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Alfhili MA, Alsalmi E, Aljedai A, Alsughayyir J, Abudawood M, Basudan AM. Calcium-oxidative stress signaling axis and casein kinase 1α mediate eryptosis and hemolysis elicited by novel p53 agonist inauhzin. J Chemother 2021; 34:247-257. [PMID: 34410893 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1963616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inauhzin (INZ) is a novel p53 agonist with antitumor activity. Anemia is a common side effect of chemotherapy and may arise from red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis or eryptosis. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms of INZ toxicity in human RBCs. RBCs were isolated from healthy donors and treated with antitumor concentrations of INZ (5-500 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C. Hemoglobin was photometrically measured, and cells were stained with Annexin-V-FITC for phosphatidylserine (PS), Fluo4/AM for calcium, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) for oxidative stress. INZ caused significant dose-responsive, calcium-dependent hemolysis starting at 40 μM. Furthermore, INZ significantly increased Annexin-positive cells and Fluo4 and DCF fluorescence. The cytotoxicity of INZ was also significantly mitigated in presence of D4476. INZ possesses hemolytic and eryptotic potential characterized by cell membrane scrambling, intracellular calcium overload, cell shrinkage, and oxidative stress secondary to calcium influx from the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Alsalmi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljedai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Abudawood
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bhattarai N, Wang J, Nguyen D, Yang X, Helmers L, Paruch J, Li L, Zhang Y, Meng K, Wang A, Jayawickramarajah J, Wang B, Zeng S, Lu H. Nanoparticle encapsulation of non-genotoxic p53 activator Inauhzin-C for improved therapeutic efficacy. Theranostics 2021; 11:7005-7017. [PMID: 34093867 PMCID: PMC8171090 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 remains in a wild type but inactive form in ~50% of all human cancers. Thus, activating it becomes an attractive approach for targeted cancer therapies. In this regard, our lab has previously discovered a small molecule, Inauhzin (INZ), as a potent p53 activator with no genotoxicity. Method: To improve its efficacy and bioavailability, here we employed nanoparticle encapsulation, making INZ-C, an analog of INZ, to nanoparticle-encapsulated INZ-C (n-INZ-C). Results: This approach significantly improved p53 activation and inhibition of lung and colorectal cancer cell growth by n-INZ-C in vitro and in vivo while it displayed a minimal effect on normal human Wi38 and mouse MEF cells. The improved activity was further corroborated with the enhanced cellular uptake observed in cancer cells and minimal cellular uptake observed in normal cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of these nanoparticles showed that the nanoparticle encapsulation prolongates the half-life of INZ-C from 2.5 h to 5 h in mice. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that we have established a nanoparticle system that could enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of INZ-C as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Bhattarai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linh Helmers
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Jennifer Paruch
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelya Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Li Y, Lin L, Liu J, Gao L, Sheng L, Jin K, Liu X, Yang H, Li J. Synthesis and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitory Activity Evaluation of Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives Containing Carbazole and Aromatic Ring/Aromatic Fused Heterocycle. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Recent Synthetic Approaches towards Small Molecule Reactivators of p53. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040635. [PMID: 32326087 PMCID: PMC7226499 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is often called "the genome guardian" and controls the cell cycle and the integrity of DNA, as well as other important cellular functions. Its main function is to trigger the process of apoptosis in tumor cells, and approximately 50% of all cancers are related to the inactivation of the p53 protein through mutations in the TP53 gene. Due to the association of mutant p53 with cancer therapy resistance, different forms of restoration of p53 have been subject of intense research in recent years. In this sense, this review focus on the main currently adopted approaches for activation and reactivation of p53 tumor suppressor function, focusing on the synthetic approaches that are involved in the development and preparation of such small molecules.
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Nguyen D, Liao W, Zeng SX, Lu H. Reviving the guardian of the genome: Small molecule activators of p53. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:92-108. [PMID: 28351719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most important proteins for protection of genomic stability and cancer prevention. Cancers often inactivate it by either mutating its gene or disabling its function. Thus, activating p53 becomes an attractive approach for the development of molecule-based anti-cancer therapy. The past decade and half have witnessed tremendous progress in this area. This essay offers readers with a grand review on this progress with updated information about small molecule activators of p53 either still at bench work or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Wenjuan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, LA 70012, United States.
