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Halin Bergström S, Lundholm M, Nordstrand A, Bergh A. Rat prostate tumors induce DNA synthesis in remote organs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7908. [PMID: 35551231 PMCID: PMC9098422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced cancers induce systemic responses. However, if such systemic changes occur already when aggressive tumors are small, have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we examined how localized prostate cancers of different sizes and metastatic potential affected DNA synthesis in the rest of the prostate and in various remote organs. Non-metastatic Dunning R-3327 G (G) tumor cells, metastatic MatLyLu (MLL) tumor cells, or vehicle were injected into the prostate of immunocompetent rats. All animals received daily injections of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), to label cells/daughter cells with active DNA synthesis. Equal sized G- and MLL-tumors, similarly increased BrdU-labeling in the prostate, lymph nodes and liver compared to tumor-free controls. Prior to metastasis, MLL-tumors also increased BrdU-labeling in bone marrow and lungs compared to animals with G-tumors or controls. In animals with MLL-tumors, BrdU-labeling in prostate, lungs, brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscles increased in a tumor-size-dependent way. Furthermore, MLL-tumors induced increased signs of DNA damage (γH2AX staining) and accumulation of CD68 + macrophages in the lungs. In conclusion, small localized prostate cancers increased DNA synthesis in several remote tissues in a tumor type- and size-dependent way. This may suggest the possibility for early diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer by examining tumor-induced effects in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Halin Bergström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Building 6M, second floor, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Marie Lundholm
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Building 6M, second floor, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordstrand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Building 6M, second floor, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Building 6M, second floor, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Pungsrinont T, Kallenbach J, Baniahmad A. Role of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway as a Pro-Survival Signaling and Resistance-Mediating Mechanism to Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11088. [PMID: 34681745 PMCID: PMC8538152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy are the gold standard options for treating prostate cancer (PCa). These are initially effective, as localized and the early stage of metastatic disease are androgen- and castration-sensitive. The tumor strongly relies on systemic/circulating androgens for activating AR signaling to stimulate growth and progression. However, after a certain point, the tumor will eventually develop a resistant stage, where ADT and AR antagonists are no longer effective. Mechanistically, it seems that the tumor becomes more aggressive through adaptive responses, relies more on alternative activated pathways, and is less dependent on AR signaling. This includes hyperactivation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, which is a central signal that regulates cell pro-survival/anti-apoptotic pathways, thus, compensating the blockade of AR signaling. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is well-documented for its crosstalk between genomic and non-genomic AR signaling, as well as other signaling cascades. Such a reciprocal feedback loop makes it more complicated to target individual factor/signaling for treating PCa. Here, we highlight the role of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling as a resistance mechanism for PCa therapy and illustrate the transition of prostate tumor from AR signaling-dependent to PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-dependent. Moreover, therapeutic strategies with inhibitors targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal used in clinic and ongoing clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (T.P.); (J.K.)
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3
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Huang YK, Su YF, Lieu AS, Loh JK, Li CY, Wu CH, Kuo KL, Lin CL. MiR-1271 regulates glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by directly targeting the CAMKK2 gene. Neurosci Lett 2020; 737:135289. [PMID: 32791096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the regulatory role of microRNA-1271 (miR-1271) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) proliferation and invasion via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKK2). MiR-1271 and CaMKK2 expression were quantified in normal human astrocyte cells, GBM cell lines, and low- and high-grade glioma tissues. MKI67 expression in GBM cells was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The target relationship between miR-1271 and the CAMKK2 gene was confirmed using the luciferase reporter assay. MTT and Transwell assays were used to analyze the role of miR-1271 and CAMKK2 in cell proliferation and invasion. Finally, CaMKK2 expression and AKT phosphorylation were detected by western blotting. MiR-1271 was significantly downregulated in high-grade glioma tissues and GBM cell lines. Conversely, CAMKK2 mRNA expression was upregulated in high-grade glioma tissues and GBM cell lines. We observed that miR-1271 directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of CAMKK2, indicating an inverse relationship with miR-1271. Overexpressing miR-1271 inhibited GBM cell proliferation and invasion, whereas inhibiting miR-1271 increased cell proliferation and invasion. Silencing CAMKK2 expression also inhibited GBM cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, overexpressing miR-1271 inhibited AKT phosphorylation and MKI67 mRNA expression by targeting CAMKK2. These results indicate that miR-1271 regulates GBM cell proliferation and invasion, and that these effects involve directly targeting the CAMKK2 gene. Therefore, miR-1271 may serve as a new therapeutic target for developing GBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Feng Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shung Lieu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Liang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Histone Demethylase KDM4C Stimulates the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells via Activation of AKT and c-Myc. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111785. [PMID: 31766290 PMCID: PMC6896035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Our three-dimensional organotypic culture revealed that human histone demethylase (KDM) 4C, a histone lysine demethylase, hindered the acini morphogenesis of RWPE-1 prostate cells, suggesting its potential oncogenic role. Knockdown (KD) of KDM4C suppressed cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation, and androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity in PCa cells as well as reduced tumor growth of human PCa cells in zebrafish xenotransplantation assay. Micro-Western array (MWA) analysis indicated that KD of KDM4C protein decreased the phosphorylation of AKT, c-Myc, AR, mTOR, PDK1, phospho-PDK1 S241, KDM8, and proteins involved in cell cycle regulators, while it increased the expression of PTEN. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that KDM4C co-localized with AR and c-Myc in the nuclei of PCa cells. Overexpression of either AKT or c-Myc rescued the suppressive effect of KDM4C KD on PCa cell proliferation. Echoing the above findings, the mRNA and protein expression of KDM4C was higher in human prostate tumor tissues as compared to adjacent normal prostate tissues, and higher KDM4C protein expression in prostate tumors correlated to higher protein expression level of AKT and c-Myc. In conclusion, KDM4C promotes the proliferation of PCa cells via activation of c-Myc and AKT.
