: Immune evasion. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1007-1018. [PMID: 34254681 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss. As one of the most prevalent oral conditions, periodontitis endangers the oral health of 70% of people throughout the world. Periodontitis is also related to various systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which not only has a great impact on population health status and the quality of life but also increases the social burden. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can express various of virulence factors to overturn innate and adaptive immunities, which makes P. gingivalis survive and propagate in the host, destroy periodontal tissues, and have connection to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis can invade into and survive in host tissues by destructing the gingival epithelial barrier, internalizing into the epithelial cells, and enhancing autophagy in epithelial cells. Deregulation of complement system, degradation of antibacterial peptides, and destruction of phagocyte functions facilitate the evasion of P. gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can also suppress adaptive immunity, which allows P. gingivalis to exist in the host tissues and cause the inflammatory response persistently. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to escape host immunity. Methods for impairing P. gingivalis immune evasion are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Crusell MKW, Brink LR, Nielsen T, Allin KH, Hansen T, Damm P, Lauenborg J, Hansen TH, Pedersen O. Gestational diabetes and the human salivary microbiota: a longitudinal study during pregnancy and postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:69. [PMID: 32005194 PMCID: PMC6995204 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An aberrant composition of the salivary microbiota has been found in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and in pregnant women salivary microbiota composition has been associated with preeclampsia and pre-term birth. Pregnant women, who develop gestational diabetes (GDM), have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. In the present study we assessed whether GDM is linked to variation in the oral microbial community by examining the diversity and composition of the salivary microbiota. Method In this observational study the salivary microbiota of pregnant women with GDM (n = 50) and normal glucose regulation (n = 160) in third trimester and 9 months postpartum was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V1-V3 region. GDM was diagnosed in accordance with the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Cross-sectional difference in alpha diversity was assessed using Student’s t-test and longitudinal changes were assessed by mixed linear regression. Cross-sectional and longitudinal difference in beta diversity was assessed by permutational multivariate analyses of variance. Differentially abundant genera and OTUs were identified by negative binomial regression. Results In the third trimester, two species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), while eight OTUs postpartum were differentially abundant in women with GDM compared with normoglycaemic women. OTU richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness decreased from late pregnancy to 9 months after delivery regardless of glycaemic status. Conclusion GDM is associated with a minor aberration of the salivary microbiota during late pregnancy and postpartum. For unknown reasons richness of the salivary microbiota decreased from late pregnancy to postpartum, which might be explained by the physiological changes of the immune system during human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie K W Crusell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaardsvej 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Lærke R Brink
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Trine Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kristine H Allin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Department of Obstetrics, Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamdsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeannet Lauenborg
- Department for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tue H Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Slagelse Hospital, Ingemannsvej 30, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 8th floor, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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16
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Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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17
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Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 and other neutrophil proteases switch off interleukin-2 activity. Biochem J 2019; 476:2191-2208. [PMID: 31262730 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is critical for T cell development and homeostasis, being a key regulator of adaptive immune responses in autoimmunity, hypersensitivity reactions and cancer. Therefore, its abundance in serum and peripheral tissues needs tight control. Here, we described a new mechanism contributing to the immunobiology of IL-2. We demonstrated, both in biochemical and cell-based assays, that IL-2 is subject to proteolytic processing by neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). IL-2 fragments produced after cleavage by MMP-9 remained linked by a disulfide bond and displayed a reduced affinity for all IL-2 receptor subunits and a distinct pattern and timing of signal transduction. Stimulation of IL-2-dependent cells, including murine CTLL-2 and primary human regulatory T cells, with cleaved IL-2 resulted in significantly decreased proliferation. The concerted action of neutrophil proteases destroyed IL-2. Our data suggest that in neutrophil-rich inflammatory conditions in vivo, neutrophil MMP-9 may reduce the abundance of signaling-competent IL-2 and generate a fragment that competes with IL-2 for receptor binding, whereas the combined activity of granulocyte proteases has the potential to degrade and thus eliminate bioavailable IL-2.
