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Szymanowska A, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Lopez-Berestein G, Amero P. Non-Coding RNAs: Foes or Friends for Targeting Tumor Microenvironment. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37736898 PMCID: PMC10514839 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of molecules critical for cell development and growth regulation. They are key regulators of important cellular pathways in the tumor microenvironment. To analyze ncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment, the use of RNA sequencing technology has revolutionized the field. The advancement of this technique has broadened our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer, presenting abundant possibilities for the exploration of novel biomarkers for cancer treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent achievements in understanding the complex role of ncRNA in the tumor microenvironment, we will report the latest studies on the tumor microenvironment using RNA sequencing, and we will discuss the potential use of ncRNAs as therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymanowska
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (A.S.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
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2
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Govindaraj V, Kar S. Role of microRNAs in oncogenesis: Insights from computational and systems‐level modeling approaches. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Kar
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay Mumbai India
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3
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Larrea E, Fernandez-Mercado M, Guerra-Assunção JA, Wang J, Goicoechea I, Gaafar A, Ceberio I, Lobo C, Okosun J, Enright AJ, Fitzgibbon J, Lawrie CH. Identification of Recurrent Mutations in the microRNA-Binding Sites of B-Cell Lymphoma-Associated Genes in Follicular Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228795. [PMID: 33233721 PMCID: PMC7699894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common indolent B-cell lymphoma that can transform into the more aggressive transformed FL (tFL). However, the molecular process driving this transformation is uncertain. In this work, we aimed to identify microRNA (miRNA)-binding sites recurrently mutated in follicular lymphoma patients, as well as in transformed FL patients. Using whole-genome sequencing data from FL tumors, we discovered 544 mutations located in bioinformatically predicted microRNA-binding sites. We then studied these specific regions using targeted sequencing in a cohort of 55 FL patients, found 16 recurrent mutations, and identified a further 69 variants. After filtering for QC, we identified 21 genes with mutated miRNA-binding sites that were also enriched for B-cell-associated genes by Gene Ontology. Over 40% of mutations identified in these genes were present exclusively in tFL patients. We validated the predicted miRNA-binding sites of five of the genes by luciferase assay and demonstrated that the identified mutations in BCL2 and EZH2 genes impaired the binding efficiency of miR-5008 and miR-144 and regulated the endogenous levels of messenger RNA (mRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Larrea
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (E.L.); (M.F.-M.); (I.G.)
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing 102206, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Marta Fernandez-Mercado
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (E.L.); (M.F.-M.); (I.G.)
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Navarra, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BE, UK; (J.W.); (J.O.); (J.F.)
| | - Ibai Goicoechea
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (E.L.); (M.F.-M.); (I.G.)
- Multiple Myeloma Group, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Ayman Gaafar
- Department of Pathology, Cruces Hospital, 48903 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Izaskun Ceberio
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Carmen Lobo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BE, UK; (J.W.); (J.O.); (J.F.)
| | - Anton J. Enright
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK;
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BE, UK; (J.W.); (J.O.); (J.F.)
| | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (E.L.); (M.F.-M.); (I.G.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 3DU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-006138
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4
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Shah V, Shah J. Recent trends in targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1732-1749. [PMID: 32783235 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small noncoding RNA employed by the cells for gene regulation. A single miRNA, typically 22 nucleotides in length, can regulate the expression of numerous genes. Over the past decade, the study of miRNA biology in the context of cancer has led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. KEY FINDINGS MicroRNA dysregulation is commonly associated with cancer, in part because miRNAs are actively involved in the mechanisms like genomic instabilities, aberrant transcriptional control, altered epigenetic regulation and biogenesis machinery defects. MicroRNAs can regulate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes and thus when altered can lead to tumorigenesis. Expression profiling of miRNAs has boosted the possibilities of application of miRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, although the feasibility of these approaches will require further validation. SUMMARY In this review, we will focus on how miRNAs regulate tumour development and the potential applications of targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandit Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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5
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Huang HY, Lin YCD, Li J, Huang KY, Shrestha S, Hong HC, Tang Y, Chen YG, Jin CN, Yu Y, Xu JT, Li YM, Cai XX, Zhou ZY, Chen XH, Pei YY, Hu L, Su JJ, Cui SD, Wang F, Xie YY, Ding SY, Luo MF, Chou CH, Chang NW, Chen KW, Cheng YH, Wan XH, Hsu WL, Lee TY, Wei FX, Huang HD. miRTarBase 2020: updates to the experimentally validated microRNA-target interaction database. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D148-D154. [PMID: 31647101 PMCID: PMC7145596 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (typically consisting of 18–25 nucleotides) that negatively control expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Owing to the biological significance of miRNAs, miRTarBase was developed to provide comprehensive information on experimentally validated miRNA–target interactions (MTIs). To date, the database has accumulated >13,404 validated MTIs from 11,021 articles from manual curations. In this update, a text-mining system was incorporated to enhance the recognition of MTI-related articles by adopting a scoring system. In addition, a variety of biological databases were integrated to provide information on the regulatory network of miRNAs and its expression in blood. Not only targets of miRNAs but also regulators of miRNAs are provided to users for investigating the up- and downstream regulations of miRNAs. Moreover, the number of MTIs with high-throughput experimental evidence increased remarkably (validated by CLIP-seq technology). In conclusion, these improvements promote the miRTarBase as one of the most comprehensively annotated and experimentally validated miRNA–target interaction databases. The updated version of miRTarBase is now available at http://miRTarBase.cuhk.edu.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Yuan Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yang-Chi-Dung Lin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Sirjana Shrestha
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chin Hong
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yun Tang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yi-Gang Chen
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Chen-Nan Jin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Jia-Tong Xu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Cai
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhou
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Chen
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Pei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Liang Hu
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Jin-Jiang Su
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province 154007, China
| | - Shi-Dong Cui
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Yue-Yang Xie
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Si-Yuan Ding
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Meng-Fan Luo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Chih-Hung Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Hong Wan
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Wen-Lian Hsu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province 154007, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhong Province 563006, China
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, China.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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6
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Linck-Paulus L, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK, Dietrich P. Dissimilar Appearances Are Deceptive-Common microRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies in Liver Cancer and Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010114. [PMID: 31906510 PMCID: PMC7017070 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNAs as therapeutic targets in two cancer types that were frequently described to be driven by miRNAs—melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By focusing on common microRNAs and associated pathways in these—at first sight—dissimilar cancer types, we aim at revealing similar molecular mechanisms that are evolved in microRNA-biology to drive cancer progression. Thereby, we also want to outlay potential novel therapeutic strategies. After providing a brief introduction to general miRNA biology and basic information about HCC and melanoma, this review depicts prominent examples of potent oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs, which have been proven to drive diverse cancer types including melanoma and HCC. To develop and apply miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment in the future, it is essential to understand how miRNA dysregulation evolves during malignant transformation. Therefore, we highlight important aspects such as genetic alterations, miRNA editing and transcriptional regulation based on concrete examples. Furthermore, we expand our illustration by focusing on miRNA-associated proteins as well as other regulators of miRNAs which could also provide therapeutic targets. Finally, design and delivery strategies of miRNA-associated therapeutic agents as well as potential drawbacks are discussed to address the question of how miRNAs might contribute to cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Linck-Paulus
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (P.D.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-24190 (A.K.B.); +49-9131-85-29384 (P.D.)
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (P.D.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-24190 (A.K.B.); +49-9131-85-29384 (P.D.)