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Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Chow MJ, Xu H, Major P, Tang D. Assessment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1194-1212. [PMID: 31638194 PMCID: PMC6831208 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) is critical in the management of males with prostate cancer (PC). Over the past decades, a comprehensive effort has been focusing on improving risk stratification; a variety of models have been constructed using PC-associated pathological features and molecular alterations occurring at the genome, protein and RNA level. Alterations in RNA expression (lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA) constitute the largest proportion of the biomarkers of BCR. In this article, we systemically review RNA-based BCR biomarkers reported in PubMed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Individual miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and multi-gene panels, including the commercially available signatures, Oncotype DX and Prolaris, will be discussed; details related to cohort size, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals will be provided. Mechanistically, these individual biomarkers affect multiple pathways critical to tumorigenesis and progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Wnt, growth factor receptor, cell proliferation, immune checkpoints and others. This variety in the mechanisms involved not only validates their associations with BCR, but also highlights the need for the coverage of multiple pathways in order to effectively stratify the risk of BCR. Updates of novel biomarkers and their mechanistic insights are considered, which suggests new avenues to pursue in the prediction of BCR. Additionally, the management of patients with BCR and the potential utility of the stratification of the risk of BCR in salvage treatment decision making for these patients are briefly covered. Limitations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilda Jing Chow
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Wang H, Lv YJ, Xu WH, Pang WF, Zhao YY, Yang N, Wang ZP, Lu L, Liu Y, Zhang SY, Yuan XL. The correlation of ESCO1 expression with a prognosis of prostate cancer and anti-tumor effect of ESCO1 silencing. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:950-961. [PMID: 35116834 PMCID: PMC8798848 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.05.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently, it has been reported that establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 1 (ESCO1) is involved in tumorigenesis. However, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. In the present study, the association between ESCO1 expression and the prognosis of prostate cancer was investigated, and the potential molecular mechanisms underlying its actions in tumor progression were also examined. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect the expression of ESCO1 in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), human prostate cancer, and metastasis tissue samples, and the association between the establishment of ESCO1 expression and the prognosis of prostate cancer was investigated. The effect of ESCO1 expression on the viability, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells in vitro was analyzed, along with the effect of ESCO1 silencing on the growth of prostate tumors in vivo. Results The results demonstrated an increase in the expression of ESCO1 in prostate cancer tissue when compared with BPH, and it was significantly associated with tumor malignancy and poor patient survival. Additionally, knockdown of ESCO1 significantly inhibited the viability and migration of prostate cancer cell. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of ESCO1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Pathway analysis identified that the silencing of ESCO1 significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that ESCO1 plays a vital role in the progression of human prostate cancer; furthermore, ESCO1 may potentially serve as a prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan-Ju Lv
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei-Feng Pang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Ying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xue-Li Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.,Department of Urology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.,Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
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Lucarelli G, Loizzo D, Ferro M, Rutigliano M, Vartolomei MD, Cantiello F, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Terracciano D, De Cobelli O, Bettocchi C, Ditonno P, Battaglia M. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: an update. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:377-387. [PMID: 30957583 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1604223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An altered metabolic regulation is involved in the development and progression of different cancer types. As well as this, many genes associated with tumors are shown to have an important role in control of the metabolism. The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increased in men with metabolic disorders. In particular, obesity is an established risk factor for PCa. An increased body mass index correlates with aggressive disease, and a higher risk of biochemical recurrence and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Increased lipogenesis is also one of the most significant events in PCa metabolism reprogramming. Areas covered: In this article, we provide an updated review of the current understanding of the PCa metabolome and evaluate the possibility of unveiling novel therapeutic targets. Expert opinion: Obesity is an established risk factor for PCa, and an increased BMI correlates with aggressive disease, and a higher risk of biochemical recurrence and prostate cancer-specific mortality. PCa metabolome is characterized by the accumulation of metabolic intermediates and an increased expression of genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the induction of de novo lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. PCa cells can induce different alterations in their microenvironment by modulating the crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Davide Loizzo
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- b Division of Urology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Mihai Dorin Vartolomei
- c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tirgu Mures , Romania
| | - Francesco Cantiello
- d Department of Urology , Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- e Medical Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University Federico II of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- e Medical Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University Federico II of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- f Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Carlo Bettocchi
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- a Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
