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Escaray FJ, Felipo-Benavent A, Antonelli CJ, Balaguer B, Lopez-Gresa MP, Vera P. Plant triterpenoid saponins function as susceptibility factors to promote the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1073-1089. [PMID: 38807367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes diseases in hundreds of plant species, including high-value crops. Its polyxenous nature and pathogenic success are due to its ability to perceive host signals in its favor. In this study, we found that laticifer cells of Euphorbia lathyris are a source of susceptibility factors required by B. cinerea to cause disease. Consequently, poor-in-latex (pil) mutants, which lack laticifer cells, show full resistance to this pathogen, whereas lot-of-latex mutants, which produce more laticifer cells, are hypersusceptible. These S factors are triterpenoid saponins, which are widely distributed natural products of vast structural diversity. The downregulation of laticifer-specific oxydosqualene cyclase genes, which encode the first committed step enzymes for triterpene and, therefore, saponin biosynthesis, conferred disease resistance to B. cinerea. Likewise, the Medicago truncatula lha-1 mutant, compromised in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, showed enhanced resistance. Interestingly, the application of different purified triterpenoid saponins pharmacologically complemented the disease-resistant phenotype of pil and hla-1 mutants and enhanced disease susceptibility in different plant species. We found that triterpenoid saponins function as plant cues that signal transcriptional reprogramming in B. cinerea, leading to a change in its growth habit and infection strategy, culminating in the abundant formation of infection cushions, the multicellular appressoria apparatus dedicated to plant penetration and biomass destruction in B. cinerea. Taken together, these results provide an explanation for how plant triterpenoid saponins function as disease susceptibility factors to promote B. cinerea pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amelia Felipo-Benavent
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian J Antonelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Balaguer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Lopez-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Calvo AM, Dabholkar A, Wyman EM, Lohmar JM, Cary JW. Regulatory functions of homeobox domain transcription factors in fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0220823. [PMID: 38421174 PMCID: PMC10952592 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Homeobox domain (HD) proteins present a crucial involvement in morphological differentiation and other functions in eukaryotes. Most HD genes encode transcription factors (TFs) that orchestrate a regulatory role in cellular and developmental decisions. In fungi, multiple studies have increased our understanding of these important HD regulators in recent years. These reports have revealed their role in fungal development, both sexual and asexual, as well as their importance in governing other biological processes in these organisms, including secondary metabolism, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to environmental stresses. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of HD-TFs in fungi, with a special focus on Aspergillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois, USA
| | - A. Dabholkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois, USA
| | - E. M. Wyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois, USA
| | - J. M. Lohmar
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J. W. Cary
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Li J, Zhang Y, Jiao S, He L, Fan Y, Han X, Sun B, Zhao W, Mei Y, Wei N, Zeng H, Jin D. Bbhox2 is a key regulator for conidiation and virulence in Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108059. [PMID: 38199517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, a well-known filamentous biocontrol fungus, is the main pathogen of numerous field and forest pests. To explore the potential factors involved in the fungal pathogenicity, Bbhox2, an important and conserved functional transcription factor containing homeodomain was carried out by functional analysis. Homologous recombination was used to disrupt the Bbhox2 gene in B.bassiana. The conidia yield of the deletant fungal strain was significantly reduced. The conidial germination was faster, and stress tolerance to Congo red and high osmotic agents were decreased compared with that in the wildtype. Additionally, ΔBbhox2 showed a dramatic reduction in virulence no matter in topical inoculations or in intra-hemolymph injections against Galleria mellonella larvae, which is likely due to the failure of appressorium formation and the defect in producing hyphal body. These results indicate that the Bbhox2 gene markedly contributes to conidiation and pathogenicity in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shouhao Jiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemeng Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Binda Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqi Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlin Mei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyue Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
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4