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7
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Gokita K, Inoue J, Ishihara H, Kojima K, Inazawa J. Therapeutic Potential of LNP-Mediated Delivery of miR-634 for Cancer Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:330-338. [PMID: 31877409 PMCID: PMC6938807 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by interfering with the translation or stability of target transcripts. Some tumor-suppressive miRNAs can concurrently target multiple cancer-promoting genes and may be useful as therapeutic anticancer agents. However, the development of drug delivery systems is critical for the implementation of miRNA-based therapeutics. We have previously demonstrated that the enforced expression of miR-634 effectively induces apoptosis by concurrently and directly targeting genes associated with mitochondrial homeostasis, antiapoptosis signaling, antioxidant ability, and autophagy in cancer cells. In the current study, we validated the therapeutic potential of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated delivery of miR-634 for cancer therapy. We confirmed the ability of enforced expression of miR-634 to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, including pancreatic cancer cells. Intravenous administration of LNPs harboring miR-634 significantly reduced the xenograft tumor growth of BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells in mice. These findings suggest that LNP-mediated delivery of miR-634 can potentially be used for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Gokita
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Minimally Invasive Treatment, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ishihara
- Nanomedicine Research, hhc Data Creation Center, Eisai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Minimally Invasive Treatment, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Xu D, Dong P, Xiong Y, Yue J, Ihira K, Konno Y, Kobayashi N, Todo Y, Watari H. MicroRNA-361: A Multifaceted Player Regulating Tumor Aggressiveness and Tumor Microenvironment Formation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1130. [PMID: 31394811 PMCID: PMC6721607 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-361-5p (miR-361) expression frequently decreases or is lost in different types of cancers, and contributes to tumor suppression by repressing the expression of its target genes implicated in tumor growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, drug resistance, glycolysis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Here, we review the expression pattern of miR-361 in human tumors, describe the mechanisms responsible for its dysregulation, and discuss how miR-361 modulates the aggressive properties of tumor cells and alter the tumor microenvironment by acting as a novel tumor suppressor. Furthermore, we describe its potentials as a promising diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for cancers and a promising target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kei Ihira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yosuke Konno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Noriko Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yukiharu Todo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, National Hospital Organization, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo 003-0804, Japan
| | - Hidemichi Watari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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9
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Zhang Y, Xu W, Nan S, Chang M, Fan J. MicroRNA-326 Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Proliferation of Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease Through Suppression of KLK7-Mediated MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:197-214. [PMID: 31270675 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the motor system disorders, is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the involvement of microRNAs (miRs) in the development and progression of PD. Hence, we aimed at exploring possible effects of miR-326 on the progression of PD in mice in an attempt to elucidate the underlying mechanism associated with the kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In order to identify the regulatory relationship between miR-326 and KLK7 and its biological significance in PD, PD mouse models were established and subsequently treated with mimics or inhibitors of miR-326 or siRNA-KLK7. The content of striatal dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxytyrosine (3-MT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA); positive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); and the levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and MAPK signaling pathway-related genes were determined accordingly. The results obtained indicated that KLK7 was negatively targeted by miR-326, with lower miR-326 and higher KLK7 detected among PD mice. The overexpression of miR-326 or silencing of KLK7 was demonstrated to increase the content of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 3-MT, SOD, GSH-Px, and TH positive expression, while reducing iNOS positive expression, MDA content and cell apoptosis, as well as inhibited levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and mRNA and protein levels of p38, ERK, JNK, and caspase-3. Taken together, these results provided evidence suggesting that miR-326 could inhibit iNOS activation and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons through inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and negatively regulating KLK7 in mice with PD. These findings highlight the potential of miR-326 as a novel target for future PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanji Nan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiji Chang
- Department of Neurology, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Schuster SL, Hsieh AC. The Untranslated Regions of mRNAs in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:245-262. [PMID: 30961831 PMCID: PMC6465068 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) regulate crucial aspects of post-transcriptional gene regulation that are necessary for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. When these processes go awry through mutation or misexpression of certain regulatory elements, the subsequent deregulation of oncogenic gene expression can drive or enhance cancer pathogenesis. Although the number of known cancer-related mutations in UTR regulatory elements has recently increased markedly as a result of advances in whole-genome sequencing, little is known about how the majority of these genetic aberrations contribute functionally to disease. In this review we explore the regulatory functions of UTRs, how they are co-opted in cancer, new technologies to interrogate cancerous UTRs, and potential therapeutic opportunities stemming from these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Schuster
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; School of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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11