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Adamo H, Hammarsten P, Hägglöf C, Dahl Scherdin T, Egevad L, Stattin P, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Prostate cancer induces C/EBPβ expression in surrounding epithelial cells which relates to tumor aggressiveness and patient outcome. Prostate 2019; 79:435-445. [PMID: 30536410 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation of rat prostate cancer cells into the normal rat prostate results in tumor-stimulating adaptations in the tumor-bearing organ. Similar changes are seen in prostate cancer patients and they are related to outcome. One gene previously found to be upregulated in the non-malignant part of tumor-bearing prostate lobe in rats was the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ). METHODS To explore this further, we examined C/EBPβ expression by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot in normal rat prostate tissue surrounding slow-growing non-metastatic Dunning G, rapidly growing poorly metastatic (AT-1), and rapidly growing highly metastatic (MatLyLu) rat prostate tumors-and also by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) from prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. RESULTS In rats, C/EBPβ mRNA expression was upregulated in the surrounding tumor-bearing prostate lobe. In tumors and in the surrounding non-malignant prostate tissue, C/EBPβ was detected by immunohistochemistry in some epithelial cells and in infiltrating macrophages. The magnitude of glandular epithelial C/EBPβ expression in the tumor-bearing prostates was associated with tumor size, distance to the tumor, and metastatic capacity. In prostate cancer patients, high expression of C/EBPβ in glandular epithelial cells in the surrounding tumor-bearing tissue was associated with accumulation of M1 macrophages (iNOS+) and favorable outcome. High expression of C/EBPβ in tumor epithelial cells was associated with high Gleason score, high tumor cell proliferation, metastases, and poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS This study suggest that the expression of C/EBP-beta, a transcription factor mediating multiple biological effects, is differentially expressed both in the benign parts of the tumor-bearing prostate and in prostate tumors, and that alterations in this may be related to patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Hägglöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tove Dahl Scherdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Hammarsten P, Josefsson A, Thysell E, Lundholm M, Hägglöf C, Iglesias-Gato D, Flores-Morales A, Stattin P, Egevad L, Granfors T, Wikström P, Bergh A. Immunoreactivity for prostate specific antigen and Ki67 differentiates subgroups of prostate cancer related to outcome. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1310-1319. [PMID: 30980038 PMCID: PMC6760646 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on gene-expression profiles, prostate tumors can be subdivided into subtypes with different aggressiveness and response to treatment. We investigated if similar clinically relevant subgroups can be identified simply by the combination of two immunohistochemistry markers: one for tumor cell differentiation (prostate specific antigen, PSA) and one for proliferation (Ki67). This was analyzed in men with prostate cancer diagnosed at transurethral resection of the prostate 1975-1991 (n = 331) where the majority was managed by watchful waiting. Ki67 and PSA immunoreactivity was related to outcome and to tumor characteristics previously associated with prognosis. Increased Ki67 and decreased PSA were associated with poor outcome, and they provided independent prognostic information from Gleason score. A combinatory score for PSA and Ki67 immunoreactivity was produced using the median PSA and Ki67 levels as cut-off (for Ki67 the upper quartile was also evaluated) for differentiation into subgroups. Patients with PSA low/Ki67 high tumors showed higher Gleason score, more advanced tumor stage, and higher risk of prostate cancer death compared to other patients. Their tumor epithelial cells were often ERG positive and expressed higher levels of ErbB2, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGF-R) and protein kinase B (pAkt), and their tumor stroma showed a reactive response with type 2 macrophage infiltration, high density of blood vessels and hyaluronic acid, and with reduced levels of caveolin-1, androgen receptors, and mast cells. In contrast, men with PSA high/Ki67 low tumors were characterized by low Gleason score, and the most favorable outcome amongst PSA/Ki67-defined subgroups. Men with PSA low/Ki67 low tumors showed clinical and tumor characteristics intermediate of the two groups above. A combinatory PSA/Ki67 immunoreactivity score identifies subgroups of prostate cancers with different epithelial and stroma phenotypes and highly different outcome but the clinical usefulness of this approach needs to be validated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Josefsson
- 0000 0000 9919 9582grid.8761.8Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Thysell
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie Lundholm
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Hägglöf
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diego Iglesias-Gato
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amilcar Flores-Morales
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pär Stattin
- 0000 0004 1936 9457grid.8993.bDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cDepartment of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torvald Granfors
- 0000 0004 0584 1036grid.413653.6Department of Urology, Central Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Departments of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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10
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Talesa VN, Ferri I, Bellezza G, Love HD, Sidoni A, Antognelli C. Glyoxalase 2 Is Involved in Human Prostate Cancer Progression as Part of a Mechanism Driven By PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling With Involvement of PKM2 and ERα. Prostate 2017; 77:196-210. [PMID: 27696457 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyoxalase 2 (Glo2), together with glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), forms the main scavenging system of methylglyoxal, a potent pro-apoptotic agent mainly generated by glycolysis. An increased rate of glycolysis is a well known signature of cancer cells. As a survival strategy, Glo1 is overexpressed in many human malignant cells, including prostate cancer (PCa), where it plays a crucial role in progression. No information is available on the role of Glo2 in the same ambit. PCa is the most common malignancy affecting men in the western world. Progression to a lethal hormone-refractory PCa represents the major concern in this pathology. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa invasiveness and metastasis is urgently needed in order to develop novel therapeutic targets for this incurable state of the malignancy. METHODS Glo2 and Glo1 expression was examined in clinical samples of PCa by immunohistochemistry and in different PCa cell models by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene silencing/overexpression and scavenging/inhibitory agents were used for functional analyses. RESULTS We demonstrated that Glo2, together with Glo1, represents a novel mechanism in PCa progression as part of a pathway driven by PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling with involvement of PKM2 and ERα. Importantly, Glo1/Glo2 silencing did not alter the behavior of benign cells. CONCLUSIONS Targeting glyoxalases metabolic pathway may represent a strategy to selectively inhibit advanced PCa. Prostate 77:196-210, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo N Talesa