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De Vallée A, Dupuy JW, Moriscot C, Gallet B, Vanderperre S, Guignard G, Rascle C, Calvar G, Malbert B, Gillet FX, Dieryckx C, Choquer M, Girard V, Poussereau N, Bruel C. Extracellular Vesicles of the Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040495. [PMID: 37108947 PMCID: PMC10146736 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secretomes are known to contain a multitude of components involved in nutrition, cell growth or biotic interactions. Recently, extra-cellular vesicles have been identified in a few fungal species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to identify and characterize extracellular vesicles produced by the plant necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. Transmission electron microscopy of infectious hyphae and hyphae grown in vitro revealed extracellular vesicles of various sizes and densities. Electron tomography showed the co-existence of ovoid and tubular vesicles and pointed to their release via the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies with the cell plasma membrane. The isolation of these vesicles and exploration of their protein content using mass spectrometry led to the identification of soluble and membrane proteins involved in transport, metabolism, cell wall synthesis and remodeling, proteostasis, oxidoreduction and traffic. Confocal microscopy highlighted the capacity of fluorescently labeled vesicles to target cells of B. cinerea, cells of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and onion epidermal cells but not yeast cells. In addition, a specific positive effect of these vesicles on the growth of B. cinerea was quantified. Altogether, this study broadens our view on the secretion capacity of B. cinerea and its cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie De Vallée
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Gallet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Solène Vanderperre
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gaëtan Guignard
- Univ. Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Glen Calvar
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bastien Malbert
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division Centre de Recherche La Dargoire, 69009 Lyon, France
| | | | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ. Lyon, UCBL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, MAP, UMR5240, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Identification and Characterization of the Homeobox Gene Family in Fusarium pseudograminearum Reveal Their Roles in Pathogenicity. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1601-1614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chakraborty P. Gene cluster from plant to microbes: Their role in genome architecture, organism's development, specialized metabolism and drug discovery. Biochimie 2021; 193:1-15. [PMID: 34890733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes fulfil our daily requirements through different high-value chemicals, e.g., nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and through varieties of fruits, crops, vegetables, and many more. Utmost care would therefore be taken for growth, development and sustainability of these important crops and medicinal plants and microbes. Homeobox genes and HOX clusters and their recently characterized expanded family members, including newly discovered homeobox, WOX gene from medicinal herb, Panax ginseng, significantly contributes in the growth and development of these organisms. On the other hand, secondary metabolites produced through secondary metabolism of plants and microbes are used as organisms defense as well as drugs/drug-like molecules for humans. Both the developmental HOX cluster and the biosynthetic gene-cluster (BGC) for secondary metabolites are organised in organisms genome. Genome mining and genomewide analysis of these clusters will definitely identify and characterize many more important molecules from unexplored plants and microbes and underexplored human microbiota and the evolution studies of these clusters will indicate their source of origin. Although genomics revolution now continues at a pace, till date only few hundred plant genome sequences are available. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology now in market and may be applied even for plants with recalcitrant genomes, eventually may discover genomic potential towards production of secondary metabolites of diverse plants and micro-organisms present in the environment and microbiota. Additionally, the development of tools for genome mining e.g., antiSMASH, plantiSMASH, and more and more computational approaches that predicts hundreds of secondary metabolite BGCs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Chakraborty
- Kalpana Chawla Center for Space and Nanoscience, Kolkata, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (retd.), Kolkata, 700032, India.
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7
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Song D, Cao Y, Xia Y. Transcription Factor MaMsn2 Regulates Conidiation Pattern Shift under the Control of MaH1 through Homeobox Domain in Metarhizium acridum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100840. [PMID: 34682261 PMCID: PMC8541488 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth pattern of filamentous fungi can switch between hyphal radial polar growth and non-polar yeast-like cell growth depending on the environmental conditions. Asexual conidiation after radial polar growth is called normal conidiation (NC), while yeast-like cell growth is called microcycle conidiation (MC). Previous research found that the disruption of MaH1 in Metarhizium acridum led to a conidiation shift from NC to MC. However, the regulation mechanism is not clear. Here, we found MaMsn2, an Msn2 homologous gene in M. acridum, was greatly downregulated when MaH1 was disrupted (ΔMaH1). Loss of MaMsn2 also caused a conidiation shift from NC to MC on a nutrient-rich medium. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that MaH1 could bind to the promoter region of the MaMsn2 gene. Disrupting the interaction between MaH1 and the promoter region of MaMsn2 significantly downregulated the transcription level of MaMsn2, and the overexpression of MaMsn2 in ΔMaH1 could restore NC from MC of ΔMaH1. Our findings demonstrated that MaMsn2 played a role in maintaining the NC pattern directly under the control of MaH1, which revealed the molecular mechanisms that regulated the conidiation pattern shift in filamentous fungi for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Song
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400044, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400044, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Y.X.)
