1
|
Sakurai A, Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Okajima S, Furukawa S, Koga K, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Melanosomal localization is required for GIF-2115/2250 to inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38327040 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tyrosinase inhibitors suppress melanogenesis in melanocytes. During a screening for tyrosinase inhibitors, however, we noticed some discrepancies in inhibitory efficacies between melanocytes and in vitro assays. The compound (S)-N-{3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]propyl}-N-methyl-indan-1-amine (GIF-2115) exerts antioxidative stress activity upon accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. GIF-2115 was also identified as a potent antimelanogenic reagent in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. GIF-2115 inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and the lysates of B16F10 cells. However, structure-activity relationship studies indicated that GIF-2238, which lacks the benzene ring in the aminoindan structure of GIF-2115, inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro but did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. The aim of the present study is to show the importance of the intracellular distribution of tyrosinase inhibitors in exerting their antimelanogenic activity in melanocytes. METHODS The intracellular distribution of compounds was monitored by linking with the fluorescent group of 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD). To mislocalize GIF-2115 to mitochondria, the mitochondria-preferring fluoroprobe ATTO565 was used. RESULTS We reconfirmed the localization of GIF-2250 (GIF-2115-NBD) not only to matured but also to early-stage melanosomes. Although GIF-2286 (GIF-2238-NBD) maintained tyrosinase inhibitory activity, it did not show specific intracellular localization. Moreover, when GIF-2115 was linked with ATTO565, the resultant compound GIF-2265 did not inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, despite its strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that melanosomal localization is essential for the antimelanogenic activity of GIF-2115, and GIF-2115 derivatives may be new guides for drugs to endosomes and lysosomes as well as melanosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okajima
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shirbhate E, Singh V, Mishra A, Jahoriya V, Veerasamy R, Tiwari AK, Rajak H. Targeting Lysosomes: A Strategy Against Chemoresistance in Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1449-1468. [PMID: 38343053 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575287242240129120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is still the major method of treatment for many types of cancer. Curative cancer therapy is hampered significantly by medication resistance. Acidic organelles like lysosomes serve as protagonists in cellular digestion. Lysosomes, however, are gaining popularity due to their speeding involvement in cancer progression and resistance. For instance, weak chemotherapeutic drugs of basic nature permeate through the lysosomal membrane and are retained in lysosomes in their cationic state, while extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes induces cancer, cytosolic escape of lysosomal hydrolases causes apoptosis, and so on. Drug availability at the sites of action is decreased due to lysosomal drug sequestration, which also enhances cancer resistance. This review looks at lysosomal drug sequestration mechanisms and how they affect cancer treatment resistance. Using lysosomes as subcellular targets to combat drug resistance and reverse drug sequestration is another method for overcoming drug resistance that is covered in this article. The present review has identified lysosomal drug sequestration as one of the reasons behind chemoresistance. The article delves deeper into specific aspects of lysosomal sequestration, providing nuanced insights, critical evaluations, or novel interpretations of different approaches that target lysosomes to defect cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shirbhate
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Aditya Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Varsha Jahoriya
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Ravichandran Veerasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- UAMS College of Pharmacy; UAMS - University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, (AR) USA
| | - Harish Rajak