- Division of Biosciences and Medical Embryology, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Harold D Love
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Division of Biosciences and Medical Embryology, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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11
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Hammarsten P, Dahl Scherdin T, Hägglöf C, Andersson P, Wikström P, Stattin P, Egevad L, Granfors T, Bergh A. High Caveolin-1 Expression in Tumor Stroma Is Associated with a Favourable Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patients Managed by Watchful Waiting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164016. [PMID: 27764093 PMCID: PMC5072718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated whether Caveolin-1 expression in non-malignant and malignant prostate tissue is a potential prognostic marker for outcome in prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. Caveolin-1 was measured in prostate tissues obtained through transurethral resection of the prostate from 395 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. The majority of the patients (n = 298) were followed by watchful waiting after diagnosis. Tissue microarrays constructed from malignant and non-malignant prostate tissue were stained with an antibody against Caveolin-1. The staining pattern was scored and related to clinicopathologic parameters and outcome. Microdissection and qRT-PCR analysis of Cav-1 was done of the prostate stroma from non-malignant tissue and stroma from Gleason 3 and 4 tumors. Cav-1 RNA expression was highest in non-malignant tissue and decreased during cancer progression. High expression of Caveolin-1 in tumor stroma was associated with significantly longer cancer specific survival in prostate cancer patients. This association remained significant when Gleason score and local tumor stage were combined with Caveolin-1 in a Cox regression model. High stromal Caveolin-1 immunoreactivity in prostate tumors is associated with a favourable prognosis in prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. Caveolin-1 could possibly become a useful prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients that are potential candidates for active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Tove Dahl Scherdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Hägglöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Andersson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Lin HP, Lin CY, Huo C, Jan YJ, Tseng JC, Jiang SS, Kuo YY, Chen SC, Wang CT, Chan TM, Liou JY, Wang J, Chang WSW, Chang CH, Kung HJ, Chuu CP. AKT3 promotes prostate cancer proliferation cells through regulation of Akt, B-Raf, and TSC1/TSC2. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27097-112. [PMID: 26318033 PMCID: PMC4694976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The qRT-PCR analysis of 139 clinical samples and analysis of 150 on-line database clinical samples indicated that AKT3 mRNA expression level was elevated in primary prostate tumors. Immunohistochemical staining of 65 clinical samples revealed that AKT3 protein expression was higher in prostate tumors of stage I, II, III as compared to nearby normal tissues. Plasmid overexpression of AKT3 promoted cell proliferation of LNCaP, PC-3, DU-145, and CA-HPV-10 human prostate cancer (PCa) cells, while knockdown of AKT3 by siRNA reduced cell proliferation. Overexpression of AKT3 increased the protein expression of total AKT, phospho-AKT S473, phospho-AKT T308, B-Raf, c-Myc, Skp2, cyclin E, GSK3β, phospho-GSK3β S9, phospho-mTOR S2448, and phospho-p70S6K T421/S424, but decreased TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis 1) and TSC2 (tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2) proteins in PC-3 PCa cells. Overexpression of AKT3 also increased protein abundance of phospho-AKT S473, phospho-AKT T308, and B-Raf but decreased expression of TSC1 and TSC2 proteins in LNCaP, DU-145, and CA-HPV-10 PCa cells. Oncomine datasets analysis suggested that AKT3 mRNA level was positively correlated to BRAF. Knockdown of AKT3 in DU-145 cells with siRNA increased the sensitivity of DU-145 cells to B-Raf inhibitor treatment. Knockdown of TSC1 or TSC2 promoted the proliferation of PCa cells. Our observations implied that AKT3 may be a potential therapeutic target for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Huo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Medical College of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Chang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Wang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Chan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - John Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ho Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Ph.D. program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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13
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6684-707. [PMID: 25788262 PMCID: PMC4466643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients receiving the androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 1–3 years. Treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppressed cell survival and proliferation via induction of G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest in LNCaP 104-R1, DU-145, 22Rv1, and C4–2 CRPC cells. CAPE treatment also inhibited soft agar colony formation and retarded nude mice xenograft growth of LNCaP 104-R1 cells. We identified that CAPE treatment significantly reduced protein abundance of Skp2, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk7, Rb, phospho-Rb S807/811, cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin H, E2F1, c-Myc, SGK, phospho-p70S6kinase T421/S424, phospho-mTOR Ser2481, phospho-GSK3α Ser21, but induced p21Cip1, p27Kip1, ATF4, cyclin E, p53, TRIB3, phospho-p53 (Ser6, Ser33, Ser46, Ser392), phospho-p38 MAPK Thr180/Tyr182, Chk1, Chk2, phospho-ATM S1981, phospho-ATR S428, and phospho-p90RSK Ser380. CAPE treatment decreased Skp2 and Akt1 protein expression in LNCaP 104-R1 tumors as compared to control group. Overexpression of Skp2, or siRNA knockdown of p21Cip1, p27Kip1, or p53 blocked suppressive effect of CAPE treatment. Co-treatment of CAPE with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT737 showed synergistic suppressive effects. Our finding suggested that CAPE treatment induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in CRPC cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1.
