1
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Lee NLY, Kuan PSY, Hua QQH, Puniamoorthy N. Experimental evolution under predation reduces body size in dung flies but courtship displays persist in males (Diptera: Sepsidae). Behav Processes 2024; 220:105073. [PMID: 38917938 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Exaggerated sexual traits, such as ornaments and courtship displays, are crucial for mate acquisition in many species and are often subject to directional runaway selection. However, in the face of high predation risk, natural selection can result in a reduction of conspicuous precopulatory displays to avoid detection by potential predators. Sexual selection may then favour increased investment in inconspicuous postcopulatory traits. Here, we investigated the transgenerational effects of predation on precopulatory male courtship and postcopulatory sexual traits (testes size, sperm length) in a dung fly, Sepsis punctum (Sepsidae). Behavioural assays prior to selection document a marked decrease in male courtship displays in the presence of a predator, the Asian Ant Mantis (Odontomantis planiceps). However, after ten generations of experimental evolution, flies exhibited a marked increase in courtship, both in the absence and presence of a predator. Additionally, under sustained predation pressure, male and female body size decreased but male postcopulatory traits were not significantly affected. These results suggest that precopulatory courtship can be under strong sexual selection even in the face of predation pressure. Larger flies were more susceptible to predation, and there could be canalisation of postcopulatory traits that are crucial for fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Y Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Pamela S Y Kuan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent 169610, Singapore
| | - Qiaz Q H Hua
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Adelaide, 115 Darling, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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2
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Silva VC, Rafael JA, Amorim DDES. An introduced species, though remarkable: first record of Sepsidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Chile. Zootaxa 2023; 5297:294-300. [PMID: 37518793 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Cristina Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Departamento de Biologia; Av. Bandeirantes; 3900; 14040-901. Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil.
| | | | - Dalton DE Souza Amorim
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Departamento de Biologia; Av. Bandeirantes; 3900; 14040-901. Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil.
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3
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Blanckenhorn WU, Baur J, Roy J, Puniamoorthy N, Busso JP, Schäfer MA, Rohner PT. Comparative sexual selection in field and laboratory in a guild of sepsid dung flies. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Blanckenhorn WU, Baur J, Busso JP, Giesen A, Gourgoulianni N, van Koppenhagen N, Roy J, Schäfer MA, Wegmann A, Rohner PT. Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julian Baur
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Athene Giesen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicola van Koppenhagen
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Wegmann
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patrick T. Rohner
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
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5
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Baur J, Roy J, Schäfer MA, Puniamoorthy N, Blanckenhorn WU, Rohner PT. Intraspecific mating system evolution and its effect on complex male secondary sexual traits: Does male-male competition increase selection on size or shape? J Evol Biol 2019; 33:297-308. [PMID: 31701605 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is generally held responsible for the exceptional diversity in secondary sexual traits in animals. Mating system evolution is therefore expected to profoundly affect the covariation between secondary sexual traits and mating success. Whereas there is such evidence at the interspecific level, data within species remain scarce. We here investigate sexual selection acting on the exaggerated male fore femur and the male wing in the common and widespread dung flies Sepsis punctum and S. neocynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae). Both species exhibit intraspecific differences in mating systems and variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) across continents that correlates with the extent of male-male competition. We predicted that populations subject to increased male-male competition will experience stronger directional selection on the sexually dimorphic male foreleg. Our results suggest that fore femur size, width and shape were indeed positively associated with mating success in populations with male-biased SSD in both species, which was not evident in conspecific populations with female-biased SSD. However, this was also the case for wing size and shape, a trait often assumed to be primarily under natural selection. After correcting for selection on overall body size by accounting for allometric scaling, we found little evidence for independent selection on any of these size or shape traits in legs or wings, irrespective of the mating system. Sexual dimorphism and (foreleg) trait exaggeration is therefore unlikely to be driven by direct precopulatory sexual selection, but more so by selection on overall size or possibly selection on allometric scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Baur
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Uppsala Universitet, Institute for Ecology and Genetics; Animal Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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6