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yousef M, Le TS, Zuo J, Park C, Chacra NB, Davies NM, Löbenberg R. Sub-cellular sequestration of alkaline drugs in lysosomes: new insights for pharmaceutical development of lysosomal fluid. Res Pharm Sci 2022; 18:1-15. [PMID: 36846734 PMCID: PMC9951787 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.363591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Lysosomal-targeted drug delivery can open a new strategy for drug therapy. However, there is currently no universally accepted simulated or artificial lysosomal fluid utilized in the pharmaceutical industry or recognized by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Experimental procedure We prepared a simulated lysosomal fluid (SLYF) and compared its composition to a commercial artificial counterpart. The developed fluid was used to test the dissolution of a commercial product (Robitussin®) of a lysosomotropic drug (dextromethorphan) and to investigate in-vitro lysosomal trapping of two model drugs (dextromethorphan and (+/-) chloroquine). Findings/Results The laboratory-prepared fluid or SLYF contained the essential components for the lysosomal function in concentrations reflective of the physiological values, unlike the commercial product. Robitussin® passed the acceptance criteria for the dissolution of dextromethorphan in 0.1 N HCl medium (97.7% in less than 45 min) but not in the SLYF or the phosphate buffer media (72.6% and 32.2% within 45 min, respectively). Racemic chloroquine showed higher lysosomal trapping (51.9%) in the in-vitro model than dextromethorphan (28.3%) in a behavior supporting in-vivo findings and based on the molecular descriptors and the lysosomal sequestration potential of both. Conclusion and implication A standardized lysosomal fluid was reported and developed for in-vitro investigations of lysosomotropic drugs and formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malaz Yousef
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tyson S. Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jieyu Zuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Nadia Bou Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding authors: N.M. Davies, Tel: +1-7802210828, Fax: +1-7804921217
R. Löbenberg, Tel: +1-7804921255, Fax: +1-7804921217
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding authors: N.M. Davies, Tel: +1-7802210828, Fax: +1-7804921217
R. Löbenberg, Tel: +1-7804921255, Fax: +1-7804921217
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee T, Kim KS, Na K. Intracellular pH-Regulating Nanoparticles to Improve Anticancer Drug Efficacy for Cancer Treatment. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4786-4794. [PMID: 36223489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe an intracellular pH-regulating nanoparticle (IPRN), coencapsulated with chemosensitizers and anticancer agents for effective and safe cancer treatment. IPRN contains a tubulysin derivative (TUB), a hydrophobic anticancer drug, and pantoprazole (PTZ), a hydrophilic proton-pump inhibitor. IPRN with a size of 62 nm has an anionic surface charge and is stable for at least two weeks under storage conditions, though PTZ and TUB encapsulated in IPRN showed different drug release patterns. PTZ was released before TUB, controlling the cancer's intracellular pH, maintaining a pH at which TUB can work well. The encapsulated PTZ increased the pH of endolysosomes and inhibited ion trapping, with TUB ionization, thereby exhibiting increased cytotoxicity compared with free TUB observed in various cancer cell lines, such as human liver adenocarcinoma, human glioblastoma, and human pancreatic carcinoma. IPRN exhibited a 1.9-fold improved tumor growth inhibitory effect in a human liver adenocarcinoma-bearing mouse model, while minimizing the hepatotoxicity of free TUB. Thus, nanomedicines that contain both a chemosensitizer and an anticancer agent, such as IPRN, are expected to be next-generation anticancer agents that reduce the side effects of anticancer drugs and increase the therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taebum Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do14662, Republic of Korea.,Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do14662, Republic of Korea.,Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do14662, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parrilha GL, dos Santos RG, Beraldo H. Applications of radiocomplexes with thiosemicarbazones and bis(thiosemicarbazones) in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Collins KP, Witta S, Coy JW, Pang Y, Gustafson DL. Lysosomal Biogenesis and Implications for Hydroxychloroquine Disposition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:294-305. [PMID: 33172973 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes act as a cellular drug sink for weakly basic, lipophilic (lysosomotropic) xenobiotics, with many instances of lysosomal trapping associated with multiple drug resistance. Lysosomotropic agents have also been shown to activate master lysosomal biogenesis transcription factor EB (TFEB) and ultimately lysosomal biogenesis. We investigated the role of lysosomal biogenesis in the disposition of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a hallmark lysosomotropic agent, and observed that modulating the lysosomal volume of human breast cancer cell lines can account for differences in disposition of HCQ. Through use of an in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) model, we characterized total cellular uptake of HCQ within the duration of static equilibrium (1 hour), as well as extended exposure to HCQ that is subject to dynamic equilibrium (>1 hour), wherein HCQ increases the size of the lysosomal compartment through swelling and TFEB-induced lysosomal biogenesis. In addition, we observe that pretreatment of cell lines with TFEB-activating agent Torin1 contributed to an increase of whole-cell HCQ concentrations by 