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Schwartz J, Capistrano KJ, Gluck J, Hezarkhani A, Naqvi AR. SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2543. [PMID: 38782605 PMCID: PMC11260190 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | | | - Joseph Gluck
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Armita Hezarkhani
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
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2
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Phage display selection of human single domain antibodies towards karilysin, a metalloproteinase and secreted virulence factor from Tannerella forsythia. J Immunol Methods 2023; 516:113458. [PMID: 36921710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Metalloproteases derived from microbial pathogens are important virulence factors contributing to evasion of antimicrobial mechanisms of the innate immune system. Karilysin is a metalloprotease recently discovered in the periodonto-pathogen Tanneralla forsythia and currently no monoclonal antibodies exist against karilysin, which is a gap in the molecular toolbox for structure-function studies of karilysin. In this study we have used phage display for fast selection of single domain antibodies (VHs) towards the karilysin catalytic domain (Kly18) using a human domain library based on a VH framework. Following five panning rounds, phage clones were sequenced, and three unique sequences were identified (termed Kly18-VHI-III). Initial screens identified Kly18-VHII-phage as capable of inhibiting Kly18 proteolytic activity. The free Kly18-VHII was expressed in the periplasmic space of BL21 E. coli using the pEt22b (+) vector and purified by IMAC and the inhibition capacity of purified Kly18-VHII was confirmed. The data presented in this study provides input to the molecular toolbox for the study of karilysin and Kly18-VHII could serve as a lead molecule for development of a karilysin-specific inhibitor.
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3
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Kowalski J, Górska R, Cieślik M, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. What Are the Potential Benefits of Using Bacteriophages in Periodontal Therapy? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040446. [PMID: 35453197 PMCID: PMC9027636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, which may result in tooth loss, constitutes both a serious medical and social problem. This pathology, if not treated, can contribute to the development of, among others, pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular diseases or Alzheimer’s disease. The available treatment methods are expensive but not always fully effective. For this reason, the search for and isolation of bacteriophages specific to bacterial strains causing periodontitis seems to be a great opportunity to target persistent colonization by bacterial pathogens and lower the use of antibiotics consequently limiting further development of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a growing challenge in periodontal therapy as resistant pathogens may be isolated from more than 70% of patients with periodontitis. The aim of this review is to present the perspective of phage application in the prevention and/or treatment of periodontitis alongside its complicated multifactorial aetiology and emphasize the challenges connecting composition and application of effective phage preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kowalski
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Martyna Cieślik
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Infant Jesus Hospital, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Zak KM, Bostock MJ, Waligorska I, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Popowicz GM, Grudnik P, Potempa J, Ksiazek M. Latency, thermal stability, and identification of an inhibitory compound of mirolysin, a secretory protease of the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1267-1281. [PMID: 34210221 PMCID: PMC8259862 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1937619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirolysin is a secretory protease of Tannerella forsythia, a member of the dysbiotic oral microbiota responsible for periodontitis. In this study, we show that mirolysin latency is achieved by a “cysteine-switch” mechanism exerted by Cys23 in the N-terminal profragment. Mutation of Cys23 shortened the time needed for activation of the zymogen from several days to 5 min. The mutation also decreased the thermal stability and autoproteolysis resistance of promirolysin. Mature mirolysin is a thermophilic enzyme and shows optimal activity at 65 °C. Through NMR-based fragment screening, we identified a small molecule (compound (cpd) 9) that blocks promirolysin maturation and functions as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 3.2 µM), binding to the S1′ subsite of the substrate-binding pocket. Cpd 9 shows superior specificity and does not interact with other T. forsythia proteases or Lys/Arg-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Zak
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mark J Bostock
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Irena Waligorska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Grudnik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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5
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Guevara T, Rodriguez-Banqueri A, Ksiazek M, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure-based mechanism of cysteine-switch latency and of catalysis by pappalysin-family metallopeptidases. IUCRJ 2020; 7:18-29. [PMID: 31949901 PMCID: PMC6949598 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519013848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is an oral dysbiotic periodontopathogen involved in severe human periodontal disease. As part of its virulence factor armamentarium, at the site of colonization it secretes mirolysin, a metallopeptidase of the unicellular pappalysin family, as a zymogen that is proteolytically auto-activated extracellularly at the Ser54-Arg55 bond. Crystal structures of the catalytically impaired promirolysin point mutant E225A at 1.4 and 1.6 Å revealed that latency is exerted by an N-terminal 34-residue pro-segment that shields the front surface of the 274-residue catalytic domain, thus preventing substrate access. The catalytic domain conforms to the metzincin clan of metallopeptidases and contains a double calcium site, which acts as a calcium switch for activity. The pro-segment traverses the active-site cleft in the opposite direction to the substrate, which precludes its cleavage. It is anchored to the mature enzyme through residue Arg21, which intrudes into the specificity pocket in cleft sub-site S1'. Moreover, residue Cys23 within a conserved cysteine-glycine motif blocks the catalytic zinc ion by a cysteine-switch mechanism, first described for mammalian matrix metallopeptidases. In addition, a 1.5 Å structure was obtained for a complex of mature mirolysin and a tetradecapeptide, which filled the cleft from sub-site S1' to S6'. A citrate molecule in S1 completed a product-complex mimic that unveiled the mechanism of substrate binding and cleavage by mirolysin, the catalytic domain of which was already preformed in the zymogen. These results, including a preference for cleavage before basic residues, are likely to be valid for other unicellular pappalysins derived from archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae and fungi, including archetypal ulilysin from Methanosarcina acetivorans. They may further apply, at least in part, to the multi-domain orthologues of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arturo Rodriguez-Banqueri
