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Kemmerer D. What modulates the Mirror Neuron System during action observation?: Multiple factors involving the action, the actor, the observer, the relationship between actor and observer, and the context. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102128. [PMID: 34343630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seeing an agent perform an action typically triggers a motor simulation of that action in the observer's Mirror Neuron System (MNS). Over the past few years, it has become increasingly clear that during action observation the patterns and strengths of responses in the MNS are modulated by multiple factors. The first aim of this paper is therefore to provide the most comprehensive survey to date of these factors. To that end, 22 distinct factors are described, broken down into the following sets: six involving the action; two involving the actor; nine involving the observer; four involving the relationship between actor and observer; and one involving the context. The second aim is to consider the implications of these findings for four prominent theoretical models of the MNS: the Direct Matching Model; the Predictive Coding Model; the Value-Driven Model; and the Associative Model. These assessments suggest that although each model is supported by a wide range of findings, each one is also challenged by other findings and relatively unaffected by still others. Hence, there is now a pressing need for a richer, more inclusive model that is better able to account for all of the modulatory factors that have been identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kemmerer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Lyles-Porter Hall, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, United States.
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2
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Wang F, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhou T, Meng X, Jiang J. Study of rapid reorganization of visual neurofunctions with the resting-state functional MRI in pituitary adenoma patients with vision improvement after transsphenoidal surgery. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01917. [PMID: 33503315 PMCID: PMC7994690 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate changes of vision-related resting-state activity in pituitary adenoma (PA) patients with visual improvement after transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS 14 PA patients with visual improvement after surgery were enrolled. The resting-state functional MRI and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation were performed before and after the operation. The functional connectivity (FC) of 8 seeds (the primary visual cortex (V1), the secondary visual cortex (V2), the middle temporal visual cortex (MT+), and fusiform gyrus(FG)) was evaluated. A paired t test was conducted to identify the differences between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the preoperation counterparts, the PA patients with improved vision exhibited decreased FC with the V1, V2, MT+, FG in the left paracentral lobule, bilateral lingual gyrus, precentral gyrus(BA 4), right superior temporal gyrus(BA 22), left fusiform gyrus, bilateral middle occipital gyrus (BA 19), left cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, right cuneus, left superior parietal lobule(BA 7),the medulla, right postcentral gyrus, and increased FC in the right middle frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), left declive, right lentiform nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus(BA 11), cingulate gyrus(BA 32), right putamen, right thalamus, left medial frontal gyrus, left claustrum, left superior frontal Medial, right rectal gyrus(BA 25) and right parahippocampal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The results show most subareas within the visual cortex exhibit decreased functional connectivity. The functional changes in subareas within default mode network (DMN), action observation network (AON) and the multisensory system in PAs propose that vision improvement may lead to function remodeling in higher-order cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kilroy E, Cermak SA, Aziz-Zadeh L. A Review of Functional and Structural Neurobiology of the Action Observation Network in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Coordination Disorder. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E75. [PMID: 30925819 PMCID: PMC6523237 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has reported motor impairment similarities between children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is a debate as to whether DCD is a co-occurring diagnosis in individuals with ASD and motor impairments (ASDd), or if motor impairments in ASD are distinct from DCD. However, the etiology of motor impairments is not well understood in either disorder. Clarifying comorbidities in ASD is important to determine different etiopathological phenotyping clusters in ASD and to understand the variety of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the disorder. Furthermore, this distinction has important therapeutic relevance. Here we explore the current neuroimaging findings in ASD and DCD and discusses possible neural mechanisms that underlie similarities and differences between the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kilroy
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Sharon A Cermak
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Bhandari A, Gagne C, Badre D. Just above Chance: Is It Harder to Decode Information from Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Activity Patterns? J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:1473-1498. [PMID: 29877764 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is central to flexible, goal-directed cognition, and understanding its representational code is an important problem in cognitive neuroscience. In humans, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) measurements has emerged as an important approach for studying neural representations. Many previous studies have implicitly assumed that MVPA of fMRI BOLD is just as effective in decoding information encoded in PFC neural activity as it is in visual cortex. However, MVPA studies of PFC have had mixed success. Here we estimate the base rate of decoding information from PFC BOLD activity patterns from a meta-analysis of published MVPA studies. We show that PFC has a significantly lower base rate (55.4%) than visual areas in occipital (66.6%) and temporal (71.0%) cortices and one that is close to chance levels. Our results have implications for the design and interpretation of MVPA studies of PFC and raise important questions about its functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Badre
- Brown University.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI
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Farmer H, Apps M, Tsakiris M. Reputation in an economic game modulates premotor cortex activity during action observation. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2191-201. [PMID: 27364606 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our interactions with other people - and our processing of their actions - are shaped by their reputation. Research has identified an Action Observation Network (AON) which is engaged when observing other people's actions. Yet, little is known about how the processing of others' actions is influenced by another's reputation. Is the response of the AON modulated by the reputation of the actor? We developed a variant of the ultimatum game in which participants watched either the visible or occluded actions of two 'proposers'. These actions were tied to decisions of how to split a pot of money although the proposers' decisions on each trial were not known to participants when observing the actions. One proposer made fair offers on the majority of trials, establishing a positive reputation, whereas the other made predominantly, unfair offers resulting in a negative reputation. We found significant activations in two regions of the left dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). The first of these showed a main effect of reputation with greater activation for the negative reputation proposer than the positive reputation proposer. Furthermore individual differences in trust ratings of the two proposers covaried with activation in the right primary motor cortex (M1). The second showed an interaction between visibility and reputation driven by a greater effect of reputation when participants were observing an occluded action. Our findings show that the processing of others' actions in the AON is modulated by an actor's reputation, and suggest a predictive role for the PMC during action observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Farmer