1.4- to 1.6-fold, which were also characterized by the in vitro PK model. This investigation into the role of lysosomal volume dynamics in lysosomotropic drug disposition, including the ability of HCQ to modify its own disposition, advances our understanding of how chemically similar agents may distribute on the cellular level and examines a key area of lysosomal-mediated multiple drug resistance and drug-drug interaction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hydroxychloroquine is able to modulate its own cellular pharmacokinetic uptake by increasing the cellular lysosomal volume fraction through activation of lysosomal biogenesis master transcription factor EB and through lysosomal swelling. This concept can be applied to many other lysosomotropic drugs that activate transcription factor EB, such as doxorubicin and other tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs, as these drugs may actively increase their own sequestration within the lysosome to further exacerbate multiple drug resistance and lead to potential acquired resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keagan P Collins
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Sandra Witta
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Jonathan W Coy
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Yi Pang
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Basement Membrane in a 3D Breast Acini Model Modulates Delivery and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Liposomal Anthracyclines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090256. [PMID: 32961780 PMCID: PMC7558514 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer progression is marked by cancer cell invasion and infiltration, which can be closely linked to sites of tumor-connected basement membrane thinning, lesion, or infiltration. Bad treatment prognosis frequently accompanies lack of markers for targeted therapy, which brings traditional chemotherapy into play, despite its adverse effects like therapy-related toxicities. In the present work, we compared different liposomal formulations for the delivery of two anthracyclines, doxorubicin and aclacinomycin A, to a 2D cell culture and a 3D breast acini model. One formulation was the classical phospholipid liposome with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer serving as a stealth coating. The other formulation was fusogenic liposomes, a biocompatible, cationic, three-component system of liposomes able to fuse with the plasma membrane of target cells. For the lysosome entrapment-sensitive doxorubicin, membrane fusion enabled an increased anti-proliferative effect in 2D cell culture by circumventing the endocytic route. In the 3D breast acini model, this process was found to be limited to cells beneath a thinned or compromised basement membrane. In acini with compromised basement membrane, the encapsulation of doxorubicin in fusogenic liposomes increased the anti-proliferative effect of the drug in comparison to a formulation in PEGylated liposomes, while this effect was negligible in the presence of intact basement membranes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nezhadi S, Saadat E, Handali S, Dorkoosh F. Nanomedicine and chemotherapeutics drug delivery: challenges and opportunities. J Drug Target 2020; 29:185-198. [PMID: 32772739 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1808000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered as one of the biggest threats to humans worldwide. Researchers suggest that tumour is not just a single mass, it comprises cancerous cells surrounded by noncancerous cells such as immune cells, adipocytes and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) containing distinct components such as proteins, glycoproteins and enzymes; thus tumour microenvironment (TME) is partially complex. Multiple interactions happen in the dynamic microenvironment (ME) lead to an acidic, hypoxic and stiff ME that is considered as one of the major contributors to cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, TME involves in drug resistance mechanisms and affects enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) in tumours. In such a scenario, the first step to accomplish satisfying results is the identification and recognition of this ME. Then designing proper drug delivery systems can perform selectively towards cancerous cells. In this way, several targeting and stimuli/enzyme responsive drug delivery systems have been designed. More importantly, it is necessary to design a drug delivery system that can penetrate deeper into the tumours, efficiently and selectively. Various drug delivery systems such as exosomes and size-switchable nanocarriers (NCs) could decrease side effects and increase tumour treatment results by selective accumulation in tumours. In this review, TME features, current drug delivery approaches, challenges and promising strategies towards cancer treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Nezhadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir an
| | | | - Somayeh Handali