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Nascimento A, Mullerpatan A, Azevedo AM, Karande P, Cramer S. Development of phage biopanning strategies to identify affinity peptide ligands for kappa light chain Fab fragments. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2884. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Nascimento
- iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Akshat Mullerpatan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Ana Margarida Azevedo
- iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Steven Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
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Skottrup PD, López R, Ksiazek M, Højrup P, Baelum V, Potempa J, Kaczmarek JZ. An IgY-based immunoassay to evaluate the biomarker potential of the Tannerella forsythia virulence factor karilysin in human saliva. J Immunol Methods 2019; 469:26-32. [PMID: 30880264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that is associated with the development of destructive periodontal disease. T. forsythia secretes the metalloprotease-like enzyme karilysin. Using in vitro systems karilysin has been shown to modulate the host immune response by degradation of complement system proteins and by inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by proteolytic cleavage. This makes karilysin a highly interesting virulence factor to study in the framework of drug development and diagnostics. However, to date the presence of karilysin in clinical samples has not been demonstrated due to the lack of specific probes. In the present work, a high titer and stable affinity-purified avian IgY antibody against karilysin was developed. By surface plasmon resonance imaging the IgY affinity was found to be in the low nanomolar range. The antibody could be used to detect karilysin in saliva samples by immuno-blotting and was specific when tested towards human MMP-3. Furthermore, an avian IgY-based immunoassay was developed, which demonstrated low intra- and interday assay variability (CV's below 10%). Application of the immunoassay on a well-characterized set of saliva samples from adolescents with or without signs of periodontitis showed that it was possible to detect karilysin in saliva. A significant difference in karilysin concentration was found between saliva from participants with signs of periodontitis and saliva from healthy controls (p = .0024). The median of karilysin levels among periodontitis cases was 957 pg/ml (IQR, 499-2132 pg/ml) and the median for controls was 569 pg/ml (IQR, 210-1343 pg/ml). Collectively our data confirm the presence of karilysin in clinical samples. The described IgY-based immunoassay may prove useful as part of protein-based biomarker screenings in the clinic or in point-of care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Durand Skottrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre DK-2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research Technologies, Research Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Rodrigo López
- Section of Periodontology, HEALTH, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Baelum
- Section for Oral Epidemiology and Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jakub Zbigniew Kaczmarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Research and Development Department, Sanovo Biotech A/S, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
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Injampa S, Muenngern N, Pipattanaboon C, Benjathummarak S, Boonha K, Hananantachai H, Wongwit W, Ramasoota P, Pitaksajjakul P. Generation and characterization of cross neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against 4 serotypes of dengue virus without enhancing activity. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4021. [PMID: 29152418 PMCID: PMC5689018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue disease is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. Most severe cases occur among patients secondarily infected with a different dengue virus (DENV) serotype compared with that from the first infection, resulting in antibody-dependent enhancement activity (ADE). Our previous study generated the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, D23-1B3B9 (B3B9), targeting the first domain II of E protein, which showed strong neutralizing activity (NT) against all four DENV serotypes. However, at sub-neutralizing concentrations, it showed ADE activity in vitro. Methods In this study, we constructed a new expression plasmid using the existing IgG heavy chain plasmid as a template for Fc modification at position N297Q by site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting plasmid was then co-transfected with a light chain plasmid to produce full recombinant IgG (rIgG) in mammalian cells (N297Q-B3B9). This rIgG was characterized for neutralizing and enhancing activity by using different FcγR bearing cells. To produce sufficient quantities of B3B9 rIgG for further characterization, CHO-K1 cells stably secreting N297Q-B3B9 rIgG were then established. Results The generated N297Q-B3B9 rIgG which targets the conserved N-terminal fusion loop of DENV envelope protein showed the same cross-neutralizing activity to all four DENV serotypes as those of wild type rIgG. In both FcγRI- and RII-bearing THP-1 cells and FcγRII-bearing K562 cells, N297Q-B3B9 rIgG lacked ADE activity against all DENV serotypes at sub-neutralizing concentrations. Fortunately, the N297Q-B3B9 rIgG secreted from stable cells showed the same patterns of NT and ADE activities as those of the N297Q-B3B9 rIgG obtained from transient expression against DENV2. Thus, the CHO-K1 stably expressing N297Q-B3B9 HuMAb can be developed as high producer stable cells and used to produce sufficient amounts of antibody for further characterization as a promising dengue therapeutic candidate. Discussion Human monoclonal antibody, targeted to fusion loop of envelope domainII (EDII), was generated and showed cross-neutralizing activity to 4 serotypes of DENV, but did not cause any viral enhancement activity in vitro. This HuMAb could be further developed as therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subenya Injampa
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nataya Muenngern