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8
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Souibgui E, Bruel C, Choquer M, de Vallée A, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Latorse MP, Rascle C, Poussereau N. Clathrin Is Important for Virulence Factors Delivery in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668937. [PMID: 34220891 PMCID: PMC8244658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the most prevalent plant pathogens, causing annually important damages. To infect and colonize their hosts, they secrete effectors including hydrolytic enzymes able to kill and macerate plant tissues. These secreted proteins are transported from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to the extracellular space through intracellular vesicles. In pathogenic fungi, intracellular vesicles were described but their biogenesis and their role in virulence remain unclear. In this study, we report the essential role of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) in the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea, the agent of gray mold disease. To investigate the importance of this protein involved in coat vesicles formation in eukaryotic cells, a T-DNA insertional mutant reduced in the expression of the CHC-encoding gene, and a mutant expressing a dominant-negative form of CHC were studied. Both mutants were strongly affected in pathogenicity. Characterization of the mutants revealed altered infection cushions and an important defect in protein secretion. This study demonstrates the essential role of clathrin in the infectious process of a plant pathogenic fungus and more particularly its role in virulence factors delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytham Souibgui
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christine Rascle
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- UMR 5240, CNRS MAP, INSA Lyon, Bayer SAS, UCBL, University Lyon, Lyon, France
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The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea-Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110923. [PMID: 33171745 PMCID: PMC7695001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at the beginning of this century and it was recently updated with improved gene annotation and completeness. In this review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. cinerea developmental and pathogenesis processes, specifically on genes studied comprehensively with mutant analysis. Analyses of these studies have unveiled key genes in the biological processes of this pathogen, including hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity and melanization. In addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps in the present knowledge regarding development and virulence mechanisms. We hope this review will serve to enhance the knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind this notorious fungal pathogen.
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10
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FgHtf1 Regulates Global Gene Expression towards Aerial Mycelium and Conidiophore Formation in the Cereal Fungal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.03024-19. [PMID: 32086302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03024-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeobox gene family of transcription factors (HTF) controls many developmental pathways and physiological processes in eukaryotes. We previously showed that a conserved HTF in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, Htf1 (FgHtf1), regulates conidium morphology in that organism. This study investigated the mechanism of FgHtf1-mediated regulation and identified putative FgHtf1 target genes by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay combined with parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing. A total of 186 potential binding peaks, including 142 genes directly regulated by FgHtf1, were identified. Subsequent motif prediction analysis identified two DNA-binding motifs, TAAT and CTTGT. Among the FgHtf1 target genes were FgHTF1 itself and several important conidiation-related genes (e.g., FgCON7), the chitin synthase pathway genes, and the aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway genes. In addition, FgHtf1 may regulate the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-Msn2/4 and Ca2+-calcineurin-Crz1 pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that, in addition to autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes a shift to aerial growth and conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of FgCON7 or other conidiation-related genes.IMPORTANCE The homeobox gene family of transcription factors is known to be involved in the development and conidiation of filamentous fungi. However, the regulatory mechanisms and downstream targets of homeobox genes remain unclear. FgHtf1 is a homeobox transcription factor that is required for phialide development and conidiogenesis in the plant pathogen F. graminearum In this study, we identified FgHtf1-controlled target genes and binding motifs. We found that, besides autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of genes necessary for aerial growth, FgCON7, and other conidiation-related genes.
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Gong W, Xie C, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Peng Y. A Resequencing-Based Ultradense Genetic Map of Hericium erinaceus for Anchoring Genome Sequences and Identifying Genetic Loci Associated With Monokaryon Growth. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3129. [PMID: 32082271 PMCID: PMC7005679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus has attracted tremendous interest owing to its compelling health-promoting properties. However, breeding of elite cultivars of H. erinaceus is hindered by the lack of a genetic and molecular toolbox. Here, we performed resequencing analysis of 127 F1 single-spore isolates and constructed the first high-resolution genetic map of H. erinaceus. With the use of recombination bins as markers, an ultradense genetic map consisting of 1,174 bins (including 37,082 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) was generated. This newly developed genetic map covered 1,096.5 cM, with an average bin spacing of 0.95 cM. High collinearity between genetic map and H. erinaceus genome assembly was revealed by aligning scaffolds to this genetic map using bin markers as anchors. The application of this newly developed genetic map in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was also elucidated, and four QTLs for monokaryon growth were recovered. One QTL, mgr1, which contributes 12.1% of growth variations, was located near the mating type A (MAT-A) loci. Overall, this newly constructed high-resolution genetic map (or bin map) could be used as reference in future genetic, genomic, and breeding studies on H. erinaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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12