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14
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Adamo HH, Strömvall K, Nilsson M, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Adaptive (TINT) Changes in the Tumor Bearing Organ Are Related to Prostate Tumor Size and Aggressiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141601. [PMID: 26536349 PMCID: PMC4633147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to grow, tumors need to induce supportive alterations in the tumor-bearing organ, by us named tumor instructed normal tissue (TINT) changes. We now examined if the nature and magnitude of these responses were related to tumor size and aggressiveness. Three different Dunning rat prostate tumor cells were implanted into the prostate of immune-competent rats; 1) fast growing and metastatic MatLyLu tumor cells 2) fast growing and poorly metastatic AT-1 tumor cells, and 3) slow growing and non-metastatic G tumor cells. All tumor types induced increases in macrophage, mast cell and vascular densities and in vascular cell-proliferation in the tumor-bearing prostate lobe compared to controls. These increases occurred in parallel with tumor growth. The most pronounced and rapid responses were seen in the prostate tissue surrounding MatLyLu tumors. They were, also when small, particularly effective in attracting macrophages and stimulating growth of not only micro-vessels but also small arteries and veins compared to the less aggressive AT-1 and G tumors. The nature and magnitude of tumor-induced changes in the tumor-bearing organ are related to tumor size but also to tumor aggressiveness. These findings, supported by previous observation in patient samples, suggest that one additional way to evaluate prostate tumor aggressiveness could be to monitor its effect on adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Hani Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Strömvall
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhang TY, Yang JL, Huo BJ. Effect of overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α induced by hyperoxia in vivo in LNCaP tumors on tumor growth rate. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:813-20. [PMID: 26522296 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study effect of overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α induced by hyperoxia in vivo in LNCaP tumors on tumor growth rate. METHODS The prostate cancer LNCaP cells were inoculated in the abdomen of mice. All the mice were randomly placed in the gas chamber with different oxygen content. The groups were divided as follows: twelve mice in hypoxia group, sixteen mice in normoxia group, ten mice in hyperoxia group. After 28 d of treatment, the mice were weighed, the blood samples were taken from the left ventricle, and the tumor was isolated and weighed. Tumor growth, angiogenesis and vascularization, HIF-1α expression and intracellular signal transduction molecules expression in each group of xenografts were detected and analyzed by using Western blotting and immunofluorescence and determination of hemoglobin. RESULTS Comparison of the growth of xenografts in each group showed that, the xenografts growth of hypoxia group was more quickly than that of normoxia group. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). The difference in xenografts growth between hyperoxia group compared and normoxia group was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF and VEGF-R of xenografts in hyperoxia group were significantly higher than those of normoxia group (P < 0.05). The expression of HIF-1α of xenografts in hypoxia group and normoxia group were similar. The blood growth rate of xenografts in hypoxia group (170%) was significantly higher than that of normoxia group (40%) (P < 0.05). The expression of Nrf2 of xenografts in hyperoxia group was significantly higher than that of normoxia group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS When hyperoxia induces the overexpression of HIF-1α in LNCaP tumor, it will not affect tumor growth. It provides a new ideas and theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 4th Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Juan-Li Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Rehabilitation, The 4th Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050011, China.
| | - Bing-Jie Huo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The 4th Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050011, China
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16
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High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140985. [PMID: 26501565 PMCID: PMC4621025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. In radical prostatectomy specimens, LOX immune-staining corresponded to LOX in-situ hybridization and LOX mRNA levels were found to be similar between tumor and adjacent non-malignant areas, but significantly increased in bone metastases samples. LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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17
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Improving chemoradiation efficacy by PI3-K/AKT inhibition. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:1182-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Hammarsten P, Winther J, Rudolfsson SH, Häggström J, Karalija A, Egevad L, Granfors T, Fowler CJ. ErbB2 receptor immunoreactivity in prostate cancer: relationship to the androgen receptor, disease severity at diagnosis and disease outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105063. [PMID: 25215939 PMCID: PMC4162542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ErbB2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family of tyrosine kinases that is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and several studies have reported that a high expression of this protein has prognostic value. In the present study, we have investigated whether tumour ErbB2 immunoreactivity (ErbB2-IR) has clinically useful prognostic value, i.e. that it provides additional prognostic information to that provided by routine clinical tests (Gleason score, tumour stage). Methodology/Principal Findings ErbB2-IR was measured in a well-characterised tissue microarray of tumour and non-malignant samples obtained at diagnosis. Additionally, mRNA levels of ErbB2-IR in the prostate were determined in the rat following manipulation of circulating androgen levels. Tumour ErbB2-IR was significantly associated with the downstream signalling molecule phosphorylated-Akt and with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67. The significant association of tumour ErbB2-IR with the Gleason score at diagnosis was lost when controlled for the association of both parameters with Ki-67. In the rat prostate, mRNA for ErbB2 was inversely associated with circulating androgen levels. There was no association between ErbB2-IR and the androgen receptor (AR)-IR in the tumours, but an interaction between the two parameters was seen with respect to their association with the tumour stage. Tumour ErbB2-IR was confirmed to be a prognostic marker for disease-specific survival, but it did not provide significant additive information to the Gleason score or to Ki-67. Conclusions/Significance It is concluded that tumour ErbB2-IR is of limited clinical value as a prognostic marker to aid treatment decisions, but could be of pathophysiological importance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Winther
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina H. Rudolfsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggström