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18
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Immunological Pathways Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: Therapeutic Possibilities? Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7241312. [PMID: 31341421 PMCID: PMC6612971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7241312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum possess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host's immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1β and caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1β release. The exact molecular events of the host's response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.
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19
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Rodriguez Herrero E, Boon N, Pauwels M, Bernaerts K, Slomka V, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Necrotrophic growth of periodontopathogens is a novel virulence factor in oral biofilms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1107. [PMID: 28439126 PMCID: PMC5430626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral use of antimicrobial agents embedded in toothpastes and mouth rinses results in an oral microbial massacre with high amounts of dead bacteria in close proximity to few surviving bacteria. It was hypothesized that this provides the surviving pathogenic bacteria a large amount of dead microbial biomass as a nutritional source for growth (necrotrophy). This study demonstrated the necrotrophic growth of periodontal pathogens in the presence of different dead oral species. In addition, the presence of dead bacteria resulted in an outgrowth of several periodontal pathogens in complex multi-species biofilms. Additionally, upon contact with dead oral bacteria, virulence genes of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were up-regulated (necrovirulence). This resulted in a more pronounced epithelial cytotoxicity (necrotoxicity). These findings indicate that presence of dead bacteria induce necrotrophy, necrovirulence and necrotoxicity in several oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Martine Pauwels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Chem&Tech, Celestijnenlaan 200F (bus 2424), 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Slomka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Olsen I, Taubman MA, Singhrao SK. Porphyromonas gingivalis suppresses adaptive immunity in periodontitis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:33029. [PMID: 27882863 PMCID: PMC5122233 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.33029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, has been found to associate with remote body organ inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although P. gingivalis has a plethora of virulence factors, much of its pathogenicity is surprisingly related to the overall immunosuppression of the host. This review focuses on P. gingivalis aiding suppression of the host’s adaptive immune system involving manipulation of cellular immunological responses, specifically T cells and B cells in periodontitis and related conditions. In periodontitis, this bacterium inhibits the synthesis of IL-2 and increases humoral responses. This reduces the inflammatory responses related to T- and B-cell activation, and subsequent IFN-γ secretion by a subset of T cells. The T cells further suppress upregulation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-receptor on CD+cells and its ligand PD-L1 on CD11b+-subset of T cells. IL-2 downregulates genes regulated by immune response and induces a cytokine pattern in which the Th17 lineage is favored, thereby modulating the Th17/T-regulatory cell (Treg) imbalance. The suppression of IFN-γ-stimulated release of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokine ligands [ITAC (CXCL11) and Mig (CXCL9)] by P. gingivalis capsular serotypes triggers distinct T cell responses and contributes to local immune evasion by release of its outer membrane vesicles. In atherosclerosis, P. gingivalis reduces Tregs, transforms growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), and causes imbalance in the Th17 lineage of the Treg population. In AD, P. gingivalis may affect the blood–brain barrier permeability and inhibit local IFN-γ response by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain. The scarcity of adaptive immune cells in AD neuropathology implies P. gingivalis infection of the brain likely causing impaired clearance of insoluble amyloid and inducing immunosuppression. By the effective manipulation of the armory of adaptive immune suppression through a plethora of virulence factors, P. gingivalis may act as a keystone organism in periodontitis and in related systemic diseases and other remote body inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia & Neurodegeneration Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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21