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Ziebarth JD, Bhattacharya A, Cui Y. Functional Analysis of Genetic Variants and Somatic Mutations Impacting MicroRNA-Target Recognition: Bioinformatics Resources. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1970:101-120. [PMID: 30963491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9207-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules with great importance in regulating a large number of diverse biological processes in health and disease. MicroRNAs can bind to both coding and noncoding RNAs and regulate their stability and expression. Genetic variants and somatic mutations may alter microRNA sequences and their target sites and therefore impact microRNA-target recognition. Aberrant microRNA-target interactions have been associated with many diseases. In recent years, computational resources have been developed for retrieving, annotating, and analyzing the impact of mutations on microRNA-target recognition. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the computational analysis of mutations impacting microRNA target recognition, followed by a detailed tutorial on how to use three major Web-based bioinformatics resources: PolymiRTS ( http://compbio.uthsc.edu/miRSNP ), a database of genetic variants impacting microRNA target recognition; SomamiR ( http://compbio.uthsc.edu/SomamiR ), a database of somatic mutations affecting the interactions between microRNAs and their targets in mRNAs and noncoding RNAs; and miR2GO ( http://compbio.uthsc.edu/miR2GO ), a computational tool for knowledge-based functional analysis of genetic variants and somatic mutations in microRNA seed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Ziebarth
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Wu W, Wu L, Zhu M, Wang Z, Wu M, Li P, Nie Y, Lin X, Hu J, Eskilsson E, Wang Q, Shao J, Lyu S. miRNA Mediated Noise Making of 3'UTR Mutations in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E545. [PMID: 30424545 PMCID: PMC6267165 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTR) do not alter amino acids and are considered to be silent in cancers. We found that such mutations can promote tumor progression by altering microRNA (miRNA) targeting efficiency and consequently affecting miRNA⁻mRNA interactions. We identified 67,159 somatic mutations located in the 3'UTRs of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) which can alter miRNA⁻mRNA interactions (functional somatic mutations, funcMutations), and 69.3% of these funcMutations (the degree of energy change > 12 kcal/mol) were identified to significantly promote loss of miRNA-mRNA binding. By integrating mRNA expression profiles of 21 cancer types, we found that the expression of target genes was positively correlated with the loss of absolute affinity level and negatively correlated with the gain of absolute affinity level. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes carrying funcMutations were significantly enriched in the MAPK and WNT signaling pathways, and analysis of regulatory modules identified eighteen miRNA modules involved with similar cellular functions. Our findings elucidate a complex relationship between miRNA, mRNA, and mutations, and suggest that 3'UTR mutations may play an important role in tumor development.
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Grants
- BE2017733, BK20161026, BK20180036 Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province
- 81572893, 81502443 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2016NJMUZD003, 2015NJMUZD003, 2014NJMUZD013, 2017NJMURC002, 2017NJMU007 Science and Technology Development Foundation of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China
- 15KJB310009, 16KJB180022 Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China
- SKLRM-K201804 State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Lingxiang Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Mengyan Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Pengping Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yumin Nie
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | | | - Qh Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jiaofang Shao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Sali Lyu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China.
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13
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Classification of heterogeneous genetic variations of microRNA regulome in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Pourteimoor V, Paryan M, Mohammadi‐Yeganeh S. microRNA as a systemic intervention in the specific breast cancer subtypes with C‐MYC impacts; introducing subtype‐based appraisal tool. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5655-5669. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Paryan
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research ComplexPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Samira Mohammadi‐Yeganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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15
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Wu LP, Wu J, Shang A, Yang M, Li LL, Yu J, Xu LR, Wang CB, Wang WW, Zhu JJ, Lu WY. miR-124 inhibits progression of hepatocarcinoma by targeting KLF4 and promises a novel diagnostic marker. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:159-167. [PMID: 29252002 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1415918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Pei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Dongtai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei-Rong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Bing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and The Third People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Ying Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
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16
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The Pattern of microRNA Binding Site Distribution. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8110296. [PMID: 29077021 PMCID: PMC5704209 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNA (miRNA or miR) regulates at least 60% of the genes in the human genome through their target sites at mRNA 3'-untranslated regions (UTR), and defects in miRNA expression regulation and target sites are frequently observed in cancers. We report here a systematic analysis of the distribution of miRNA target sites. Using the evolutionarily conserved miRNA binding sites in the TargetScan database (release 7.1), we constructed a miRNA co-regulation network by connecting genes sharing common miRNA target sites. The network possesses characteristics of the ubiquitous small-world network. Non-hub genes in the network-those sharing miRNA target sites with small numbers of genes-tend to form small cliques with their neighboring genes, while hub genes exhibit high levels of promiscuousness in their neighboring genes. Additionally, miRNA target site distribution is extremely uneven. Among the miRNAs, the distribution concentrates on a small number of miRNAs, in that their target sites occur in an extraordinarily large number of genes, that is, they have large numbers of target genes. The distribution across the genes follows a similar pattern; the mRNAs of a small proportion of the genes contain extraordinarily large numbers of miRNA binding sites. Quantitatively, the patterns fit into the P(K) ∝ K-α relationship (P(K): the number of miRNAs with K target genes or genes with K miRNA sites; α: a positive constant), the mathematical description of connection distribution among the nodes and a defining characteristic of the so-called scale-free networks-a subset of small-world networks. Notably, well-known tumor-suppressive miRNAs (Let-7, miR-15/16, 26, 29, 31, 34, 145, 200, 203-205, 223, and 375) collectively have more than expected target genes, and well-known cancer genes contain more than expected miRNA binding sites. In summary, miRNA target site distribution exhibits characteristics of the small-world network. The potential to use this pattern to better understand miRNA function and their oncological roles is discussed.
