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Al Musaimi O, Morse SV, Lombardi L, Serban S, Basso A, Williams DR. Successful synthesis of a glial-specific blood-brain barrier shuttle peptide following a fragment condensation approach on a solid-phase resin. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3448. [PMID: 35997639 PMCID: PMC10078400 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful manual synthesis of the TD2.2 peptide acting as a blood-brain barrier shuttle was achieved. TD2.2 was successfully synthesised by sequential condensation of four protected peptide fragments on solid-phase settings, after several unsuccessful attempts using the stepwise approach. These fragments were chosen to minimise the number of demanding amino acids (in terms of coupling, Fmoc removal) in each fragment that are expected to hamper the overall synthetic process. Thus, the hydrophobic amino acids as well as Arg(Pbf) were strategically spread over multiple fragments rather than having them congested in one fragment. This study shows how a peptide that shows big challenges in the synthesis using the common stepwise elongation methodology can be synthesised with an acceptable purity. It also emphasises that choosing the right fragment with certain amino acid constituents is key for a successful synthesis. It is worth highlighting that lower amounts of reagents were required to synthesise the final peptide with an identical purity to that obtained by the automatic synthesiser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie V Morse
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daryl R Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Strategies for Improving Peptide Stability and Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101283. [PMID: 36297395 PMCID: PMC9610364 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides play an important role in many fields, including immunology, medical diagnostics, and drug discovery, due to their high specificity and positive safety profile. However, for their delivery as active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery vectors, or diagnostic imaging molecules, they suffer from two serious shortcomings: their poor metabolic stability and short half-life. Major research efforts are being invested to tackle those drawbacks, where structural modifications and novel delivery tactics have been developed to boost their ability to reach their targets as fully functional species. The benefit of selected technologies for enhancing the resistance of peptides against enzymatic degradation pathways and maximizing their therapeutic impact are also reviewed. Special note of cell-penetrating peptides as delivery vectors, as well as stapled modified peptides, which have demonstrated superior stability from their parent peptides, are reported.
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3
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De Kleijn KMA, Zuure WA, Peijnenborg J, Heuvelmans JM, Martens GJM. Reappraisal of Human HOG and MO3.13 Cell Lines as a Model to Study Oligodendrocyte Functioning. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091096. [PMID: 31533280 PMCID: PMC6769895 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination of neuronal axons is essential for proper brain functioning and requires mature myelinating oligodendrocytes (myOLs). The human OL cell lines HOG and MO3.13 have been widely used as in vitro models to study OL (dys) functioning. Here we applied a number of protocols aimed at differentiating HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs. However, none of the differentiation protocols led to increased expression of terminal OL differentiation or myelin-sheath formation markers. Surprisingly, the applied protocols did cause changes in the expression of markers for early OLs, neurons, astrocytes and Schwann cells. Furthermore, we noticed that mRNA expression levels in HOG and MO3.13 cells may be affected by the density of the cultured cells. Finally, HOG and MO3.13 co-cultured with human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells did not show myelin formation under several pro-OL-differentiation and pro-myelinating conditions. Together, our results illustrate the difficulty of inducing maturation of HOG and MO3.13 cells into myOLs, implying that these oligodendrocytic cell lines may not represent an appropriate model to study the (dys)functioning of human (my)OLs and OL-linked disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M A De Kleijn
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieteke A Zuure
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolien Peijnenborg
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Josje M Heuvelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- NeuroDrug Research, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Amit C, Muralikumar S, Janaki S, Lakshmipathy M, Therese KL, Umashankar V, Padmanabhan P, Narayanan J. Designing and enhancing the antifungal activity of corneal specific cell penetrating peptide using gelatin hydrogel delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:605-622. [PMID: 30697045 PMCID: PMC6339655 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s184911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness accounting for more than one-third of microbiologically proven cases. The management of fungal keratitis is through topical or systemic antifungal medications alone or in combination with surgical treatment. Topical medications such as natamycin and voriconazole pose major challenges due to poor penetration across the corneal epithelium. To address the issue various carrier molecules like nanoparticles, lipid vesicles, and cell penetrating peptides were explored. But the major drawback such as non-specificity and lack of bioavailability remains. Purpose In this study, we have attempted to design corneal specific cell penetrating peptide using subtractive proteomic approach from the published literature and tried to improve its bioavailability through gelatin hydrogel delivery system. Material and Methods Using subtractive proteomic approach two peptides VRF005 and VRF007 were identified on the basis of solubility, cell permeability and amphipathicity. The peptides were modeled for three-dimensional structure and simulated for membrane penetration. The peptides were characterized using circular dichroism spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further uptake studies were performed on primary corneal epithelial cells and the stability was analyzed in corneal epithelial tissue lysates. Insilico prediction of peptides showed it to have antifungal activity which was further validated using colony forming assay and time killing kinetics. The duration of antifungal activity of peptide was improved using gelatin hydrogel through sustained delivery. Results VRF005 and VRF007 showed α-helical structure and was within the allowed region of Ramachandran plot. The simulation study showed their membrane penetration. The peptide uptake was found to be specific to corneal epithelial cells and also showed intracellular localization in Candida albicans and Fusarium solani. Peptides were found to be stable up to 2 hours when incubated with corneal epithelial tissue lysate. Dynamic light scattering, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed aggregation of peptides. VRF007 showed antifungal activity up to 24 hour whereas VRF005 showed activity up to 4 hours. Hence gelatin hydrogel-based delivery system was used to improve the activity. Actin staining of corneal epithelial cells showed that the cells were attached on gelatin hydrogel. Conclusion We have designed corneal specific cell penetrating peptides using subtractive proteomic approach. Bioavailability and delivery of peptide was enhanced using gelatin hydrogel system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatterjee Amit