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Morandini AC, Ulrich H, Ojcius DM, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic signaling during Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Biomed J 2016; 39:251-260. [PMID: 27793267 PMCID: PMC6140136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances unraveling mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in innate immunity, the participation of purinergic signaling in infection-driven inflammation remains an emerging research field with many unanswered questions. As one of the most-studied oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a keystone pathogen with a central role in development of periodontal disease. This pathogen needs to evade immune-mediated defense mechanisms and tolerate inflammation in order to survive in the host. In this review, we summarize evidence showing that purinergic signaling modulates P. gingivalis survival and cellular immune responses, and discuss the role played by inflammasome activation and cell death during P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Ojcius
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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22
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Oliveira FAF, Forte CPF, Silva PGDB, Lopes CB, Montenegro RC, Santos ÂKCRD, Sobrinho CRMR, Mota MRL, Sousa FB, Alves APNN. Molecular Analysis of Oral Bacteria in Heart Valve of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2067. [PMID: 26632711 PMCID: PMC5058980 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural deficiencies and functional abnormalities of heart valves represent an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and a number of diseases, such as aortic stenosis, have been recently associated with infectious agents. This study aimed to analyze oral bacteria in dental plaque, saliva, and cardiac valves of patients with cardiovascular disease. Samples of supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, saliva, and cardiac valve tissue were collected from 42 patients with heart valve disease. Molecular analysis of Streptococcus mutans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola was performed through real-time PCR. The micro-organism most frequently detected in heart valve samples was the S. mutans (89.3%), followed by P. intermedia (19.1%), P. gingivalis (4.2%), and T. denticola (2.1%). The mean decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) was 26.4 ± 6.9 (mean ± SD), and according to the highest score of periodontal disease observed for each patient, periodontal pockets > 4 mm and dental calculus were detected in 43.4% and 34.7% of patients, respectively. In conclusion, oral bacteria, especially S. mutans, were found in the cardiac valve samples of patients with a high rate of caries and gingivitis/periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Artur Forte Oliveira
- From the Department of Stomatology and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará (FAFO, CPF, PGBS, MRLM, FBS); Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará (APNNA); Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará (CRMRS); Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil (CBL, AKCRS); Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil (RCM)
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The role of toll-like and protease-activated receptors in the expression of cytokines by gingival fibroblasts stimulated with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cytokine 2015; 76:424-432. [PMID: 26318255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontitis-associated pathogen and interactions between the bacterium and gingival fibroblasts play an important role in development and progression of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease leading to degeneration of tooth-supporting structures. Gingival fibroblasts, which expresses protease activated receptors (PARs) as well as toll-like receptors (TLRs), produces inflammatory mediators upon bacterial challenges. In this study, we elucidated the importance of PAR1, PAR2, TLR2 and TLR4 for the expression and secretion of CXCL8, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and secretory leukocyte inhibitor (SLPI). Human gingival fibroblasts were transfected with small-interfering RNA against the target genes, and then stimulated with P. gingivalis wild-type W50 and W50-derived double rgp mutant E8 and kgp mutant K1A. TLR2-silencing reduced P. gingivalis-induced CXCL8 and IL-6. IL-6 was also reduced after PAR1-silencing. No effects were observed for TGF-β1. SLPI was suppressed by P. gingivalis and silencing of PAR1 as well as TLR2, gave additional suppression at the mRNA level. TLR4 was not involved in the regulation of the investigated mediators. CXCL8 and IL-6 are important for progression and development of periodontitis, leading to a chronic inflammation that may contribute to the tissue destruction that follows an exacerbated host response. Therefore, regulating the expression of TLR2 and subsequent release of CXCL8 and IL-6 in periodontitis could attenuate the tissue destruction seen in periodontitis.