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlatip Pipattanaboon
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khwanchit Boonha
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hathairad Hananantachai
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranya Wongwit
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannamthip Pitaksajjakul
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Reserach, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Marino-Puertas L, Goulas T, Gomis-Rüth FX. Matrix metalloproteinases outside vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2026-2035. [PMID: 28392403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family belongs to the metzincin clan of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Due to their enormous implications in physiology and disease, MMPs have mainly been studied in vertebrates. They are engaged in extracellular protein processing and degradation, and present extensive paralogy, with 23 forms in humans. One characteristic of MMPs is a ~165-residue catalytic domain (CD), which has been structurally studied for 14 MMPs from human, mouse, rat, pig and the oral-microbiome bacterium Tannerella forsythia. These studies revealed close overall coincidence and characteristic structural features, which distinguish MMPs from other metzincins and give rise to a sequence pattern for their identification. Here, we reviewed the literature available on MMPs outside vertebrates and performed database searches for potential MMP CDs in invertebrates, plants, fungi, viruses, protists, archaea and bacteria. These and previous results revealed that MMPs are widely present in several copies in Eumetazoa and higher plants (Tracheophyta), but have just token presence in eukaryotic algae. A few dozen sequences were found in Ascomycota (within fungi) and in double-stranded DNA viruses infecting invertebrates (within viruses). In contrast, a few hundred sequences were found in archaea and >1000 in bacteria, with several copies for some species. Most of the archaeal and bacterial phyla containing potential MMPs are present in human oral and gut microbiomes. Overall, MMP-like sequences are present across all kingdoms of life, but their asymmetric distribution contradicts the vertical descent model from a eubacterial or archaeal ancestor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marino-Puertas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
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10
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López-Pelegrín M, Ksiazek M, Karim AY, Guevara T, Arolas JL, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel mechanism of latency in matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4728-4740. [PMID: 25555916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of secreted soluble or membrane-anchored multimodular peptidases regularly found in several paralogous copies in animals and plants, where they have multiple functions. The minimal consensus domain architecture comprises a signal peptide, a 60-90-residue globular prodomain with a conserved sequence motif including a cysteine engaged in "cysteine-switch" or "Velcro" mediated latency, and a catalytic domain. Karilysin, from the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia, is the only bacterial MMP to have been characterized biochemically to date. It shares with eukaryotic forms the catalytic domain but none of the flanking domains. Instead of the consensus MMP prodomain, it features a 14-residue propeptide, the shortest reported for a metallopeptidase, which lacks cysteines. Here we determined the structure of a prokarilysin fragment encompassing the propeptide and the catalytic domain, and found that the former runs across the cleft in the opposite direction to a bound substrate and inhibits the latter through an "aspartate-switch" mechanism. This finding is reminiscent of latency maintenance in the otherwise unrelated astacin and fragilysin metallopeptidase families. In addition, in vivo and biochemical assays showed that the propeptide contributes to protein folding and stability. Our analysis of prokarilysin reveals a novel mechanism of latency and activation in MMPs. Finally, our findings support the view that the karilysin catalytic domain was co-opted by competent bacteria through horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryotic source, and later evolved in a specific bacterial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Abdulkarim Y Karim
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
| | - Jan Potempa
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and; the Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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Guevara T, Ksiazek M, Skottrup PD, Cerdà-Costa N, Trillo-Muyo S, de Diego I, Riise E, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure of the catalytic domain of the Tannerella forsythia matrix metallopeptidase karilysin in complex with a tetrapeptidic inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:472-6. [PMID: 23695557 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113007392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Karilysin is the only metallopeptidase identified as a virulence factor in the odontopathogen Tannerella forsythia owing to its deleterious effect on the host immune response during bacterial infection. The very close structural and sequence-based similarity of its catalytic domain (Kly18) to matrix metalloproteinases suggests that karilysin was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from an animal host. Previous studies by phage display identified peptides with the consensus sequence XWFPXXXGGG (single-letter amino-acid codes; X represents any residue) as karilysin inhibitors with low-micromolar binding affinities. Subsequent refinement revealed that inhibition comparable to that of longer peptides could be achieved using the tetrapeptide SWFP. To analyze its binding, the high-resolution crystal structure of the complex between Kly18 and SWFP was determined and it was found that the peptide binds to the primed side of the active-site cleft in a substrate-like manner. The catalytic zinc ion is clamped by the α-amino group and the carbonyl O atom of the serine, thus distantly mimicking the general manner of binding of hydroxamate inhibitors to metallopeptidases and contributing, together with three zinc-binding histidines from the protein scaffold, to an octahedral-minus-one metal-coordination sphere. The tryptophan side chain penetrates the deep partially water-filled specificity pocket of Kly18. Together with previous serendipitous product complexes of Kly18, the present results provide the structural determinants of inhibition of karilysin and open the field for the design of novel inhibitory strategies aimed at the treatment of human periodontal disease based on a peptidic hit molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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