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, .,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shalini Muralikumar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sargunam Janaki
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meena Lakshmipathy
- Department of Cornea, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandai Lily Therese
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vetrivel Umashankar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prema Padmanabhan
- Department of Cornea, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Shroff G. A review on stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: special focus on human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Cloning 2018; 11:1-11. [PMID: 29483778 PMCID: PMC5813951 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s135415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a complex disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized with axonal loss underlying long-term progressive disability. Currently available therapies for its management are able to slow down the progression but fail to treat it completely. Moreover, these therapies are associated with major CNS and cardiovascular adverse events, and prolonged use of these treatments may cause life-threatening diseases. Recent research has shown that cellular therapies hold a potential for CNS repair and may be able to provide protection from inflammatory damage caused after injury. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) transplantation is one of the promising cell therapies; hESCs play an important role in remyelination and help in preventing demylenation of the axons. In this study, an overview of the current knowledge about the unique properties of hESC and their comparison with other cell therapies has been presented for the treatment of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Shroff
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy, Nutech Mediworld, New Delhi, India
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Up-to-date knowledge about the association between multiple sclerosis and the reactivation of human endogenous retrovirus infections. J Neurol 2018; 265:1733-1739. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Therapeutic peptides represent a largely untapped resource in medicine today, especially in the central nervous system. Despite their ease of design and remarkably high target specificity, it is difficult to deliver them beyond the blood-brain barrier or into the required intracellular compartments. In addition, the instability of these peptides in vivo precludes their use to combat the symptoms of numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. In this review, we aim to characterize recent advances in the delivery of therapeutic peptides to the central nervous system past the blood-brain barrier and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the examined methods as well as explore new potential directions.
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Penetrating the cell membrane, thermal targeting and novel anticancer drugs: the development of thermally targeted, elastin-like polypeptide cancer therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:429-45. [PMID: 24856169 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides offer important cancer treatment approaches. Designed to inhibit oncogenes and other oncoproteins, early therapeutic peptides applications were hampered by pharmacokinetic properties now addressed through tumor targeting strategies. Active targeting with environmentally responsive biopolymers or macromolecules enhances therapeutics accumulation at tumor sites; passive targeting with macromolecules, or liposomes, exploits angiogenesis and poor lymphatic drainage to preferentially accumulate therapeutics within tumors. Genetically engineered, thermally-responsive, elastin-like polypeptides use both strategies and cell-penetrating peptides to further intratumoral cell uptake. This review describes the development and application of cell-penetrating peptide-elastin-like polypeptide therapeutics for the thermally targeted delivery of therapeutic peptides.
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The potential role of cell penetrating peptides in the intracellular delivery of proteins for therapy of erythroid related disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:32-53. [PMID: 24275786 PMCID: PMC3816679 DOI: 10.3390/ph6010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythroid related disorders (ERDs) represent a large group of hematological diseases, which in most cases are attributed either to the deficiency or malfunction of biosynthetic enzymes or oxygen transport proteins. Current treatments for these disorders include histo-compatible erythrocyte transfusions or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. Gene therapy delivered via suitable viral vectors or genetically modified HSCs have been under way. Protein Transduction Domain (PTD) technology has allowed the production and intracellular delivery of recombinant therapeutic proteins, bearing Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs), into a variety of mammalian cells. Remarkable progress in the field of protein transduction leads to the development of novel protein therapeutics (CPP-mediated PTs) for the treatment of monogenetic and/or metabolic disorders. The “concept” developed in this paper is the intracellular protein delivery made possible via the PTD technology as a novel therapeutic intervention for treatment of ERDs. This can be achieved via four stages including: (i) the production of genetically engineered human CPP-mediated PT of interest, since the corresponding native protein either is missing or is mutated in the erythroid progenitor cell (ErPCs) or mature erythrocytes of patients; (ii) isolation of target cells from the peripheral blood of the selected patients; (iii) ex vivo transduction of cells with the CPP-mediated PT of interest; and (iv) re-administration of the successfully transduced cells back into the same patients.
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Ardeshiry lajimi A, Hagh MF, Saki N, Mortaz E, Soleimani M, Rahim F. Feasibility of cell therapy in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of 83 studies. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2013; 7:15-33. [PMID: 24505515 PMCID: PMC3913133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which T cells experience a second phase of activation, which ultimately leads to axonal demyelination and neurological disability. The recent advances in stem cell therapies may serve as potential treatments for neurological disorders. There are broad types of stem cells such as neural, embryonic, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells with unprecedented hope in treating many debilitating diseases. In this paper we will review the substantial literature regarding experimental and clinical use of these stem cells and possible mechanisms in the treatment of MS. These results may pave the road for the utilization of stem cells for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Farshdousti Hagh
- Division of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur, University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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