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Secreted gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis colonies exert potent immunomodulatory effects on human gingival fibroblasts. Microbiol Res 2015; 178:18-26. [PMID: 26302843 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, can form biofilms in dental pockets and cause inflammation, which is one of the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of periodontal disease, ultimately leading to tooth loss. Although P. gingivalis is protected in the biofilm, it can still cause damage and modulate inflammatory responses from the host, through secretion of microvesicles containing proteinases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cysteine proteinases in P. gingivalis colony growth and development, and subsequent immunomodulatory effects on human gingival fibroblast. By comparing the wild type W50 with its gingipain deficient strains we show that cysteine proteinases are required by P. gingivalis to form morphologically normal colonies. The lysine-specific proteinase (Kgp), but not arginine-specific proteinases (Rgps), was associated with immunomodulation. P. gingivalis with Kgp affected the viability of gingival fibroblasts and modulated host inflammatory responses, including induction of TGF-β1 and suppression of CXCL8 and IL-6 accumulation. These results suggest that secreted products from P. gingivalis, including proteinases, are able to cause damage and significantly modulate the levels of inflammatory mediators, independent of a physical host-bacterial interaction. This study provides new insight of the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis and suggests gingipains as targets for diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Jayaprakash K, Demirel I, Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. The role of phagocytosis, oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular traps in the interaction between neutrophils and the periodontal pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:361-75. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Jayaprakash
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - I. Demirel
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - H. Khalaf
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - T. Bengtsson
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
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26
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Klarström Engström K, Khalaf H, Kälvegren H, Bengtsson T. The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains in platelet activation and innate immune modulation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:62-73. [PMID: 25043711 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are considered to have important functions in inflammatory processes and as actors in the innate immunity. Several studies have shown associations between cardiovascular disease and periodontitis, where the oral anaerobic pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has a prominent role in modulating the immune response. Porphyromonas gingivalis has been found in atherosclerotic plaques, indicating spreading of the pathogen via the circulation, with an ability to interact with and activate platelets via e.g. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and protease-activated receptors. We aimed to evaluate how the cysteine proteases, gingipains, of P. gingivalis affect platelets in terms of activation and chemokine secretion, and to further investigate the mechanisms of platelet-bacteria interaction. This study shows that primary features of platelet activation, i.e. changes in intracellular free calcium and aggregation, are affected by P. gingivalis and that arg-gingipains are of great importance for the ability of the bacterium to activate platelets. The P. gingivalis induced a release of the chemokine RANTES, however, to a much lower extent compared with the TLR2/1-agonist Pam3 CSK4 , which evoked a time-dependent release of the chemokine. Interestingly, the TLR2/1-evoked response was abolished by a following addition of viable P. gingivalis wild-types and gingipain mutants, showing that both Rgp and Kgp cleave the secreted chemokine. We also demonstrate that Pam3 CSK4 -stimulated platelets release migration inhibitory factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and that also these responses were antagonized by P. gingivalis. These results supports immune-modulatory activities of P. gingivalis and further clarify platelets as active players in innate immunity and in sensing bacterial infections, and as target cells in inflammatory reactions induced by P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Klarström Engström
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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27
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Palm E, Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. Suppression of inflammatory responses of human gingival fibroblasts by gingipains fromPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:74-85. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Palm
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - H. Khalaf
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - T. Bengtsson
- Department of Biomedicine; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
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28