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Matthew Apps
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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van der Weiden A, Prikken M, van Haren NE. Self–other integration and distinction in schizophrenia: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:220-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Case LK, Pineda J, Ramachandran VS. Common coding and dynamic interactions between observed, imagined, and experienced motor and somatosensory activity. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:233-45. [PMID: 25863237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Motor imagery and perception - considered generally as forms of motor simulation - share overlapping neural representations with motor production. While much research has focused on the extent of this "common coding," less attention has been paid to how these overlapping representations interact. How do imagined, observed, or produced actions influence one another, and how do we maintain control over our perception and behavior? In the first part of this review we describe interactions between motor production and motor simulation, and explore apparent regulatory mechanisms that balance these processes. Next, we consider the somatosensory system. Numerous studies now support a "sensory mirror system" comprised of neural representations activated by either afferent sensation or vicarious sensation. In the second part of this review we summarize evidence for shared representations of sensation and sensory simulation (including imagery and observed sensation), and suggest that similar interactions and regulation of simulation occur in the somatosensory domain as in the motor domain. We suggest that both motor and somatosensory simulations are flexibly regulated to support simulations congruent with our sensorimotor experience and goals and suppress or separate the influence of those that are not. These regulatory mechanisms are frequently revealed by cases of brain injury but can also be employed to facilitate sensorimotor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Case
- Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego, USA; Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jaime Pineda
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Reward in the mirror neuron system, social context, and the implications on psychopathology. Behav Brain Sci 2014; 37:196-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x13002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPositive and negative reinforcers guide our behaviors as we interact with others in our social environment. Here, we present evidence that highlights a central role for reward in the general functioning of the mirror neuron system (MNS). We also discuss the relevance of reward-related modulation on other previous findings revealing certain properties of the MNS, and on social context and psychopathology.
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Bufalari I, Lenggenhager B, Porciello G, Serra Holmes B, Aglioti SM. Enfacing others but only if they are nice to you. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:102. [PMID: 24734011 PMCID: PMC3975105 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing tactile facial stimulation while seeing synchronous stimuli on the face of another individual induces “enfacement,” i.e., the subjective illusory experience of ownership of the other's face (explicit measure) and the attribution of the others' facial features to one's own face (implicit measure). Here we expanded previous knowledge by investigating if the tendency to include the other into one's own representation is influenced by positive or negative interpersonal attitudes derived either from consolidated socio-cultural stereotypes or from newly acquired, short-term individual interactions with a specific person. To this aim, we tested in Caucasian white participants the enfacement with a white and a black confederate, before and after an experimental procedure inducing a positive or negative perception of each of them. The results show that the subjective experience of enfacement with in- and out-group others before and after the manipulation is similar. The bias in attributing other's facial features to one's own face after synchronous stroking was, instead, dependent on whether the other person was positively perceived, independently of his/her ethnicity. Thus, we show that realistic positive face-to-face interactions are more effective than consolidated racial biases in influencing the strength of self-attribution of another persons' facial features in the context of multisensory illusions. Results suggest that positive interpersonal interactions might powerfully change the plasticity of self-other representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bufalari
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina Porciello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Brittany Serra Holmes
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Aglioti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Aragón OR, Sharer EA, Bargh JA, Pineda JA. Modulations of mirroring activity by desire for social connection and relevance of movement. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1762-9. [PMID: 24194581 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirroring neurons fire both when an individual moves and observes another move in kind. This simulation of others' movements is thought to effortlessly and ubiquitously support empathetic connection and social understanding. However, at times this could be maladaptive. How could a boxer mirror a losing opponent's expressions of fatigue, feeling his weariness, precisely when strength is required? Clearly, the boxer must emotionally disconnect from his opponent and those expressions of fatigue must become irrelevant and not mirrored. But, movements that inform of his opponent's intentions to deliver an incoming blow are quite relevant and still should require mirroring. We tested these dimensions of emotional connectedness and relevance of movement in an electroencephalography experiment, where participants' desires to socially connect with a confederate were manipulated. Before manipulation, all participants mirrored the confederate's purely kinematic (a hand opening and closing) and goal-directed (a hand opening and closing around a token that the participant desired) hand movements. After manipulation, unfairly treated subjects ceased to mirror the purely kinematic movements but continued to mirror goal-relevant movements. Those treated fairly continued to mirror all movements. The results suggest that social mirroring can be adaptive in order to meet the demands of a varied social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana R Aragón
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 and Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sharer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 and Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515, USA
| | - John A Bargh
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 and Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515, USA
| | - Jaime A Pineda
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 and Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515, USA
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Brown E, Wiersema JR, Pourtois G, Brüne M. Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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