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de Vallée A, Bally P, Bruel C, Chandat L, Choquer M, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Kaiser S, Latorse MP, Loisel E, Mey G, Morgant G, Rascle C, Schumacher J, Simon A, Souibgui E, Viaud M, Villalba F, Poussereau N. A Similar Secretome Disturbance as a Hallmark of Non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-Mutants? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2829. [PMID: 31866989 PMCID: PMC6908482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie de Vallée
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Bally
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Chandat
- Centre de Recherche La Dargoire, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Kaiser
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Elise Loisel
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Mey
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Morgant
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeline Simon
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bayer SAS, Lyon, France
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Liu L, Gueguen-Chaignon V, Gonçalves IR, Rascle C, Rigault M, Dellagi A, Loisel E, Poussereau N, Rodrigue A, Terradot L, Condemine G. A secreted metal-binding protein protects necrotrophic phytopathogens from reactive oxygen species. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4853. [PMID: 31649262 PMCID: PMC6813330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few secreted proteins involved in plant infection common to necrotrophic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes have been identified except for plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Here we study a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and some animals. Homolog proteins in the phytopathogenic bacterium Dickeya dadantii (IbpS) and the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea (BcIbp) are involved in plant infection. IbpS is secreted, can bind iron and copper, and protects the bacteria against H2O2-induced death. Its 1.7 Å crystal structure reveals a classical Venus Fly trap fold that forms dimers in solution and in the crystal. We propose that secreted Ibp proteins binds exogenous metals and thus limit intracellular metal accumulation and ROS formation in the microorganisms. The authors identify a family of iron-binding proteins that is present in phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Some of these proteins are secreted, bind metals, protect the pathogen from H2O2-induced death, and are involved in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Rodrigue
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Guy Condemine
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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14
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Etxebeste O, Otamendi A, Garzia A, Espeso EA, Cortese MS. Rewiring of transcriptional networks as a major event leading to the diversity of asexual multicellularity in fungi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:548-563. [PMID: 31267819 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1630359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex multicellularity (CM) is characterized by the generation of three-dimensional structures that follow a genetically controlled program. CM emerged at least five times in evolution, one of them in fungi. There are two types of CM programs in fungi, leading, respectively, to the formation of sexual or asexual spores. Asexual spores foment the spread of mycoses, as they are the main vehicle for dispersion. In spite of this key dependence, there is great morphological diversity of asexual multicellular structures in fungi. To advance the understanding of the mechanisms that control initiation and progression of asexual CM and how they can lead to such a remarkable morphological diversification, we studied 503 fungal proteomes, representing all phyla and subphyla, and most known classes. Conservation analyses of 33 regulators of asexual development suggest stepwise emergence of transcription factors. While velvet proteins constitute one of the most ancient systems, the central regulator BrlA emerged late in evolution (with the class Eurotiomycetes). Some factors, such as MoConX4, seem to be species-specific. These observations suggest that the emergence and evolution of transcriptional regulators rewire transcriptional networks. This process could reach the species level, resulting in a vast diversity of morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Etxebeste
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainara Otamendi
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aitor Garzia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc S Cortese
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
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15
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Yu J, Yu M, Song T, Cao H, Pan X, Yong M, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Yin X, Liu Y. A Homeobox Transcription Factor UvHOX2 Regulates Chlamydospore Formation, Conidiogenesis, and Pathogenicity in Ustilaginoidea virens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1071. [PMID: 31281290 PMCID: PMC6596325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut fungus (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens; anamorph: Ustilaginoidea virens) can generate chlamydospores and survive winter under field conditions. The chlamydospore is considered as an important infection source of the disease. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of the chlamydospore production. In this study, we identified a defective homeobox transcription factor (designated as UvHOX2) gene in a U. virens random insertional mutant B-766 that could not form chlamydospores. To confirm the regulatory function of UvHOX2, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation- and CRISPR/Cas9- based targeted gene replacement method was developed. The UvHox2 deletion mutants completely failed to produce chlamydospores, showed reduced conidia production and decreased virulence, and was hyper-sensitive to oxidative, osmotic, and cell wall stresses. We confirmed that UvHOX2 is located in the nuclei of U. virens, and the expression of UvHox2 was the strongest during the early stage of chlamydospore and conidium formation. Global transcription pattern of UvHOX2 was also determined by RNA-seq in this study, and several genes that might be down-stream of UvHOX2 regulation were identified. The results will better our understanding of the molecular mechanism of chlamydospore formation in U. virens as a model fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, China