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17
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a small RNA species without protein-coding potential. However, they are key modulators of protein translation. Many studies have linked miRNAs with cancer initiation, progression, diagnosis, and prognosis, and recent studies have also linked them with cancer etiology and susceptibility, especially through single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This review discusses some of the recent advances in miRNA-SNP literature-including SNPs in miRNA genes, miRNA target sites, and the processing machinery. In addition, we highlight some emerging areas of interest, including isomiRs and non-3'UTR focused miRNA-binding mechanisms that could provide further novel insight into the relationship between miR-SNPs and cancer. Finally, we note that additional epidemiological and experimental research is needed to close the gap in our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationship between miRNA-SNPs and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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18
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are involved in many important biological processes and the dysfunction of microRNA has been associated with many diseases. The seed region of a microRNA is of crucial importance to its target recognition. Mutations in microRNA seed regions may disrupt the binding of microRNAs to their original target genes and make them bind to new target genes. Here we use a knowledge-based computational method to systematically predict the functional effects of all the possible single nucleotide mutations in human microRNA seed regions. The result provides a comprehensive reference for the functional assessment of the impacts of possible natural and artificial single nucleotide mutations in microRNA seed regions.
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19
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Oliveto S, Mancino M, Manfrini N, Biffo S. Role of microRNAs in translation regulation and cancer. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:45-56. [PMID: 28289518 PMCID: PMC5329714 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pervasively expressed and regulate most biological functions. They function by modulating transcriptional and translational programs and therefore they orchestrate both physiological and pathological processes, such as development, cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumor growth. miRNAs work as small guide molecules in RNA silencing, by negatively regulating the expression of several genes both at mRNA and protein level, by degrading their mRNA target and/or by silencing translation. One of the most recent advances in the field is the comprehension of their role in oncogenesis. The number of miRNA genes is increasing and an alteration in the level of miRNAs is involved in the initiation, progression and metastases formation of several tumors. Some tumor types show a distinct miRNA signature that distinguishes them from normal tissues and from other cancer types. Genetic and biochemical evidence supports the essential role of miRNAs in tumor development. Although the abnormal expression of miRNAs in cancer cells is a widely accepted phenomenon, the cause of this dysregulation is still unknown. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of miRNAs, focusing on the mechanisms by which they regulate protein synthesis. In addition we debate on their role in cancer, highlighting their potential to become therapeutic targets.
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20
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Willis RE. Targeted Cancer Therapy: Vital Oncogenes and a New Molecular Genetic Paradigm for Cancer Initiation Progression and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091552. [PMID: 27649156 PMCID: PMC5037825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been declared repeatedly that cancer is a result of molecular genetic abnormalities. However, there has been no working model describing the specific functional consequences of the deranged genomic processes that result in the initiation and propagation of the cancer process during carcinogenesis. We no longer need to question whether or not cancer arises as a result of a molecular genetic defect within the cancer cell. The legitimate questions are: how and why? This article reviews the preeminent data on cancer molecular genetics and subsequently proposes that the sentinel event in cancer initiation is the aberrant production of fused transcription activators with new molecular properties within normal tissue stem cells. This results in the production of vital oncogenes with dysfunctional gene activation transcription properties, which leads to dysfunctional gene regulation, the aberrant activation of transduction pathways, chromosomal breakage, activation of driver oncogenes, reactivation of stem cell transduction pathways and the activation of genes that result in the hallmarks of cancer. Furthermore, a novel holistic molecular genetic model of cancer initiation and progression is presented along with a new paradigm for the approach to personalized targeted cancer therapy, clinical monitoring and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph E Willis
- OncoStem Biotherapeutics LLC, 423 W 127th St., New York, NY 10027, USA.