- Umeå School of Business and Economics, Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amar Karalija
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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19
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Toren P, Zoubeidi A. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1793-801. [PMID: 25120209 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway is an actively pursued therapeutic target in oncology. In prostate cancer, the activation of this pathway appears to be characteristic of many aggressive prostate cancers. Further, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is more frequently observed as prostate cancer progresses toward a resistant, metastatic disease. Signalling from this pathway activates numerous survival, growth, metabolic and metastatic functions characteristic of aggressive cancer. Biomarkers of this pathway have correlated activation of this pathway to high grade disease and higher risk of disease progression. Therefore there is significant interest in developing effective strategies to target this pathway in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data relevant to targeting of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer. In particular, we review the rationale and relevance of co-targeting approaches against the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is anticipated that through an improved understanding of the biology of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer, relevant biomarkers and rationale combination therapies will optimize targeting of this pathway to improve outcomes among patients with aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Toren
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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20
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Paroni R, Terraneo L, Bonomini F, Finati E, Virgili E, Bianciardi P, Favero G, Fraschini F, Reiter RJ, Rezzani R, Samaja M. Antitumour activity of melatonin in a mouse model of human prostate cancer: relationship with hypoxia signalling. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:43-52. [PMID: 24786921 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is known to exert antitumour activity in several types of human cancers, but the underlying mechanisms as well as the efficacy of different doses of melatonin are not well defined. Here, we test the hypothesis whether melatonin in the nanomolar range is effective in exerting antitumour activity in vivo and examine the correlation with the hypoxia signalling mechanism, which may be a major molecular mechanism by which melatonin antagonizes cancer. To test this hypothesis, LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were xenografted into seven-wk-old Foxn1nu/nu male mice that were treated with melatonin (18 i.p. injections of 1 mg/kg in 41 days). Saline-treated mice served as control. We found that the melatonin levels in plasma and xenografted tissue were 4× and 60× higher, respectively, than in control samples. Melatonin tended to restore the redox imbalance by increasing expression of Nrf2. As part of the phenotypic response to these perturbations, xenograft microvessel density was less in melatonin-treated animals, indicative of lower angiogenesis, and the xenograft growth rate was slower (P < 0.0001). These changes were accompanied by a reduced expression of Ki67, elevated expression of HIF-1α and increased phosphorylation of Akt in melatonin than saline-treated mice. We conclude that the beneficial effect of melatonin in reducing cancer growth in vivo was evident at melatonin plasma levels as low as 4 nm and was associated with decreased angiogenesis. Higher HIF-1α expression in xenograft tissue indicates that the antitumour effect cannot be due to a postulated antihypoxic effect, but may stem from lower angiogenesis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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21
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Wong N, Yan J, Ojo D, De Melo J, Cutz JC, Tang D. Changes in PKM2 associate with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:330-8. [PMID: 24884829 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.919306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is essential for aerobic glycolysis, the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells. To determine the association of PKM2 with prostate cancer (PC), we examined 29 primary PC and three lymph node metastatic tumors; elevation of PKM2 was observed in Gleason 8-10 tumors compared to Gleason 6-7 carcinomas. High PKM2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in more aggressive xenograft tumors derived from PC stem-like cells (PCSCs) compared to those produced from non-PCSCs. While PCSCs and non-PCSCs expressed comparable levels of PKM2, distinct posttranslational modifications were observed. Collectively, upregulation and specific modification to PKM2 associate with PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University,1
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22
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Tidehag V, Hammarsten P, Egevad L, Granfors T, Stattin P, Leanderson T, Wikström P, Josefsson A, Hägglöf C, Bergh A. High density of S100A9 positive inflammatory cells in prostate cancer stroma is associated with poor outcome. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1829-1835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.03.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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In vivo hyperoxia induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α overexpression in LNCaP tumors without affecting the tumor growth rate. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:65-74. [PMID: 24704415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a recognized cause for solid tumors malignancy and resistance, probably via hypoxia-induced overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, major modulator of the cell response to oxygen deprivation. Although hyperoxia, the opposite condition, may represent a key issue to assess this paradigm, its effect on tumor growth and HIF-1α expression remains unclear. To test whether hyperoxia and hypoxia have divergent effects, and to better focus into the role of HIF-1α in vivo, athymic mice xenografted with LNCaP cells were exposed for 28 days to atmospheres containing 10, 21 or 30% O2. Whereas the xenografts grew twice faster in hypoxia, their growth rates in hyperoxia and normoxia were similar. To analyze the involved molecular mechanisms, we performed various assays in xenograft tissues. Faster xenografts growth in hypoxia was associated with higher phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and higher expression of Ki67, both related with pro-survival and cell proliferation pathways. By contrast, the expression level of HIF-1α was similar in normoxia and hypoxia, but paradoxically twice higher in hyperoxia. The protein level of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) was also higher in hyperoxia, suggesting marked cell response to redox imbalance. Whereas both the vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGF-R2 were overexpressed in hyperoxia, the tissue hemoglobin content was not increased, despite a slight reduction in vascularization. As a whole, this data indicates that the xenografts growth rate was independent of HIF-1α expression level, suggesting that in an in vivo setting alternative more effective proliferative paths associated with the cell response to the redox imbalance may override the paths linked to HIF-1α signaling.