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16
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Wangsanut T, Tobin JM, Rolfes RJ. Functional Mapping of Transcription Factor Grf10 That Regulates Adenine-Responsive and Filamentation Genes in Candida albicans. mSphere 2018; 3:e00467-18. [PMID: 30355670 PMCID: PMC6200990 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00467-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grf10, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, regulates adenylate and one-carbon metabolism and morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans Here, we identified functional domains and key residues involved in transcription factor activity using one-hybrid and mutational analyses. We localized activation domains to the C-terminal half of the Grf10 protein by one-hybrid analysis and identified motifs using bioinformatic analyses; one of the characterized activation domains (AD1) responded to temperature. The LexA-Grf10 fusion protein activated the lexAop-HIS1 reporter in an adenine-dependent fashion, and this activation was independent of Bas1, showing that the adenine limitation signal is transmitted directly to Grf10. Overexpression of LexA-Grf10 led to filamentation, and this required a functioning homeodomain, consistent with Grf10 controlling the expression of key filamentation genes; filamentation induced by LexA-Grf10 overexpression was independent of adenine levels and Bas1. Alanine substitutions were made within the conserved interaction regions (IR) of LexA-Grf10 and Grf10 to investigate roles in transcription. In LexA-Grf10, the D302A mutation activated transcription constitutively, and the E305A mutation was regulated by adenine. When these mutations were introduced into the native gene locus, the D302A mutation was unable to complement the ADE phenotype and did not promote filamentation under hypha-inducing conditions; the E305A mutant behaved as the native gene with respect to the ADE phenotype and was partially defective in inducing hyphae. These results demonstrate allele-specific responses with respect to the different phenotypes, consistent with perturbations in the ability of Grf10 to interact with multiple partner proteins.IMPORTANCE Metabolic adaptation and morphogenesis are essential for Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen, to survive and infect diverse body sites in the mammalian host. C. albicans utilizes transcription factors to tightly control the transcription of metabolic genes and morphogenesis genes. Grf10, a critical homeodomain transcription factor, controls purine and one-carbon metabolism in response to adenine limitation, and Grf10 is necessary for the yeast-to-hypha morphological switching, a known virulence factor. Here, we carried out one-hybrid and mutational analyses to identify functional domains of Grf10. Our results show that Grf10 separately regulates metabolic and morphogenesis genes, and it contains a conserved protein domain for protein partner interaction, allowing Grf10 to control the transcription of multiple distinct pathways. Our findings contribute significantly to understanding the role and mechanism of transcription factors that control multiple pathogenic traits in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Tobin
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronda J Rolfes
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Rascle C, Dieryckx C, Dupuy JW, Muszkieta L, Souibgui E, Droux M, Bruel C, Girard V, Poussereau N. The pH regulator PacC: a host-dependent virulence factor in Botrytis cinerea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:555-568. [PMID: 30066486 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea is able to infect a wide variety of plants and plant tissues with differing chemical compositions. During its interaction with the host, this pathogen modulates its ambient pH by secreting acids or ammonia. In this work, we examined the Pal/Pac pathway, the fungal ambient pH-responsive signalling circuit, and investigated the role of the PacC transcription factor. Characterization of the BcpacC deletion mutant revealed an alteration of both fungal growth and virulence depending on the pH of the culture medium or of the host tissue. The pathogenicity of the mutant was altered on plants exhibiting a neutral pH and not on plants with acidic tissues. The capacity of the mutant to acidify its environment and, more particularly, to produce oxalic acid was affected, as was production of reactive oxygen species. Finally, proteomic profiling of the mutant secretome revealed significant changes in plant cell wall polysaccharides proteins and lipid degradation and oxidoreduction, highlighting the importance of BcPacC in the necrotrophic lifestyle of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rascle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Cindy Dieryckx
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Jean William Dupuy
- Plateforme protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Muszkieta
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Eytham Souibgui
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Michel Droux
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer SAS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, 14-18 impasse P. Baizet, F-69009, LYON, France
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18
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Homeobox transcription factor CoHox3 is essential for appressorium formation in the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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20