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Cao B, Wang K, Liao JM, Zhou X, Liao P, Zeng SX, He M, Chen L, He Y, Li W, Lu H. Inactivation of oncogenic cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D by miR-139-5p in response to p53 activation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27383270 PMCID: PMC4959878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the important roles of microRNAs in mediating p53’s tumor suppression functions. Here, we report miR-139-5p as another new p53 microRNA target. p53 induced the transcription of miR-139-5p, which in turn suppressed the protein levels of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), an oncogenic protein involved in multiple tumor promoting processes. Knockdown of p53 reversed these effects. Also, overexpression of miR-139-5p decreased PDE4D levels and increased cellular cAMP levels, leading to BIM-mediated cell growth arrest. Furthermore, our analysis of human colorectal tumor specimens revealed significant inverse correlation between the expression of miR-139-5p and that of PDE4D. Finally, overexpression of miR-139-5p suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors, accompanied by decrease in PDE4D and increase in BIM. These results demonstrate that p53 inactivates oncogenic PDE4D by inducing the expression of miR-139-5p. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15978.001 The human body is kept mostly free from tumors by the actions of so-called tumor suppressor genes. One such gene encodes a protein called p53, which prevents tumors from growing by regulating the activity of many other genes that either inhibit cell growth or cause cells to die. For example, p53 regulates genes that encode short molecules called microRNAs, which in turn suppress the activity of other target genes. Although a number of microRNAs have been reported as p53-regulated genes, there are still more to find. Discovering these genes would in turn help researchers to better understand exactly how p53 acts to suppress the growth of tumors, and to treat cancers caused by mutations in this tumor suppressor gene. Cao, Wang et al. now discover a new microRNA – called miR-139-5p – as one that is activated by p53 in human cells. Colon tumors produce much lower levels of this microRNA than normal tissues, while the cancer cells with a higher level of miR-139-5p grow slower than do the cancer cells with less miR-139-5p. Further experiments showed that this is because miR-139-5p can suppress the production of a protein called PDE4D, which is often highly expressed in human cancers. The suppression of PDE4D by this microRNA results in an increase in the levels of a protein that can cause cancer cells to die. Cao, Wang et al. suggest that miR-139-5p and PDE4D form part of a signaling pathway that plays an important role in suppressing the growth of colon cancer cells. Since microRNAs often have more than one target, future studies could explore if miR-139-5p regulates the production of other cancer-related proteins as well. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15978.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kebing Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ming Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianzhou Chen
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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Jung JH, Liao JM, Zhang Q, Zeng S, Nguyen D, Hao Q, Zhou X, Cao B, Kim SH, Lu H. Inauhzin(c) inactivates c-Myc independently of p53. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:412-9. [PMID: 25692307 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene MYC is deregulated in many human cancers, especially in lymphoma. Previously, we showed that inauhzin (INZ) activates p53 and inhibits tumor growth. However, whether INZ could suppress cancer cell growth independently of p53 activity is still elusive. Here, we report that INZ(c), a second generation of INZ, suppresses c-Myc activity and thus inhibits growth of human lymphoma cells in a p53-independent manner. INZ(c) treatment decreased c-Myc expression at both mRNA and protein level, and suppressed c-Myc transcriptional activity in human Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells with mutant p53. Also, we showed that overexpressing ectopic c-Myc rescues the inhibition of cell proliferation by INZ(c) in Raji cells, implicating c-Myc activity is targeted by INZ(c). Interestingly, the effect of INZ(c) on c-Myc expression was impaired by disrupting the targeting of c-Myc mRNA by miRNAs via knockdown of ribosomal protein (RP) L5, RPL11, or Ago2, a subunit of RISC complex, indicating that INZ(c) targets c-Myc via miRNA pathways. These results reveal a new mechanism that INZ
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Key Words
- Dox, doxorubicin
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- INZ, inauhzin
- Inauhzin
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline
- PI, propidium iodide
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RP, ribosomal protein
- RPL11
- RPL5
- UTR, untranslated region
- c-Myc
- lymphoma
- microRNA