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Dorkoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ir an.,Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Zhou D, Xu Z, Song J, Qian X, Lv X, Luan J. Anti-tumor Drug Targets Analysis: Current Insight and Future Prospect. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1180-1202. [PMID: 30947670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of malignant tumors are on the rise, which has become the second leading cause of death in the world. At present, anti-tumor drugs are one of the most common methods for treating cancer. In recent years, with the in-depth study of tumor biology and related disciplines, it has been gradually discovered that the essence of cell carcinogenesis is the infinite proliferation of cells caused by the disorder of cell signal transduction pathways, followed by a major shift in the concept of anti-tumor drugs research and development. The focus of research and development is shifting from traditional cytotoxic drugs to a new generation of anti-tumor drugs targeted at abnormal signaling system targets in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the targets of anti-tumor drugs and analyse the molecular mechanisms of their effects, which lay a foundation for subsequent treatment, research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueyi Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schmitt MV, Lienau P, Fricker G, Reichel A. Quantitation of Lysosomal Trapping of Basic Lipophilic Compounds Using In Vitro Assays and In Silico Predictions Based on the Determination of the Full pH Profile of the Endo-/Lysosomal System in Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:49-57. [PMID: 30409837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal sequestration may affect the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of new basic lipophilic drug candidates potentially impacting their intracellular concentrations and tissue distribution. It may also be involved in drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, and phospholipidosis. However, currently there are no assays to evaluate the lysosomotropic behavior of compounds in a setting fully meeting the needs of drug discovery. We have, therefore, integrated a set of methods to reliably rank order, quantify, and calculate the extent of lysosomal sequestration in rat hepatocytes. An indirect fluorescence-based assay monitors the displacement of the fluorescence probe LysoTracker Red by test compounds. Using a lysosomal-specific evaluation algorithm allows one to generate IC50 values at lower than previously reported concentrations. The concentration range directly agrees with the concentration dependency of the lysosomal drug content itself directly quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and thus permits a quantitative link between the indirect and the direct trapping assay. Furthermore, we have determined the full pH profile and corresponding volume fractions of the endo-/lysosomal system in plated rat hepatocytes, enabling a more accurate in silico prediction of the extent of lysosomal trapping based only on pK a values as input, allowing early predictions even prior to chemical synthesis. The concentration dependency-i.e., the saturability of the trapping-can then be determined by the IC50 values generated in vitro. Thereby, a more quantitative assessment of the susceptibility of basic lipophilic compounds for lysosomal trapping is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian V Schmitt
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Gert Fricker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Andreas Reichel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen F, Song Q, Yu Q. Axl inhibitor R428 induces apoptosis of cancer cells by blocking lysosomal acidification and recycling independent of Axl inhibition. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1466-1482. [PMID: 30210917 PMCID: PMC6129480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
R428 (BGB324) is an anti-cancer drug candidate under clinical investigation. It inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and induces apoptosis of many types of cancer cells, but the relationship between the two has not been well established. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the R428-induced apoptosis and found that R428 induced extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization and caspase activation, independent of its inhibitory effects on Axl. Further analyses revealed that R428 blocked lysosomal acidification and recycling, accumulated autophagosomes and lysosomes, and induced cell apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by autophagy inhibitors or autophagic gene-knockout alleviated the R428-induced vacuoles formation and cell apoptosis. Our study uncovered a novel function and mechanism of R428 in addition to its ability to inhibit Axl. These data will help to better direct the application of R428 as an anti-cancer reagent. It also adds new knowledge to understand the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ladds MJGW, Pastor-Fernández A, Popova G, van Leeuwen IMM, Eng KE, Drummond CJ, Johansson L, Svensson R, Westwood NJ, McCarthy AR, Tholander F, Popa M, Lane DP, McCormack E, McInerney GM, Bhatia R, Laín S. Autophagic flux blockage by accumulation of weakly basic tenovins leads to elimination of B-Raf mutant tumour cells that survive vemurafenib. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195956. [PMID: 29684045 PMCID: PMC5912769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenovin-6 is the most studied member of a family of small molecules with antitumour activity in vivo. Previously, it has been determined that part of the effects of tenovin-6 associate with its ability to inhibit SirT1 and activate p53. However, tenovin-6 has also been shown to modulate autophagic flux. Here we show that blockage of autophagic flux occurs in a variety of cell lines in response to certain tenovins, that autophagy blockage occurs regardless of the effect of tenovins on SirT1 or p53, and that this blockage is dependent on the aliphatic tertiary amine side chain of these molecules. Additionally, we evaluate the contribution of this tertiary amine to the elimination of proliferating melanoma cells in culture. We also demonstrate that the presence of the tertiary amine is sufficient to lead to death of tumour cells arrested in G1 phase following vemurafenib treatment. We conclude that blockage of autophagic flux by tenovins is necessary to eliminate melanoma cells that survive B-Raf inhibition and achieve total tumour cell kill and that autophagy blockage can be achieved at a lower concentration than by chloroquine. This observation is of great relevance as relapse and resistance are frequently observed in cancer patients treated with B-Raf inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. G. W. Ladds
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MJGWL); (SL)
| | - Andrés Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gergana Popova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kai Er Eng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine J. Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tholander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Popa
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David P. Lane
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MJGWL); (SL)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharma A, Vaghasiya K, Ray E, Verma RK. Lysosomal targeting strategies for design and delivery of bioactive for therapeutic interventions. J Drug Target 2017; 26:208-221. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1374390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Kalpesh Vaghasiya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Eupa Ray
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Bhattacharyya J, Mastria E, Chilkoti A. A quantitative study of the intracellular fate of pH-responsive doxorubicin-polypeptide nanoparticles. J Control Release 2017; 260:100-110. [PMID: 28576641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale carriers with an acid-labile linker between the carrier and drug are commonly used for drug delivery. However, their efficacy is potentially limited by inefficient linker cleavage, and lysosomal entrapment of drugs. To address these critical issues, we developed a new imaging method that spatially overlays the location of a nanoparticle and the released drug from the nanoparticle, on a map of the local intracellular pH that delineates individual endosomes and lysosomes, and the therapeutic intracellular target of the drug-the nucleus. We used this method to quantitatively map the intracellular fate of micelles of a recombinant polypeptide conjugated with doxorubicin via an acid-labile hydrazone linker as a function of local pH and time within live cells. We found that hydrolysis of the acid-labile linker is incomplete because the pH range of 4-7 in the endosomes and lysosomes does not provide complete cleavage of the drug from the nanoparticle, but that once cleaved, the drug escapes the acidic endo-lysosomal compartment into the cytosol and traffics to its therapeutic destination-the nucleus. This study also demonstrated that unlike free drug, which enters the cytosol directly through the cell membrane and then traffics into the nucleus, the nanoparticle-loaded drug almost exclusively traffics into endosomes and lysosomes upon intracellular uptake, and only reaches the nucleus after acid-triggered drug release in the endo-lysosomes. This methodology provides a better and more quantitative understanding of the intracellular behavior of drug-loaded nanoparticles, and provides insights for the design of the next-generation of nanoscale drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eric Mastria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Palma E, Mendes F, Morais GR, Rodrigues I, Santos IC, Campello MPC, Raposinho P, Correia I, Gama S, Belo D, Alves V, Abrunhosa AJ, Santos I, Paulo A. Biophysical characterization and antineoplastic activity of new bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Cu(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 167:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
16
|