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24
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Zangari M, Berno T, Yang Y, Zeng M, Xu H, Pappas L, Tricot G, Kamalakar A, Yoon D, Suva LJ. Parathyroid hormone receptor mediates the anti-myeloma effect of proteasome inhibitors. Bone 2014; 61:39-43. [PMID: 24389365 PMCID: PMC3967551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinically significant serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) variations have been reported in multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with proteasome inhibitors. To elucidate the association between serum PTH variations and proteasome inhibition in MM, the effect of PTH and PTHR1 ligands on the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib in vitro and in vivo was determined. The MM cell lines ARP1, OC1 and 5TGM1 expressed mRNA and protein encoding PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1). Treatment of 5TGM1 cells with either PTH(1-34), bortezomib or carfilzomib alone dose-dependently inhibited 5TGM1 cell proliferation. However, treatment with the potent PTHR1 antagonist [TYR34]PTH(7-34) (PTH(7-34)) had no significant effect on myeloma cell proliferation and cell viability. In contrast, when used in combination with bortezomib or carfilzomib, PTH(7-34) treatment significantly reduced the bortezomib or carfilzomib-associated decrease in cell proliferation. Treatment of the C57BL/KaLwRij mouse myeloma model with either bortezomib or carfilzomib provided a significantly prolonged survival benefit compared to controls (p=0.04; p=0.01 respectfully). This potent anti-myeloma effect was completely abrogated by concomitant treatment with PTH(7-34). These results suggest an important role of the PTHR1 in the anti-myeloma effect of proteosome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ye Yang
- University of Utah, Myeloma Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Ming Zeng
- University of Utah, Myeloma Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hongwei Xu
- University of Utah, Myeloma Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Lisa Pappas
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Guido Tricot
- University of Utah, Myeloma Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Archana Kamalakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Donghoon Yoon
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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TMPRSS2-ERG expression predicts prostate cancer survival and associates with stromal biomarkers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86824. [PMID: 24505269 PMCID: PMC3914792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is found in approximately half of all prostate cancers. The functional and prognostic significance of TMPRSS2-ERG is, however, not fully understood. Based on a historical watchful waiting cohort, an association between TMPRSS2-ERG, evaluated as positive immune staining, and shorter survival of prostate cancer patients was identified. Expression of ERG was also associated with clinical markers such as advanced tumor stage, high Gleason score, presence of metastasis and prognostic tumor cell markers such as high Ki67, pEGFR and pAkt. Novel associations between TMPRSS2-ERG and alterations in the tumor stroma, for example, increased vascular density, hyaluronan and PDGFRβ and decreased Caveolin-1, all known to be associated with an aggressive disease, were found. The present study suggests that the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene is associated with a more aggressive prostate cancer phenotype, supported by changes in the tumor stroma.
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26
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Chaiyasit K, Wiwanitkit V. Prostate specific antigen change after administration of nimotuzumab in prostate cancer. South Asian J Cancer 2014; 2:125. [PMID: 24455582 PMCID: PMC3892532 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamon Chaiyasit
- Nutritional Clinic, Maefahlaung University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Lin HP, Lin CY, Hsiao PH, Wang HD, Sheng Jiang S, Hsu JM, Jim WT, Chen M, Kung HJ, Chuu CP. Difference in protein expression profile and chemotherapy drugs response of different progression stages of LNCaP sublines and other human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82625. [PMID: 24349321 PMCID: PMC3857776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen ablation therapy is the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. However, 80-90% of the patients who receive androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent tumors in 12-33 months after treatment with a median overall survival time of 1-2 years after relapse. LNCaP is a commonly used cell line established from a human lymph node metastatic lesion of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We previously established two relapsed androgen receptor (AR)-rich androgen-independent LNCaP sublines 104-R1 (androgen depleted for 12 months) and 104-R2 cells (androgen depleted for 24 months) from AR-positive androgen-dependent LNCaP 104-S cells. LNCaP 104-R1 and 104-R2 mimics the AR-positive hormone-refractory relapsed tumors in patients receiving androgen ablation therapy. Androgen treatment stimulates proliferation of 104-S cells, but causes growth inhibition and G1 cell cycle arrest in 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells. We investigated the protein expression profile difference between LNCaP 104-S vs. LNCaP 104-R1, 104-R2, PC-3, and DU-145 cells as well as examined the sensitivity of these prostate cancer cells to different chemotherapy drugs and small molecule inhibitors. Compared to 104-S cells, 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells express higher protein levels of AR, PSA, c-Myc, Skp2, BCL-2, P53, p-MDM2 S166, Rb, and p-Rb S807/811. The 104-R1 and 104-R2 cells express higher ratio of p-Akt S473/Akt, p-EGFR/EGFR, and p-Src/Src, but lower ratio of p-ERK/ERK than 104-S cells. PC-3 and DU-145 cells express higher c-Myc, Skp2, Akt, Akt1, and phospho-EGFR but less phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK. Overexpression of Skp2 increased resistance of LNCaP cells to chemotherapy drugs. Paclitaxel, androgen, and inhibitors for PI3K/Akt, EGFR, Src, or Bcl-2 seem to be potential choices for treatment of advanced prostate cancers. Our study provides rationale for targeting Akt, EGFR, Src, Bcl-2, and AR signaling as a treatment for AR-positive relapsed prostate tumors after hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsuan Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ming Hsu
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Tim Jim