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Khalaf H, Lönn J, Bengtsson T. Cytokines and chemokines are differentially expressed in patients with periodontitis: Possible role for TGF-β1 as a marker for disease progression. Cytokine 2014; 67:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Nagasawa Y, Iio K, Fukuda S, Date Y, Iwatani H, Yamamoto R, Horii A, Inohara H, Imai E, Nakanishi T, Ohno H, Rakugi H, Isaka Y. Periodontal disease bacteria specific to tonsil in IgA nephropathy patients predicts the remission by the treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e81636. [PMID: 24489644 PMCID: PMC3904818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. Some bacteria were reported to be the candidate of the antigen or the pathogenesis of IgAN, but systematic analysis of bacterial flora in tonsil with IgAN has not been reported. Moreover, these bacteria specific to IgAN might be candidate for the indicator which can predict the remission of IgAN treated by the combination of tonsillectomy and steroid pulse. Methods and Findings We made a comprehensive analysis of tonsil flora in 68 IgAN patients and 28 control patients using Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods. We also analyzed the relationship between several bacteria specific to the IgAN and the prognosis of the IgAN. Treponema sp. were identified in 24% IgAN patients, while in 7% control patients (P = 0.062). Haemophilus segnis were detected in 53% IgAN patients, while in 25% control patients (P = 0.012). Campylobacter rectus were identified in 49% IgAN patients, while in 14% control patients (P = 0.002). Multiple Cox proportional-hazards model revealed that Treponema sp. or Campylobactor rectus are significant for the remission of proteinuria (Hazard ratio 2.35, p = 0.019). There was significant difference in remission rates between IgAN patients with Treponema sp. and those without the bacterium (p = 0.046), and in remission rates between IgAN patients with Campylobacter rectus and those without the bacterium (p = 0.037) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Those bacteria are well known to be related with the periodontal disease. Periodontal bacteria has known to cause immune reaction and many diseases, and also might cause IgA nephropathy. Conclusion This insight into IgAN might be useful for diagnosis of the IgAN patients and the decision of treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nagasawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-Cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenichiro Iio
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Laboratory for Epithelial Immunobiology, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Date
- Laboratory for Epithelial Immunobiology, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Iwatani
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Enyu Imai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-Cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Epithelial Immunobiology, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Yang J, Wu J, Liu Y, Huang J, Lu Z, Xie L, Sun W, Ji Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection reduces regulatory T cells in infected atherosclerosis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86599. [PMID: 24466164 PMCID: PMC3900568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) infection contributes to atherosclerosis (AS) progression. P.gingivalis fimbriae act as an important virulence factor in AS. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may play a crucial role in autoimmune response during this process. However, whether P.gingivalis infection is associated with Tregs dysregulation during AS is still unknown and the prevalence of different P.gingivalis FimA genotypes during this process is unclear. Here we analyzed the distribution of Tregs and in P.gingivalis-infected atherosclerotic patients to reveal the relationship between P.gingivalis infection and Tregs reduction/dysfunction and to elucidate their role in periodontitis-AS interaction. FimA genotype was also examined to determine the prevalence of fimbriae. Our results showed that P.gingivalis infection reduced Tregs in atherosclerotic patients compared with non-atherosclerotic patients and health controls. Concentration of TGF-β1, which plays an important role in the development of Tregs, also decreased in P.gingivalis infected patients. Furthermore, type II FimA seems to show higher prevalence than the other five detected types. The population of Tregs further decreased in patients with type II FimA compared with the other types. P.gingivlias FimA genotype II was the dominant type associated with decreased Treg population. These results indicate that P.gingivalis infection may be associated with Tregs dysregulation in AS; type II FimA may be a predominant genotype in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhipin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weibin Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (YJ)
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (YJ)
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31
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Zhang B, Elmabsout AA, Khalaf H, Basic VT, Jayaprakash K, Kruse R, Bengtsson T, Sirsjö A. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis changes the gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells involving the TGFbeta/Notch signalling pathway and increased cell proliferation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:770. [PMID: 24209892 PMCID: PMC3827841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes destructive chronic periodontitis. In addition, this bacterium is also involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of P. gingivalis infection on gene and protein expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) and its relation to cellular function. RESULTS AoSMCs were exposed to viable P. gingivalis for 24 h, whereafter confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to study P. gingivalis invasion of AoSMCs. AoSMCs proliferation was evaluated by neutral red assay. Human genome microarray, western blot and ELISA were used to investigate how P. gingivalis changes the gene and protein expression of AoSMCs. We found that viable P. gingivalis invades AoSMCs, disrupts stress fiber structures and significantly increases cell proliferation. Microarray results showed that, a total of 982 genes were identified as differentially expressed with the threshold log2 fold change > |1| (adjust p-value <0.05). Using bioinformatic data mining, we demonstrated that