Reis-Mendes A, Gomes AS, Carvalho RA, Carvalho F, Remião F, Pinto M, Bastos ML, Sousa E, Costa VM. Naphthoquinoxaline metabolite of mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic than the parent compound and it can be a more cardiosafe drug in anticancer therapy. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1871-1890. [PMID: 27629428 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent used to treat several types of cancers and on multiple sclerosis, which shows a high incidence of cardiotoxicity. Still, the underlying mechanisms of MTX cardiotoxicity are poorly understood and the potential toxicity of its metabolites scarcely investigated. Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize the MTX-naphthoquinoxaline metabolite (NAPHT) and to compare its cytotoxicity to the parent compound in 7-day differentiated H9c2 cells using pharmacological relevant concentrations (0.01-5 µM). MTX was more toxic in equivalent concentrations in all cytotoxicity tests performed [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction, neutral red uptake, and lactate dehydrogenase release assays] and times tested (24 and 48 h). Both MTX and NAPHT significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in 7-day differentiated H9c2 cells after a 12-h incubation. However, energetic pathways were affected in a different manner after MTX or NAPHT incubation. ATP increased and lactate levels decreased after a 24-h incubation with MTX, whereas for the same incubation time and concentrations, NAPHT did not cause any significant effect. The increased activity of ATP synthase seems responsible for MTX-induced increases in ATP levels, as oligomycin (an inhibitor of ATP synthase) abrogated this effect on 5 µM MTX-incubated cells. 3-Methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) was the only molecule to give a partial protection against the cytotoxicity produced by MTX or NAPHT. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first broad study on NAPHT cardiotoxicity, and it revealed that the parent drug, MTX, caused a higher disruption in the energetic pathways in a cardiac model in vitro, whereas autophagy is involved in the toxicity of both compounds. In conclusion, NAPHT is claimed to largely contribute to MTX-anticancer properties; therefore, this metabolite should be regarded as a good option for a safer anticancer therapy since it is less cardiotoxic than MTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Reis-Mendes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A S Gomes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R A Carvalho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pinto
- Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - M L Bastos
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Sousa
- Lab. Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Dep. Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - V M Costa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Orienti I, Falconi M, Teti G, Currier MA, Wang J, Phelps M, Cripe TP. Preparation and Evaluation of a Novel Class of Amphiphilic Amines as Antitumor Agents and Nanocarriers for Bioactive Molecules. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2722-35. [PMID: 27457066 PMCID: PMC5040747 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We describe a novel class of antitumor amphiphilic amines (RCn) based on a tricyclic amine hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic linear alkyl tail of variable length. Methods We tested the lead compound, RC16, for cytotoxicity and mechanism of cell death in several cancer cell lines, anti tumor efficacy in mouse tumor models, and ability to encapsulate chemotherapy drugs. Results These compounds displayed strong cytotoxic activity against cell lines derived from both pediatric and adult cancers. The IC50 of the lead compound, RC16, for normal cells including human keratinocytes, human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was tenfold higher than for tumor cells. RC16 exhibited significant antitumor effects in vivo using several human xenografts and a metastatic model of murine neuroblastoma by both intravenous and oral administration routes. The amphiphilic character of RC16 triggered a spontaneous molecular self-assembling in water with formation of micelles allowing complexation of Doxorubicin, Etoposide and Paclitaxel. These micelles significantly improved the in vitro antitumor activity of these drugs as the enhancement of their aqueous solubility also improved their biologic availability. Conclusions RC16 and related amphiphilic amines may be useful as a novel cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Mitch Phelps
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Synthesis of a dansyl-labeled inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 for optical imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2179-83. [PMID: 27025340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is a therapeutic target in the management of androgen-sensitive diseases such as prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. In this Letter, we designed and synthesized the first fluorescent inhibitor of this enzyme by combining a fluorogenic dansyl moiety to the chemical structure of a known inhibitor of 17β-HSD3. The synthesized compound 3 is a potent fluorogenic compound (λex=348 nm and λ em=498 nm). It crosses the cell membrane, keeps its fluorescent properties and is distributed inside the LNCaP cells overexpressing 17β-HSD3, where it inhibits the transformation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione into the androgen testosterone (IC50=262 nM).