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Al-Husein B, Goc A, Somanath PR. Suppression of interactions between prostate tumor cell-surface integrin and endothelial ICAM-1 by simvastatin inhibits micrometastasis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2139-48. [PMID: 23559257 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer micrometastasis relies on the ability of cancer cells to secrete angiogenic modulators, to interact with the vascular endothelium, and to overcome the resistance offered by the endothelial-barrier. Being an essential step prior to metastasis, blockage of micrometastasis can have potential applications in cancer therapy and metastasis prevention. Due to poorly known molecular mechanisms leading to micrometastasis, developing therapeutic strategies to target prostate cancer utilizing drugs that block micrometastasis is far from reality. Here, we demonstrate the potential benefits of simvastatin in the inhibition of prostate cancer micrometastasis and reveal the novel molecular mechanisms underlying this process. First, we showed that simvastatin inhibited the ability of human PC3 prostate cancer cells for transendothelial migration in vitro. Second, our data indicated that simvastatin modulates the expression of tumor-derived factors such as angiopoietins and VEGF-A at the mRNA and protein levels by the PC3 cells, thus preventing endothelial-barrier disruption. Third, simvastatin directly activated endothelial cells and enhances endothelial-barrier resistance. Apart from this, our study revealed that simvastatin-mediated effect on PC3 micrometastasis was mediated through inhibition of integrin αv β3 activity and suppression of interaction between prostate cancer cell integrin αv β3 with endothelial ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Al-Husein
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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29
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Vitamin k2, a naturally occurring menaquinone, exerts therapeutic effects on both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:287358. [PMID: 24062781 PMCID: PMC3767046 DOI: 10.1155/2013/287358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown that vitamin k2 (VK2) has anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cells. The antitumor effects of VK2 in prostate cancer are currently not known. In the present study, we sought to characterize the anticancer potential of VK2 in both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. Our investigations show that VK2 is able to suppress viability of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via caspase-3 and -8 dependent apoptosis. We also show that VK2 treatment reduces androgen receptor expression and PSA secretion in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Our results also implicate VK2 as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, as several inflammatory genes are downregulated in prostate cancer cells following treatment with VK2. Additionally, AKT and NF-kB levels in prostate cancer cells are reduced significantly when treated with VK2. These findings correlated with the results of the Boyden chamber and angiogenesis assay, as VK2 treatment reduced cell migration and angiogenesis potential of prostate cancer cells. Finally, in a nude mice model, VK2 administration resulted in significant inhibition of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent tumor growth. Overall, our results suggest that VK2 may be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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30
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Cipriano M, Häggström J, Hammarsten P, Fowler CJ. Association between cannabinoid CB₁ receptor expression and Akt signalling in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65798. [PMID: 23755281 PMCID: PMC3673925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In prostate cancer, tumour expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors is associated with a poor prognosis. One explanation for this association comes from experiments with transfected astrocytoma cells, where a high CB receptor expression recruits the Akt signalling survival pathway. In the present study, we have investigated the association between CB1 receptor expression and the Akt pathway in a well-characterised prostate cancer tissue microarray. Methodology/Principal Findings Phosphorylated Akt immunoreactivity (pAkt-IR) scores were available in the database. CB1 receptor immunoreactivity (CB1IR) was rescored from previously published data using the same scale as pAkt-IR. There was a highly significant correlation between CB1IR and pAkt-IR. Further, cases with high expression levels of both biomarkers were much more likely to have a more severe form of the disease at diagnosis than those with low expression levels. The two biomarkers had additive effects, rather than an interaction, upon disease-specific survival. Conclusions/Significance The present study provides data that is consistent with the hypothesis that at a high CB1 receptor expression, the Akt signalling pathway becomes operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Cipriano
- Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggström
- Umeå School of Business and Economics, Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Pathology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christopher J. Fowler
- Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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31
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Lin HP, Lin CY, Liu CC, Su LC, Huo C, Kuo YY, Tseng JC, Hsu JM, Chen CK, Chuu CP. Caffeic Acid phenethyl ester as a potential treatment for advanced prostate cancer targeting akt signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5264-83. [PMID: 23466879 PMCID: PMC3634405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the fifth most common cancer overall in the world. Androgen ablation therapy is the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. However, most prostate cancer patients receiving the androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent castration-resistant tumors within 1–3 years after treatment. The median overall survival time is 1–2 years after tumor relapse. Chemotherapy shows little effect on prolonging survival for patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. More than 80% of prostate tumors acquire mutation or deletion of tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of PI3K/Akt signaling, indicating that inhibition of PI3K/Akt might be a potential therapy for advanced prostate tumors. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a strong antioxidant extracted from honeybee hive propolis. CAPE is a well-known NF-κB inhibitor. CAPE has been used in folk medicine as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Recent studies indicate that CAPE treatment suppresses tumor growth and Akt signaling in human prostate cancer cells. We discuss the potential of using CAPE as a treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer targeting Akt signaling pathway in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 10449, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Cheng Su
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Huo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ming Hsu
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 10449, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 10449, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-P.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (L.-C.S.); (C.H.); (Y.-Y.K.); (J.-C.T.)
- Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-3724-6166 (ext. 37300); Fax: +886-3758-7408
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