up-regulated genes are enriched in gene ontology function of positive control of cell proliferation and down-regulated genes are enriched in the function of negative control of cell proliferation. The results from pathway analysis revealed that all the genes belonging to these two categories induced by P. gingivalis were enriched in 25 pathways, including genes of Notch and TGF-beta pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that P. gingivalis is able to invade AoSMCs and stimulate their proliferation. The activation of TGF-beta and Notch signaling pathways may be involved in the bacteria-mediated proliferation of AoSMCs. These findings further support the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Khalaf H, Demirel I, Bengtsson T. Suppression of inflammatory gene expression in T cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis is mediated by targeting MAPK signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:413-22. [PMID: 23892429 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on host immune responses. Degradation of cytokines and chemokines by cysteine proteinases has previously been reported. However, the precise mechanisms by which P. gingivalis is able to alter intracellular signaling, and thus proliferation and inflammation, have not been described. We have previously reported suppression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and degradation of IL-2 by proteinases from P. gingivalis. In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of P. gingivalis on Jurkat T-cell signal transduction and subsequent IL-2 and CXCL8 expression. We found that CXCL8, but not IL-2, gene expression levels were significantly suppressed by viable P. gingivalis. Analysis of intracellular signaling revealed an inhibitory effect of P. gingivalis on c-Jun and c-Fos, but not NFκB (p50 and p65), NFAT or STAT5 expression. This inhibitory effect was not due to suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38, erk and JNK) gene expression, but was rather due to prevention of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 phosphorylation, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Furthermore, SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression levels decreased following treatment of Jurkat T cells with viable P. gingivalis. The results indicate that P. gingivalis is able to suppress inflammatory gene expression by targeting the activity of MAPK pathways in T cells, which was confirmed by using specific inhibitors of NF-κB, PKC, ERK, p38 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Khalaf
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Palm E, Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. Porphyromonas gingivalis downregulates the immune response of fibroblasts. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:155. [PMID: 23841502 PMCID: PMC3717116 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen in periodontitis, an inflammatory disease leading to destruction of bone and tooth-supporting tissue. P. gingivalis possesses a number of pathogenic properties to enhance growth and survival, including proteolytic gingipains. Accumulating data shows that gingipains are involved in the regulation of host inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to determine if P. gingivalis infection modulates the inflammatory response of fibroblasts, including the release of chemokines and cytokines. Human gingival fibroblasts or primary dermal fibroblasts were pre-stimulated with tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and cocultured with P. gingivalis. Gingipain inhibitors were used to explore the effect of gingipains. CXCL8 levels were determined with ELISA and the relative levels of various inflammatory mediators were determined by a cytokine assay. Results TNF-α-triggered CXCL8 levels were completely abolished by viable P. gingivalis, whereas heat-killed P. gingivalis did not suppress CXCL8. Accumulation of CXCL8 was partially restored by an arginine-gingipain inhibitor. Furthermore, fibroblasts produced several inflammatory mediators, notably chemokines, all of which were suppressed by viable P. gingivalis. Conclusion These findings provide evidence that fibroblast-derived inflammatory signals are modulated by heat-instable gingipains, whereby the bacteria can escape killing by the host immune system and promote its own growth and establishment. In addition, we show that fibroblasts are important mediators of inflammation in response to infection and thereby play a crucial role in determining the nature and magnitude of the invasion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Palm
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal disease and is associated with immune dysbiosis. In this study, we found that P. gingivalis did not induce the expression of the T-cell chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10) from neutrophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), or gingival epithelial cells. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppressed gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-stimulated release of IP-10, ITAC (CXCL11), and Mig (CXCL9) from epithelial cells and inhibited IP-10 secretion in a mixed infection with the otherwise stimulatory Fusobacterium nucleatum. Inhibition of chemokine expression occurred at the level of gene transcription and was associated with downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and decreased levels of Stat1. Ectopic expression of IRF-1 in epithelial cells relieved P. gingivalis-induced inhibition of IP-10 release. Direct contact between P. gingivalis and epithelial cells was not required for IP-10 inhibition. These results highlight the immune-disruptive potential of P. gingivalis. Suppression of IP-10 and other Th1-biasing chemokines by P. gingivalis may perturb the balance of protective and destructive immunity in the periodontal tissues and facilitate the pathogenicity of oral microbial communities.
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