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Baur J, Giesen A, Rohner PT, Blanckenhorn WU, Schäfer MA. Exaggerated male forelegs are not more differentiated than wing morphology in two widespread sister species of black scavenger flies. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Baur
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athene Giesen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick T. Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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7
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Rohner PT, Blanckenhorn WU. A Comparative Study of the Role of Sex-Specific Condition Dependence in the Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Traits. Am Nat 2018; 192:E202-E215. [DOI: 10.1086/700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Largely flat latitudinal life history clines in the dung fly Sepsis fulgens across Europe (Diptera: Sepsidae). Oecologia 2018; 187:851-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Campos Barbosa Júnior E, da Rocha PLB. Analysis of the accuracy and consistency of the behavioral ecology literature that investigates Tinbergen’s question “What does the behavior exist for?”. ANIM BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-17000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tinbergen’s question “What does the behavior exist for?” has contributed to the establishment of behavioral ecology. However, communication within this discipline could be impaired if one does not realize that the question may refer to distinct temporal scopes. Answering it requires specific methodological approaches for each scope: different interpretations of the question refer to different processes. Here we evaluate whether the behavioral ecology literature avoids these pitfalls. We analyze a sample of the articles related to Tinbergen’s question, evaluating if they: precisely delimit the temporal scope of the question; use methodology appropriate to the temporal scope of the article; accurately define the terms used to refer to the survival value of behavior; and use the terms consistently. Additionally, we evaluate whether the citation of these articles is impaired by misinterpretations regarding the temporal scope and terms associated with the question. Of the 22 analyzed articles, three present problems in defining the time of the question, but in the other 19, methods suited to the time studied were used. Four terms (fitness, effect, adaptation, and function) were used to refer to the utility of the behavior, but only one article defined all of them. We found no communication problems in the citing process regarding the time of interest of the question and the terms used to refer to the usefulness of the behavior in the 16 analyzed citation events. Low/medium- and high-impact articles were similar in terms of the problems found. We suggest future articles should define the terms used, in order to avoid miscommunication in the field.
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10
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Rohner PT, Teder T, Esperk T, Lüpold S, Blanckenhorn WU. The evolution of male‐biased sexual size dimorphism is associated with increased body size plasticity in males. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tiit Teder
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Department of EcologyFaculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Toomas Esperk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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11
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Su KFY, Puniamoorthy J, Özsu N, Srivathsan A, Meier R. Evolutionary analysis identifies multiple genome expansions and contractions in Sepsidae (Diptera) and suggests targets for future genomic research. Cladistics 2016; 32:308-316. [PMID: 34736307 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We here argue that data from comparative studies of genome size and karyotypes provide important information for planning comparative research on genome evolution. We document for 39 species of sepsids that there is a four-fold difference in genome size (151-618 Mbp). Mapping genome sizes onto a phylogenetic hypothesis identifies that this range is the result of five genome expansions and four genome contractions that we here define as changes in genome size of more than 50 Mbp. We then generate karyotype data for 10 species and find no changes in chromosome number. The study reveals that the "Oriental" clade of sepsids is a promising system for studying genome evolution because it has experienced three genome expansion events. These events can be compared with an expansion in the "Neotropical" clade in order to reveal the mechanisms that underlie genome expansion in Sepsidae. A review of the literature on genome sizes and karyotypes reveals that they have been poorly documented in Metazoa. This means that researchers interested in the evolution of genome expansions and contractions are currently not being able to identify appropriate target taxa for genome sequencing. We thus argue for more comparative research on genome sizes and karyotypes and point out that historically species were chosen for genome sequencing for reasons not related to genome evolution (e.g. small genome size, model species status, phylogenetic position, interesting phenotypes). We believe that it is now time to use a more genome-centric selection criterion, where species for whole genome sequencing are selected based on their importance for understanding genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy F Y Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Dr 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Dr 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.,Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Nesibe Özsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Dr 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Amrita Srivathsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Dr 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Dr 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore, 117377, Singapore
