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Deng Q, Tan YS, Chew LY, Wang H. Msps governs acentrosomal microtubule assembly and reactivation of quiescent neural stem cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104549. [PMID: 34368973 PMCID: PMC8488572 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to switch between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) extend a primary cellular protrusion from the cell body prior to their reactivation. However, the structure and function of this protrusion are not well established. Here, we show that in the protrusion of quiescent NSCs, microtubules are predominantly acentrosomal and oriented plus‐end‐out toward the tip of the primary protrusion. We have identified Mini Spindles (Msps)/XMAP215 as a key microtubule regulator in quiescent NSCs that governs NSC reactivation via regulating acentrosomal microtubule growth and orientation. We show that quiescent NSCs form membrane contact with the neuropil and E‐cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, localizes to these NSC‐neuropil junctions. Msps and a plus‐end directed motor protein Kinesin‐2 promote NSC cell cycle re‐entry and target E‐cadherin to NSC‐neuropil contact during NSC reactivation. Together, this work establishes acentrosomal microtubule organization in the primary protrusion of quiescent NSCs and the Msps‐Kinesin‐2 pathway that governs NSC reactivation, in part, by targeting E‐cad to NSC‐neuropil contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Jana SC, Dutta P, Jain A, Singh A, Adusumilli L, Girotra M, Kumari D, Shirolikar S, Ray K. Kinesin-2 transports Orco into the olfactory cilium of Drosophila melanogaster at specific developmental stages. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009752. [PMID: 34411092 PMCID: PMC8407544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium, the sensing centre for the cell, displays an extensive repertoire of receptors for various cell signalling processes. The dynamic nature of ciliary signalling indicates that the ciliary entry of receptors and associated proteins must be regulated and conditional. To understand this process, we studied the ciliary localisation of the odour-receptor coreceptor (Orco), a seven-pass transmembrane protein essential for insect olfaction. Little is known about when and how Orco gets into the cilia. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we show that the bulk of Orco selectively enters the cilia on adult olfactory sensory neurons in two discrete, one-hour intervals after eclosion. A conditional loss of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 during this period reduces the electrophysiological response to odours and affects olfactory behaviour. We further show that Orco binds to the C-terminal tail fragments of the heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor, which is required to transfer Orco from the ciliary base to the outer segment and maintain within an approximately four-micron stretch at the distal portion of the ciliary outer-segment. The Orco transport was not affected by the loss of critical intraflagellar transport components, IFT172/Oseg2 and IFT88/NompB, respectively, during the adult stage. These results highlight a novel developmental regulation of seven-pass transmembrane receptor transport into the cilia and indicate that ciliary signalling is both developmentally and temporally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Akanksha Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Anjusha Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Lavanya Adusumilli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukul Girotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Seema Shirolikar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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3
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Ahmed Z, Mazumdar S, Ray K. Kinesin associated protein, DmKAP, binding harnesses the C-terminal ends of the Drosophila kinesin-2 stalk heterodimer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:506-511. [PMID: 31784087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric kinesin-2 consists of two distinct motor subunits and an accessory protein, KAP, which binds to the coiled-coil stalk domains and one of the tail domains of the motor subunits. Genetic studies revealed that KAP is essential for the kinesin-2 functions in cilia, flagella, and axon. However, the structural significance of the KAP binding on kinesin-2 assembly and stability is not known. Here, using the Fluorescence Lifetime assay, we show that DmKAP binding selectively reduces the distance between the C-terminal ends of Drosophila kinesin-2 stalk heterodimer. Insertion of a missense mutation (E551K) in the Drosophila kinesin-2α stalk fragment, which was shown to reduce the structural dynamics of the stalk heterodimer earlier, also reduced the distances at both the N- and C-terminal ends of the stalk heterodimer independent of DmKAP. The zipping effect, particularly at the N-terminal end of the mutant stalk heterodimer, is further enhanced in the presence of DmKAP. Together, these results suggest that the KAP binding could alter the structural dynamics of kinesin-2 stalk heterodimer at the C-terminal end and stabilize the association between the stalk domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheb Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Shyamalava Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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Ahmed Z, Doodhi H, Bhaumik A, Mazumdar S, Ray K. The structural dynamics of the kinesin-2 stalk heterodimer and its biological relevance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dey S, Ray K. Cholinergic activity is essential for maintaining the anterograde transport of Choline Acetyltransferase in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8028. [PMID: 29795337 PMCID: PMC5966444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic activity is essential for cognitive functions and neuronal homeostasis. Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), a soluble protein that synthesizes acetylcholine at the presynaptic compartment, is transported in bulk in the axons by the heterotrimeric Kinesin-2 motor. Axonal transport of soluble proteins is described as a constitutive process assisted by occasional, non-specific interactions with moving vesicles and motor proteins. Here, we report that an increase in the influx of Kinesin-2 motor and association between ChAT and the motor during a specific developmental period enhances the axonal entry, as well as the anterograde flow of the protein, in the sensory neurons of intact Drosophila nervous system. Loss of cholinergic activity due to Hemicholinium and Bungarotoxin treatments, respectively, disrupts the interaction between ChAT and Kinesin-2 in the axon, and the episodic enhancement of axonal influx of the protein. Altogether, these observations highlight a phenomenon of synaptic activity-dependent, feedback regulation of a soluble protein transport in vivo, which could potentially define the quantum of its pre-synaptic influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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Dey S, Banker G, Ray K. Anterograde Transport of Rab4-Associated Vesicles Regulates Synapse Organization in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2452-2463. [PMID: 28273459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Local endosomal recycling at synapses is essential to maintain neurotransmission. Rab4GTPase, found on sorting endosomes, is proposed to balance the flow of vesicles among endocytic, recycling, and degradative pathways in the presynaptic compartment. Here, we report that Rab4-associated vesicles move bidirectionally in Drosophila axons but with an anterograde bias, resulting in their moderate enrichment at the synaptic region of the larval ventral ganglion. Results from FK506 binding protein (FKBP) and FKBP-Rapamycin binding domain (FRB) conjugation assays in rat embryonic fibroblasts together with genetic analyses in Drosophila indicate that an association with Kinesin-2 (mediated by the tail domain of Kinesin-2α/KIF3A/KLP64D subunit) moves Rab4-associated vesicles toward the synapse. Reduction in the anterograde traffic of Rab4 causes an expansion of the volume of the synapse-bearing region in the ventral ganglion and increases the motility of Drosophila larvae. These results suggest that Rab4-dependent vesicular traffic toward the synapse plays a vital role in maintaining synaptic balance in this neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Gary Banker
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
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Kulkarni A, Khan Y, Ray K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse. FASEB J 2016; 31:965-974. [PMID: 27920150 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600759rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, is distributed along the axon and enriched at the presynaptic basal lamina. It hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which inhibits synaptic transmission. Aberrant AChE activity and ectopic axonal accumulation of the enzyme are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism that underlies AChE transport is still unclear. Here, we show that expression of Drosophila AChE tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein and m-Cherry (GPAC) in cholinergic neurons compensates for the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous AChE activity. GPAC-AChE, which is enriched in the neuropil region of the brain, moves in the apparently vesicular form in axons with an anterograde bias in Drosophila larvae. Two anterograde motors, kinesin-1 and -2, propel distinct aspects of GPAC-AChE movements. Total loss of kinesin-2 reduces the density of anterograde traffic and increases bidirectional movements of GPAC-AChE vesicles without altering their speed. A partial loss of kinesin-1 reduces both the density and speed of anterograde GPAC-AChE traffic and enhances the pool of stationary vesicles. Together, these results suggest that combining activity of a relatively weak kinesin-2 with that of a stronger kinesin-1 motor could steer AChE-containing vesicles toward synapse, and provides a molecular basis for the observed subcellular distribution of the enzyme.-Kulkarni, A., Khan, Y., Ray, K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuttama Kulkarni
- Sophia College, Mumbai, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Krishanu Ray
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Scholey JM. Kinesin-2: a family of heterotrimeric and homodimeric motors with diverse intracellular transport functions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:443-69. [PMID: 23750925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-2 was first purified as a heterotrimeric, anterograde, microtubule-based motor consisting of two distinct kinesin-related subunits and a novel associated protein (KAP) that is currently best known for its role in intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. Subsequent work, however, has revealed diversity in the oligomeric state of different kinesin-2 motors owing to the combinatorial heterodimerization of its subunits and the coexistence of both heterotrimeric and homodimeric kinesin-2 motors in some cells. Although the functional significance of the homo- versus heteromeric organization of kinesin-2 motor subunits and the role of KAP remain uncertain, functional studies suggest that cooperation between different types of kinesin-2 motors or between kinesin-2 and a member of a different motor family can generate diverse patterns of anterograde intracellular transport. Moreover, despite being restricted to ciliated eukaryotes, kinesin-2 motors are now known to drive diverse transport events outside cilia. Here, I review the organization, assembly, phylogeny, biological functions, and motility mechanism of this diverse family of intracellular transport motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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