- q-RT-PCR, Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Cancer Center ; Tulane University School of Medicine ; New Orleans , LA USA
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Shruthi N, Poojary B, Kumar V, Prathibha A, Hussain MM, Revanasiddappa BC, Joshi H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(substituted phenyl)-2-(5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-ylsulfanyl)acetamides as antimicrobial, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Reactivating the tumor suppressor p53 offers an attractive strategy for developing cancer therapy. We recently identified Inauhzin (INZ) as a novel non-genotoxic p53-activating compound. To develop INZ into a clinically applicable anticancer drug, we have initiated preclinical toxicity studies. Here, we report our study on determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of INZ analog, Inauhzin-C (INZ (C)), following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (Phase A) and its toxicity following i.p. administration over a period of 5-day dosing plus 2-day recovery (Phase B) in CD-1 mice. The Phase A study showed that the MTD of INZ (C) is 200 mg/kg for female and 250 mg/kg for male, respectively. The Phase B study showed that the administration of INZ (C) via 5-day consecutive i.p. injection is tolerated by female CD-1 mice at all dose levels tested from 50 mg/kg to 120 mg/kg without significant changes in biochemical and pathological parameters in the animals. Together, these results indicate that our previously determined effective dose of INZ at 30–60 mg/kg via i.p. is quite safe to mice, and imply that this compound have the features worthy for further development into a clinically applicable drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, Louisiana, LA 70112
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, Louisiana, LA 70112
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, Louisiana, LA 70112
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Zhang Q, Zhou X, Wu R, Mosley A, Zeng SX, Xing Z, Lu H. The role of IMP dehydrogenase 2 in Inauhzin-induced ribosomal stress. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25347121 PMCID: PMC4209374 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'ribosomal stress (RS)-p53 pathway' is triggered by any stressor or genetic alteration that disrupts ribosomal biogenesis, and mediated by several ribosomal proteins (RPs), such as RPL11 and RPL5, which inhibit MDM2 and activate p53. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis and crucial for maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. It is highly expressed in many malignancies. We previously showed that inhibition of IMPDH2 leads to p53 activation by causing RS. Surprisingly, our current study reveals that Inauzhin (INZ), a novel non-genotoxic p53 activator by inhibiting SIRT1, can also inhibit cellular IMPDH2 activity, and reduce the levels of cellular GTP and GTP-binding nucleostemin that is essential for rRNA processing. Consequently, INZ induces RS and the RPL11/RPL5-MDM2 interaction, activating p53. These results support the new notion that INZ suppresses cancer cell growth by dually targeting SIRT1 and IMPDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - RuiZhi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Amber Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Zhen Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in anti-tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. It has been described as "the guardian of the genome", because it is essential for conserving genomic stability by preventing mutation, and its mutation and inactivation are highly related to all human cancers. Two important p53 regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, inactivate p53 by directly inhibiting its transcriptional activity and mediating its ubiquitination in a feedback fashion, as their genes are also the transcriptional targets of p53. On account of the importance of the p53-MDM2-MDMX loop in the initiation and development of wild type p53-containing tumors, intensive studies over the past decade have been aiming to identify small molecules or peptides that could specifically target individual protein molecules of this pathway for developing better anti-cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we review the approaches for screening and discovering efficient and selective MDM2 inhibitors with emphasis on the most advanced synthetic small molecules that interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction and are currently on Phase I clinical trials. Other therapeutically useful strategies targeting this loop, which potentially improve the prospects of cancer therapy and prevention, will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, Louisiana, LA, 70112, USA
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Harkov S, Havrylyuk D, Lesyk R. Synthesis of 3S-Substituted Triazino[5,6-b]indoles and 4-Thiazolidinone-triazino[5,6-b]indole Hybrids with Antitumor Activity. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht07.04.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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