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Sarmiento‐Villamil JL, Prieto P, Klosterman SJ, García‐Pedrajas MD. Characterization of two homeodomain transcription factors with critical but distinct roles in virulence in the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:986-1004. [PMID: 28727279 PMCID: PMC6638091 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a destructive disease that represents a chronic economic problem for crop production worldwide. In this work, we characterized two new regulators of pathogenicity in this species. Vph1 (VDAG_06555) was identified in a candidate gene approach as a putative homologue of the transcription factor Ste12. Vhb1 (VDAG_08786), identified in a forward genetics approach, is similar to the homeobox transcription factor Htf1, reported as a regulator of conidiogenesis in several fungi. Deletion of vph1 did not affect vegetative growth, whereas deletion of vhb1 greatly reduced sporulation rates in liquid medium. Both mutants failed to induce Verticillium wilt symptoms. However, unlike Δvph1, Δvhb1 could be re-isolated from the vascular system of some asymptomatic plants. Confocal microscopy further indicated that Δvph1 and Δvhb1 differed in their behaviour in planta; Δvph1 could not penetrate the root cortex, whereas Δvhb1 was impaired in its ability to colonize the xylem. In agreement with these observations, only Δvhb1 could penetrate cellophane paper. On cellophane, wild-type and Δvhb1 strains produced numerous short branches with swollen tips, resembling the hyphopodia formed on root surfaces, contrasting with Δvph1, which generated unbranched long filaments without swollen tips. A microarray analysis showed that these differences in growth were associated with differences in global transcription patterns, and allowed us to identify a large set of novel genes potentially involved in virulence in V. dahliae. Ste12 homologues are known regulators of invasive growth, but Vhb1 is the first putative Htf1 homologue identified with a critical role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Sarmiento‐Villamil
- Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Algarrobo‐CostaMálaga 29750Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba14004Spain
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- Agricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureSalinasCA 93905USA
| | - María D. García‐Pedrajas
- Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Algarrobo‐CostaMálaga 29750Spain
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21
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Rodenburg SYA, Terhem RB, Veloso J, Stassen JHM, van Kan JAL. Functional Analysis of Mating Type Genes and Transcriptome Analysis during Fruiting Body Development of Botrytis cinerea. mBio 2018; 9:e01939-17. [PMID: 29440571 PMCID: PMC5821092 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01939-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus producing apothecia as sexual fruiting bodies. To study the function of mating type (MAT) genes, single-gene deletion mutants were generated in both genes of the MAT1-1 locus and both genes of the MAT1-2 locus. Deletion mutants in two MAT genes were entirely sterile, while mutants in the other two MAT genes were able to develop stipes but never formed an apothecial disk. Little was known about the reprogramming of gene expression during apothecium development. We analyzed transcriptomes of sclerotia, three stages of apothecium development (primordia, stipes, and apothecial disks), and ascospores by RNA sequencing. Ten secondary metabolite gene clusters were upregulated at the onset of sexual development and downregulated in ascospores released from apothecia. Notably, more than 3,900 genes were differentially expressed in ascospores compared to mature apothecial disks. Among the genes that were upregulated in ascospores were numerous genes encoding virulence factors, which reveals that ascospores are transcriptionally primed for infection prior to their arrival on a host plant. Strikingly, the massive transcriptional changes at the initiation and completion of the sexual cycle often affected clusters of genes, rather than randomly dispersed genes. Thirty-five clusters of genes were jointly upregulated during the onset of sexual reproduction, while 99 clusters of genes (comprising >900 genes) were jointly downregulated in ascospores. These transcriptional changes coincided with changes in expression of genes encoding enzymes participating in chromatin organization, hinting at the occurrence of massive epigenetic regulation of gene expression during sexual reproduction.IMPORTANCE Fungal fruiting bodies are formed by sexual reproduction. We studied the development of fruiting bodies ("apothecia") of the ubiquitous plant-pathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea The role of mating type genes in apothecium development was investigated by targeted mutation. Two genes are essential for the initiation of sexual development; mutants in these genes are sterile. Two other genes were not essential for development of stipes; however, they were essential for stipes to develop a disk and produce sexual ascospores. We examined gene expression profiles during apothecium development, as well as in ascospores sampled from apothecia. We provide the first study ever of the transcriptome of pure ascospores in a filamentous fungus. The expression of numerous genes involved in plant infection was induced in the ascospores, implying that ascospores are developmentally primed for infection before their release from apothecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Y A Rodenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Razak B Terhem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joost H M Stassen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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The Aspergillus flavus Homeobox Gene, hbx1, is Required for Development and Aflatoxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100315. [PMID: 29023405 PMCID: PMC5666362 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox proteins, a class of well conserved transcription factors, regulate the expression of targeted genes, especially those involved in development. In filamentous fungi, homeobox genes are required for normal conidiogenesis and fruiting body formation. In the present study, we identified eight homeobox (hbx) genes in the aflatoxin-producing ascomycete, Aspergillus flavus, and determined their respective role in growth, conidiation and sclerotial production. Disruption of seven of the eight genes had little to no effect on fungal growth and development. However, disruption of the homeobox gene AFLA_069100, designated as hbx1, in two morphologically different A. flavus strains, CA14 and AF70, resulted in complete loss of production of conidia and sclerotia as well as aflatoxins B1 and B2, cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Microscopic examination showed that the Δhbx1 mutants did not produce conidiophores. The inability of Δhbx1 mutants to produce conidia was related to downregulation of brlA (bristle) and abaA (abacus), regulatory genes for conidiophore development. These mutants also had significant downregulation of the aflatoxin pathway biosynthetic genes aflC, aflD, aflM and the cluster-specific regulatory gene, aflR. Our results demonstrate that hbx1 not only plays a significant role in controlling A. flavus development but is also critical for the production of secondary metabolites, such as aflatoxins.