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21
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Gotea V, Gartner JJ, Qutob N, Elnitski L, Samuels Y. The functional relevance of somatic synonymous mutations in melanoma and other cancers. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:673-84. [PMID: 26300548 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in sequencing have flooded the field of cancer research with knowledge about somatic mutations for many different cancer types. Most cancer genomics studies focus on mutations that alter the amino acid sequence, ignoring the potential impact of synonymous mutations. However, accumulating experimental evidence has demonstrated clear consequences for gene function, leading to a widespread recognition of the functional role of synonymous mutations and their causal connection to various diseases. Here, we review the evidence supporting the direct impact of synonymous mutations on gene function via gene splicing; mRNA stability, folding, and translation; protein folding; and miRNA-based regulation of expression. These results highlight the functional contribution of synonymous mutations to oncogenesis and the need to further investigate their detection and prioritization for experimental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valer Gotea
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nouar Qutob
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Diederichs S, Bartsch L, Berkmann JC, Fröse K, Heitmann J, Hoppe C, Iggena D, Jazmati D, Karschnia P, Linsenmeier M, Maulhardt T, Möhrmann L, Morstein J, Paffenholz SV, Röpenack P, Rückert T, Sandig L, Schell M, Steinmann A, Voss G, Wasmuth J, Weinberger ME, Wullenkord R. The dark matter of the cancer genome: aberrations in regulatory elements, untranslated regions, splice sites, non-coding RNA and synonymous mutations. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:442-57. [PMID: 26992833 PMCID: PMC5126213 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of the genome caused by oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition. Deep sequencing studies including large consortia such as TCGA and ICGC identified numerous tumor‐specific mutations not only in protein‐coding sequences but also in non‐coding sequences. Although 98% of the genome is not translated into proteins, most studies have neglected the information hidden in this “dark matter” of the genome. Malignancy‐driving mutations can occur in all genetic elements outside the coding region, namely in enhancer, silencer, insulator, and promoter as well as in 5′‐UTR and 3′‐UTR. Intron or splice site mutations can alter the splicing pattern. Moreover, cancer genomes contain mutations within non‐coding RNA, such as microRNA, lncRNA, and lincRNA. A synonymous mutation changes the coding region in the DNA and RNA but not the protein sequence. Importantly, oncogenes such as TERT or miR‐21 as well as tumor suppressor genes such as TP53/p53,APC,BRCA1, or RB1 can be affected by these alterations. In summary, coding‐independent mutations can affect gene regulation from transcription, splicing, mRNA stability to translation, and hence, this largely neglected area needs functional studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the important role and novel mechanisms of these non‐coding or allegedly silent mutations in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Division of RNA Biology & Cancer (B150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bartsch
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Berkmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Fröse
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Heitmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoppe
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deetje Iggena
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Danny Jazmati
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Maulhardt
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino Möhrmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Morstein
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella V Paffenholz
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Röpenack
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Rückert
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Sandig
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schell
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Steinmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gjendine Voss
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wasmuth
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria E Weinberger
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Wullenkord
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Regulation of the T-box transcription factor Tbx3 by the tumour suppressor microRNA-206 in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1125-34. [PMID: 27100732 PMCID: PMC4865973 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Tbx3 transcription factor is over-expressed in breast cancer, where it has been implicated in proliferation, migration and regulation of the cancer stem cell population. The mechanisms that regulate Tbx3 expression in cancer have not been fully explored. In this study, we demonstrate that Tbx3 is repressed by the tumour suppressor miR-206 in breast cancer cells. METHODS Bioinformatics prediction programmes and luciferase reporter assays were used to demonstrate that miR-206 negatively regulates Tbx3. We examined the impact of miR-206 on Tbx3 expression in breast cancer cells using miR-206 mimic and inhibitor. Gene/protein expression was examined by quantitative reverse-transcription-PCR and immunoblotting. The effects of miR-206 and Tbx3 on apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and cancer stem cell population was investigated by cell-death detection, colony formation, 3D-Matrigel and tumorsphere assays. RESULTS In this study, we examined the regulation of Tbx3 by miR-206. We demonstrate that Tbx3 is directly repressed by miR-206, and that this repression of Tbx3 is necessary for miR-206 to inhibit breast tumour cell proliferation and invasion, and decrease the cancer stem cell population. Moreover, Tbx3 and miR-206 expression are inversely correlated in human breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicates that patients exhibiting a combination of high Tbx3 and low miR-206 expression have a lower probability of survival when compared with patients with low Tbx3 and high miR-206 expression. These studies uncover a novel mechanism of Tbx3 regulation and identify a new target of the tumour suppressor miR-206. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified Tbx3 as a novel target of tumour suppressor miR-206 and characterised the miR-206/Tbx3 signalling pathway, which is involved in proliferation, invasion and maintenance of the cancer stem cell population in breast cancer cells. Our results suggest that restoration of miR-206 in Tbx3-positive breast cancer could be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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24