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12
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Esperk T, Kjaersgaard A, Walters RJ, Berger D, Blanckenhorn WU. Plastic and evolutionary responses to heat stress in a temperate dung fly: negative correlation between basal and induced heat tolerance? J Evol Biol 2016; 29:900-15. [PMID: 26801318 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events such as heat waves are becoming more frequent and intense. Populations can cope with elevated heat stress by evolving higher basal heat tolerance (evolutionary response) and/or stronger induced heat tolerance (plastic response). However, there is ongoing debate about whether basal and induced heat tolerance are negatively correlated and whether adaptive potential in heat tolerance is sufficient under ongoing climate warming. To evaluate the evolutionary potential of basal and induced heat tolerance, we performed experimental evolution on a temperate source population of the dung fly Sepsis punctum. Offspring of flies adapted to three thermal selection regimes (Hot, Cold and Reference) were subjected to acute heat stress after having been exposed to either a hot-acclimation or non-acclimation pretreatment. As different traits may respond differently to temperature stress, several physiological and life history traits were assessed. Condition dependence of the response was evaluated by exposing juveniles to different levels of developmental (food restriction/rearing density) stress. Heat knockdown times were highest, whereas acclimation effects were lowest in the Hot selection regime, indicating a negative association between basal and induced heat tolerance. However, survival, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility did not show such a pattern. Acclimation had positive effects in heat-shocked flies, but in the absence of heat stress hot-acclimated flies had reduced life spans relative to non-acclimated ones, thereby revealing a potential cost of acclimation. Moreover, body size positively affected heat tolerance and unstressed individuals were less prone to heat stress than stressed flies, offering support for energetic costs associated with heat tolerance. Overall, our results indicate that heat tolerance of temperate insects can evolve under rising temperatures, but this response could be limited by a negative relationship between basal and induced thermotolerance, and may involve some but not other fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Esperk
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kjaersgaard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R J Walters
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - D Berger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W U Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Hersh E, Madjidian JA, Andersson S, Strandh M, Armbruster WS, Lankinen Å. Sexual antagonism in the pistil varies among populations of a hermaphroditic mixed-mating plant. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1321-34. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hersh
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. A. Madjidian
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - S. Andersson
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Strandh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
| | - W. S. Armbruster
- School of Biological Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Å. Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
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14
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Dmitriew C, Blanckenhorn WU. Condition dependence and the maintenance of genetic variance in a sexually dimorphic black scavenger fly. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2408-19. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dmitriew
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - W. U. Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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15
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Berger D, Walters RJ, Blanckenhorn WU. Experimental evolution for generalists and specialists reveals multivariate genetic constraints on thermal reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1975-89. [PMID: 25039963 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts the emergence of generalists in variable environments and antagonistic pleiotropy to favour specialists in constant environments, but empirical data seldom support such generalist-specialist trade-offs. We selected for generalists and specialists in the dung fly Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae) under conditions that we predicted would reveal antagonistic pleiotropy and multivariate trade-offs underlying thermal reaction norms for juvenile development. We performed replicated laboratory evolution using four treatments: adaptation at a hot (31 °C) or a cold (15 °C) temperature, or under regimes fluctuating between these temperatures, either within or between generations. After 20 generations, we assessed parental effects and genetic responses of thermal reaction norms for three correlated life-history traits: size at maturity, juvenile growth rate and juvenile survival. We find evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy for performance at hot and cold temperatures, and a temperature-mediated trade-off between juvenile survival and size at maturity, suggesting that trade-offs associated with environmental tolerance can arise via intensified evolutionary compromises between genetically correlated traits. However, despite this antagonistic pleiotropy, we found no support for the evolution of increased thermal tolerance breadth at the expense of reduced maximal performance, suggesting low genetic variance in the generalist-specialist dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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