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23
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24
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Seifbarghi S, Borhan MH, Wei Y, Coutu C, Robinson SJ, Hegedus DD. Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:266. [PMID: 28356071 PMCID: PMC5372324 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes stem rot in Brassica napus, which leads to lodging and severe yield losses. Although recent studies have explored significant progress in the characterization of individual S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity factors, a gap exists in profiling gene expression throughout the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on a host plant. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was performed with focus on the events occurring through the early (1 h) to the middle (48 h) stages of infection. Results Transcript analysis revealed the temporal pattern and amplitude of the deployment of genes associated with aspects of pathogenicity or virulence during the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on Brassica napus. These genes were categorized into eight functional groups: hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites, detoxification, signaling, development, secreted effectors, oxalic acid and reactive oxygen species production. The induction patterns of nearly all of these genes agreed with their predicted functions. Principal component analysis delineated gene expression patterns that signified transitions between pathogenic phases, namely host penetration, ramification and necrotic stages, and provided evidence for the occurrence of a brief biotrophic phase soon after host penetration. Conclusions The current observations support the notion that S. sclerotiorum deploys an array of factors and complex strategies to facilitate host colonization and mitigate host defenses. This investigation provides a broad overview of the sequential expression of virulence/pathogenicity-associated genes during infection of B. napus by S. sclerotiorum and provides information for further characterization of genes involved in the S. sclerotiorum-host plant interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Seifbarghi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Stephen J Robinson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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25
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Franco dos Santos G, Moraga J, Takahashi JA, Viaud M, Hanson JR, Hernández Galán R, Collado IG. The formation of sesquiterpenoid presilphiperfolane and cameroonane metabolites in the Bcbot4 null mutant of Botrytis cinerea. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5357-5363. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of presilphiperfolan-8-ol yielded new derivatives and cameroonanes. These results have shed light on the involved rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Moraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- Cádiz
- Spain
| | - Jacqueline A. Takahashi
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER
- INRA
- AgroParisTech
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 78850 Thiverval-Grignon
| | - James R. Hanson
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Sussex
- Brighton
- UK
| | | | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Cádiz
- Cádiz
- Spain
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26
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Van Kan JAL, Stassen JHM, Mosbach A, Van Der Lee TAJ, Faino L, Farmer AD, Papasotiriou DG, Zhou S, Seidl MF, Cottam E, Edel D, Hahn M, Schwartz DC, Dietrich RA, Widdison S, Scalliet G. A gapless genome sequence of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:75-89. [PMID: 26913498 PMCID: PMC6638203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Following earlier incomplete and fragmented versions of a genome sequence for the grey mould Botrytis cinerea, a gapless, near-finished genome sequence for B. cinerea strain B05.10 is reported. The assembly comprised 18 chromosomes and was confirmed by an optical map and a genetic map based on approximately 75 000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. All chromosomes contained fully assembled centromeric regions, and 10 chromosomes had telomeres on both ends. The genetic map consisted of 4153 cM and a comparison of the genetic distances with the physical distances identified 40 recombination hotspots. The linkage map also identified two mutations, located in the previously described genes Bos1 and BcsdhB, that conferred resistance to the fungicides boscalid and iprodione. The genome was predicted to encode 11 701 proteins. RNAseq data from >20 different samples were used to validate and improve gene models. Manual curation of chromosome 1 revealed interesting features, such as the occurrence of a dicistronic transcript and fully overlapping genes in opposite orientations, as well as many spliced antisense transcripts. Manual curation also revealed that the untranslated regions (UTRs) of genes can be complex and long, with many UTRs exceeding lengths of 1 kb and possessing multiple introns. Community annotation is in progress.
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MESH Headings
- Base Pairing/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Botrytis/cytology
- Botrytis/drug effects
- Botrytis/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology
- Genes, Fungal
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Loci
- Genome, Fungal
- Meiosis/drug effects
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Optogenetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Proteome/metabolism
- Proteomics
- Recombination, Genetic/drug effects
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A. L. Van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PB, Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Joost H. M. Stassen
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PB, Wageningenthe Netherlands
- Present address:
University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, S10 2TN SheffieldUK
| | - Andreas Mosbach
- Syngenta Crop Protection Münchwilen AG, Crop Protection ResearchCH‐4332SteinSwitzerland
| | | | - Luigi Faino
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PB, Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Andrew D. Farmer
- National Center for Genome ResourcesSanta FeNM87505, USA
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc., Research Triangle ParkNC27709, USA
| | | | - Shiguo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetics and Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PB, Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Cottam
- General Bioinformatics, Jealotts Hill International Research CentreBracknellBerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Dominique Edel
- Syngenta Crop Protection Münchwilen AG, Crop Protection ResearchCH‐4332SteinSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Faculty of BiologyTechnical University Kaiserslautern67653 KaiserslauternGermany
| | - David C. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetics and Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI53706USA
| | | | - Stephanie Widdison