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhitomirsky B, Assaraf YG. Lysosomal sequestration of hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics triggers lysosomal biogenesis and lysosome-dependent cancer multidrug resistance. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1143-56. [PMID: 25544758 PMCID: PMC4359223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a primary hindrance to curative cancer chemotherapy. In this respect, lysosomes were suggested to play a role in intrinsic MDR by sequestering protonated hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics away from their intracellular target sites. Here we show that intrinsic resistance to sunitinib, a hydrophobic weak base tyrosine kinase inhibitor known to accumulate in lysosomes, tightly correlates with the number of lysosomes accumulating high levels of sunitinib in multiple human carcinoma cells. Furthermore, exposure of cancer cells to hydrophobic weak base drugs leads to a marked increase in the number of lysosomes per cell. Non-cytotoxic, nanomolar concentrations, of the hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics doxorubicin and mitoxantrone triggered rapid lysosomal biogenesis that was associated with nuclear translocation of TFEB, the dominant transcription factor regulating lysosomal biogenesis. This resulted in increased lysosomal gene expression and lysosomal enzyme activity. Thus, treatment of cancer cells with hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics and their consequent sequestration in lysosomes triggers lysosomal biogenesis, thereby further enhancing lysosomal drug entrapment and MDR. The current study provides the first evidence that drug-induced TFEB-associated lysosomal biogenesis is an emerging determinant of MDR and suggests that circumvention of lysosomal drug sequestration is a novel strategy to overcome this chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Zhitomirsky
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taylor S, Spugnini EP, Assaraf YG, Azzarito T, Rauch C, Fais S. Microenvironment acidity as a major determinant of tumor chemoresistance: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as a novel therapeutic approach. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:69-78. [PMID: 26341193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the major progresses in biomedical research and the development of novel therapeutics and treatment strategies, cancer is still among the dominant causes of death worldwide. One of the crucial challenges in the clinical management of cancer is primary (intrinsic) and secondary (acquired) resistance to both conventional and targeted chemotherapeutics. Multiple mechanisms have been identifiedthat underlie intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance: these include impaired drug uptake, increased drug efflux, deletion of receptors, altered drug metabolism, quantitative and qualitative alterations in drug targets, increased DNA damage repair and various mechanisms of anti-apoptosis. The fast efflux of anticancer drugs mediated by multidrug efflux pumps and the partial or complete reversibility of chemoresistance combined with the absence of genetic mutations suggests a multifactorial process. However, a growing body of recent evidence suggests that chemoresistance is often triggered by the highly acidic microenvironment of tumors. The vast majority of drugs, including conventional chemotherapeutics and more recent biological agents, are weak bases that are quickly protonated and neutralized in acidic environments, such as the extracellular microenvironment and the acidic organelles of tumor cells. It is therefore essential to develop new strategies to overcome the entrapment and neutralization of weak base drugs. One such strategy is the use of proton pump inhibitors which can enhance tumor chemosensitivity by increasing the pH of the tumor microenvironment. Recent clinical trials in animals with spontaneous tumors have indicated that patient alkalization is capable of reversing acquired chemoresistance in a large percentage of tumors that are refractory to chemotherapy. Of particular interest was the benefit of alkalization for patients undergoing metronomic regimens which are becoming more widely used in veterinary medicine. Overall, these results provide substantial new evidence that altering the acidic tumor microenvironment is an effective, well tolerated and low cost strategy for the overcoming of anticancer drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Tommaso Azzarito
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1143-63. [PMID: 25418271 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major hurdles in developing therapeutic agents is the difficulty in delivering drugs through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers (BBB). The goal here is to describe the general structures of the biological barriers and the strategies to enhance drug delivery across these barriers. Prodrug methods used to improve drug penetration via the transcellular pathway have been successfully developed, and some prodrugs have been used to treat patients. The use of transporters to improve absorption of some drugs (e.g., antiviral agents) has also been successful in treating patients. Other methods, including blocking the efflux pumps to improve transcellular delivery, and modulation of cell-cell adhesion in the intercellular junctions to improve paracellular delivery across biological barriers, are still in the investigational stage.