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Akhtar MM, Micolucci L, Islam MS, Olivieri F, Procopio AD. Bioinformatic tools for microRNA dissection. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:24-44. [PMID: 26578605 PMCID: PMC4705652 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important elements of gene regulatory networks. MiRNAs are endogenous single-stranded non-coding RNAs (~22-nt long) that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Through pairing with mRNA, miRNAs can down-regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation or stimulating mRNA degradation. In some cases they can also up-regulate the expression of a target gene. MiRNAs influence a variety of cellular pathways that range from development to carcinogenesis. The involvement of miRNAs in several human diseases, particularly cancer, makes them potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Recent technological advances, especially high-throughput sequencing, have led to an exponential growth in the generation of miRNA-related data. A number of bioinformatic tools and databases have been devised to manage this growing body of data. We analyze 129 miRNA tools that are being used in diverse areas of miRNA research, to assist investigators in choosing the most appropriate tools for their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most Mauluda Akhtar
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy Computational Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy
| | - Luigina Micolucci
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy Computational Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy
| | - Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), Ancona 60121, Italy
| | - Antonio Domenico Procopio
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), Ancona 60121, Italy
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25
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Bhattacharya A, Cui Y. SomamiR 2.0: a database of cancer somatic mutations altering microRNA-ceRNA interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D1005-10. [PMID: 26578591 PMCID: PMC4702864 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SomamiR 2.0 (http://compbio.uthsc.edu/SomamiR) is a database of cancer somatic mutations in microRNAs (miRNA) and their target sites that potentially alter the interactions between miRNAs and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) including mRNAs, circular RNAs (circRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). Here, we describe the recent major updates to the SomamiR database. We expanded the scope of the database by including somatic mutations that impact the interactions between miRNAs and two classes of non-coding RNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs. Recently, a large number of miRNA target sites have been discovered by newly emerged high-throughput technologies for mapping the miRNA interactome. We have mapped 388 247 somatic mutations to the experimentally identified miRNA target sites. The updated database also includes a list of somatic mutations in the miRNA seed regions, which contain the most important guiding information for miRNA target recognition. A recently developed webserver, miR2GO, was integrated with the database to provide a seamless pipeline for assessing functional impacts of somatic mutations in miRNA seed regions. Data and functions from multiple sources including biological pathways and genome-wide association studies were updated and integrated with SomamiR 2.0 to make it a better platform for functional analysis of somatic mutations altering miRNA–ceRNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, WB 700108, India
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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26
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Salahshourifar I, Vincent-Chong VK, Chang HY, Ser HL, Ramanathan A, Kallarakkal TG, Rahman ZAA, Ismail SM, Prepageran N, Mustafa WMW, Abraham MT, Tay KK, Zain RB. Downregulation of CRNN gene and genomic instability at 1q21.3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:2273-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases control cell-cell interactions during normal and oncogenic development, and are implicated in a range of processes including angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance and metastasis. They are thus of great interest as targets for cancer therapy. EphA3, originally isolated from leukemic and melanoma cells, is presently one of the most promising therapeutic targets, with multiple tumor-promoting roles in a variety of cancer types. This review focuses on EphA3, its functions in controlling cellular behavior, both in normal and pathological development, and most particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Victoria , Australia and
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28
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Hayes J, Peruzzi PP, Lawler S. MicroRNAs in cancer: biomarkers, functions and therapy. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:460-9. [PMID: 25027972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1485] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of microRNAs has been one of the defining developments in cancer biology over the past decade, and the explosion of knowledge in this area has brought forward new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. The importance of microRNAs in cancer has been underlined by the identification of alterations in microRNA target binding sites and the microRNA processing machinery in tumor cells. Clinical trials utilizing microRNA profiling for patient prognosis and clinical response are now underway, and the first microRNA mimic entered the clinic for cancer therapy in 2013. In this article we review the potential applications of microRNAs for the clinical assessment of patient outcome in cancer, as well as in cancer monitoring and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Hayes