- General Bioinformatics, Jealotts Hill International Research CentreBracknellBerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Gabriel Scalliet
- Syngenta Crop Protection Münchwilen AG, Crop Protection ResearchCH‐4332SteinSwitzerland
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27
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Moraga J, Dalmais B, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Aleu J, Hanson JR, Hernández-Galán R, Viaud M, Collado IG. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Botrydial Biosynthesis: Connecting Cytochrome P450-Encoding Genes to Biosynthetic Intermediates. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2838-2846. [PMID: 27529428 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over two hundred species of plants can be infected by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea under a range of different environmental conditions. In response to these, the fungus produces unique terpenoid and polyketide metabolites. Parts of the plants may be killed by the phytotoxin botrydial, enabling the fungus to feed on the dead cells. In this paper, we describe the genetic and molecular basis of botrydial biosynthesis and the function of the five genes of the genome of B. cinerea that together constitute the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster. Genes BcBOT3 and BcBOT4, encoding two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, were inactivated by homologous recombination and were shown to catalyze regio- and stereospecific hydroxylations at the carbons C-10 and C-4, respectively, of the presilphiperfolan-8β-ol skeleton. The null mutants, bcbot3Δ and bcbot4Δ, accumulated key intermediates in the botrydial biosynthesis enabling the complete genetic and molecular basis of the botrydial biosynthetic pathway to be established. Furthermore, the bcbot4Δ mutant overproduced a significant number of polyketides, which included, in addition to known botcinins, botrylactones and cinbotolide A, two new botrylactones and two new cinbotolides, cinbotolides B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moraga
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Bérengère Dalmais
- UMR
BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - James R. Hanson
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR
BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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28
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Cohrs KC, Simon A, Viaud M, Schumacher J. Light governs asexual differentiation in the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea via the putative transcription factor BcLTF2. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4068-4086. [PMID: 27347834 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogenic fungus known for its utilization of light as environmental cue to regulate asexual differentiation: conidia are formed in the light, while sclerotia are formed in the dark. As no orthologues of known regulators of conidiation (e.g., Aspergillus nidulans BrlA, Neurospora crassa FL) exist in the Leotiomycetes, we initiated a de novo approach to identify the functional counterpart in B. cinerea. The search revealed the light-responsive C2H2 transcription factor BcLTF2 whose expression - usually restricted to light conditions - is necessary and sufficient to induce conidiation and simultaneously to suppress sclerotial development. Light-induced expression of bcltf2 is mediated via a so far unknown pathway, and is attenuated in a (blue) light-dependent fashion by the White Collar complex, BcLTF1 and the VELVET complex. Mutation of either component leads to increased bcltf2 expression and causes light-independent conidiation (always conidia phenotype). Hence, the tight regulation of bcltf2 governs the balance between vegetative growth that allows for the colonization of the substrate and subsequent reproduction via conidia in the light. The orthologue ssltf2 in the closely related species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is not significantly expressed suggesting that its deregulation may cause the lack of the conidiation program in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Cohrs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Adeline Simon
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
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29
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Ghosh AK, Wangsanut T, Fonzi WA, Rolfes RJ. The GRF10 homeobox gene regulates filamentous growth in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov093. [PMID: 26472755 PMCID: PMC4705307 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen and can cause life-threatening infections. Filamentous growth is critical in the pathogenicity of C. albicans, as the transition from yeast to hyphal forms is linked to virulence and is also a pivotal process in fungal biofilm development. Homeodomain-containing transcription factors have been linked to developmental processes in fungi and other eukaryotes. We report here on GRF10, a homeobox transcription factor-encoding gene that plays a role in C. albicans filamentation. Deletion of the GRF10 gene, in both C. albicans SN152 and BWP17 strain backgrounds, results in mutants with strongly decreased hyphal growth. The mutants are defective in chlamydospore and biofilm formation, as well as showing dramatically attenuated virulence in a mouse infection model. Expression of the GRF10 gene is highly induced during stationary phase and filamentation. In summary, our study emphasizes a new role for the homeodomain-containing transcription factor in morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - William A Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ronda J Rolfes
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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30
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Gene Overexpression and RNA Silencing Tools for the Genetic Manipulation of the S-(+)-Abscisic Acid Producing Ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10301-23. [PMID: 25955649 PMCID: PMC4463647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea produces several secondary metabolites that have biotechnical significance and has been particularly used for S-(+)-abscisic acid production at the industrial scale. To manipulate the expression levels of specific secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes of B. cinerea with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system, two expression vectors (pCBh1 and pCBg1 with different selection markers) and one RNA silencing vector, pCBSilent1, were developed with the In-Fusion assembly method. Both expression vectors were highly effective in constitutively expressing eGFP, and pCBSilent1 effectively silenced the eGFP gene in B. cinerea. Bcaba4, a gene suggested to participate in ABA biosynthesis in B. cinerea, was then targeted for gene overexpression and RNA silencing with these reverse genetic tools. The overexpression of bcaba4 dramatically induced ABA formation in the B. cinerea wild type strain Bc-6, and the gene silencing of bcaba4 significantly reduced ABA-production in an ABA-producing B. cinerea strain.
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