Collapse
|
23
|
Impairment of lysosomal activity as a therapeutic modality targeting cancer stem cells of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110340. [PMID: 25329465 PMCID: PMC4203792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents, with a high rate of relapse that dramatically affects the clinical outcome. Multiagent chemotherapy, in combination with surgery and/or radiation therapy, is the treatment of choice. However, the relapse rate is disappointingly high and identification of new therapeutic tools is urgently needed. Under this respect, the selective block of key features of cancer stem cells (CSC) appears particularly promising. In this study, we isolated rhabdomyosarcoma CSC with stem-like features (high expression of NANOG and OCT3/4, self-renewal ability, multipotency). Rhabdomyosarcoma CSC showed higher invasive ability and a reduced cytotoxicity to doxorubicin in comparison to native cells, through a mechanism unrelated to the classical multidrug resistance process. This was dependent on a high level of lysosome acidity mediated by a high expression of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). Since it was not associated with other paediatric cancers, like Ewing’s sarcoma and neuroblastoma, V-ATPase higher expression in CSC was rhabdomyosarcoma specific. Inhibition of lysosomal acidification by the V-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole, or by specific siRNA silencing, significantly enhanced doxorubicin cytoxicity. Unexpectedly, lysosomal targeting also blocked cell growth and reduced the invasive potential of rhabdomyosarcoma CSC, even at very low doses of omeprazole (10 and 50 µM, respectively). Based on these observations, we propose lysosome acidity as a valuable target to enhance chemosensitivity of rhabdomyosarcoma CSC, and suggest the use of anti-V-ATPase agents in combination with standard regimens as a promising tool for the eradication of minimal residual disease or the prevention of metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Charifson PS, Walters WP. Acidic and Basic Drugs in Medicinal Chemistry: A Perspective. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9701-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - W. Patrick Walters
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Logan R, Kong AC, Krise JP. Time-dependent effects of hydrophobic amine-containing drugs on lysosome structure and biogenesis in cultured human fibroblasts. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3287-96. [PMID: 25042198 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many weakly basic amine-containing drugs are known to be extensively sequestered in acidic lysosomes by an ion trapping-type mechanism. The entrapment of drugs in lysosomes has been shown to influence drug activity, cancer cell selectivity, and pharmacokinetics and can cause the hyperaccumulation of various lipids associated with lysosomes. In this work, we have investigated the prolonged time-dependent effects of drugs on lysosomal properties. We have evaluated two amine-containing drugs with intermediate (propranolol) and high (halofantrine) relative degrees of lipophilicity. Interestingly, the cellular accumulation kinetics of these drugs exhibited a biphasic characteristic at therapeutically relevant exposure levels with an initial apparent steady-state occurring at 2 days followed by a second stage of enhanced accumulation. We provide evidence that this secondary drug accumulation coincides with the nuclear localization of transcription factor EB, a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis, and the appearance of an increased number of smaller and lipid-laden lysosomes. Collectively, these results show that hydrophobic lysosomotropic drugs can induce their own cellular accumulation in a time-dependent fashion and that this is associated with an expanded lysosomal volume. These results have important therapeutic implications and may help to explain sources of variability in drug pharmacokinetic distribution and elimination properties observed in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall Logan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Identification of lysosomotropic compounds based on the distribution and size of lysosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
Logan R, Kong AC, Axcell E, Krise JP. Amine-Containing Molecules and the Induction of an Expanded Lysosomal Volume Phenotype: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1572-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|