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology and Yorkshire Regional Cytogenetics Unit, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sean Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Duellman T, Warren C, Yang J. Single nucleotide polymorphism-specific regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by multiple miRNAs targeting the coding exon. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5518-31. [PMID: 24627221 PMCID: PMC4027190 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) work with exquisite specificity and are able to distinguish a target from a non-target based on a single nucleotide mismatch in the core nucleotide domain. We questioned whether miRNA regulation of gene expression could occur in a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-specific manner, manifesting as a post-transcriptional control of expression of genetic polymorphisms. In our recent study of the functional consequences of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 SNPs, we discovered that expression of a coding exon SNP in the pro-domain of the protein resulted in a profound decrease in the secreted protein. This missense SNP results in the N38S amino acid change and a loss of an N-glycosylation site. A systematic study demonstrated that the loss of secreted protein was due not to the loss of an N-glycosylation site, but rather an SNP-specific targeting by miR-671-3p and miR-657. Bioinformatics analysis identified 41 SNP-specific miRNA targeting MMP-9 SNPs, mostly in the coding exon and an extension of the analysis to chromosome 20, where the MMP-9 gene is located, suggesting that SNP-specific miRNAs targeting the coding exon are prevalent. This selective post-transcriptional regulation of a target messenger RNA harboring genetic polymorphisms by miRNAs offers an SNP-dependent post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism, allowing for polymorphic-specific differential gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Duellman
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, SMI 301, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Jay Yang
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, SMI 301, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and translation. The genetic variants altering miRNA targets have been associated with many diseases. Here we systematically mapped the human genetic polymorphisms that may affect miRNA-mRNA interactions in the autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) pathway. We also mapped the polymorphic miRNA target sites in the genes that have been linked to AITDs or other thyroid-related diseases/phenotypes in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These genetic polymorphisms may potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of AITDs and other thyroid diseases. The polymorphic miRNA-mRNA interactions we mapped in the AITD pathway and the GWAS-informed thyroid disease loci may provide insights into the possible miRNA-mediated molecular mechanisms through which genetic variants assert their influences on thyroid diseases and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA and
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31
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Bhattacharya A, Ziebarth JD, Cui Y. PolymiRTS Database 3.0: linking polymorphisms in microRNAs and their target sites with human diseases and biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D86-91. [PMID: 24163105 PMCID: PMC3965097 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target sites (PolymiRTS) are known to disrupt miRNA function, leading to the development of disease and variation in physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Here, we describe recent updates to the PolymiRTS database (http://compbio.uthsc.edu/miRSNP), an integrated platform for analyzing the functional impact of genetic polymorphisms in miRNA seed regions and miRNA target sites. Recent advances in genomic technologies have made it possible to identify miRNA–mRNA binding sites from direct mapping experiments such as CLASH (cross linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids). We have integrated data from CLASH experiments in the PolymiRTS database to provide more complete and accurate miRNA–mRNA interactions. Other significant new features include (i) small insertions and deletions in miRNA seed regions and miRNA target sites, (ii) TargetScan context + score differences for assessing the impact of polymorphic miRNA–mRNA interactions and (iii) biological pathways. The browse and search pages of PolymiRTS allow users to explore the relations between the PolymiRTSs and gene expression traits, physiological and behavioral phenotypes, human diseases and biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA and Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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32
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Bennett PE, Bemis L, Norris DA, Shellman YG. miR in melanoma development: miRNAs and acquired hallmarks of cancer in melanoma. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:1049-59. [PMID: 24046283 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00116.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a very aggressive skin cancer with increasing incidence worldwide. MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression of targeted gene(s). The hallmark of cancer model outlined by Hanahan and Weinberg offers a meaningful framework to consider the roles of microRNAs in melanoma development and progression. In this systematic review of the literature, we associate what is known about deregulation of microRNAs and their targeted genes in melanoma development with the hallmarks and characteristics of cancer. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs for future melanoma management will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Bennett
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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