1
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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Lin H, Deng S, Feng S, Wei Y. Design, in silico evaluation, and in vitro verification of new bivalent Smac mimetics with pro-apoptotic activity. Methods 2024; 224:35-46. [PMID: 38373678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalent Smac mimetics have been shown to possess binding affinity and pro-apoptotic activity similar to or more potent than that of native Smac, a protein dimer able to neutralize the anti-apoptotic activity of an inhibitor of caspase enzymes, XIAP, which endows cancer cells with resistance to anticancer drugs. We design five new bivalent Smac mimetics, which are formed by various linkers tethering two diazabicyclic cores being the IAP binding motifs. We built in silico models of the five mimetics by the TwistDock workflow and evaluated their conformational tendency, which suggests that compound 3, whose linker is n-hexylene, possess the highest binding potency among the five. After synthesis of these compounds, their ability in tumour cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction displayed in experiments with SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines confirms our prediction. Among the five mimetics, compound 3 displays promising pro-apoptotic activity and deserves further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shiqi Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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The Photoperiod Regulates Granulosa Cell Apoptosis through the FSH-Nodal/ALK7 Signaling Pathway in Phodopus sungorus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243570. [PMID: 36552491 PMCID: PMC9774567 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiod regulates the seasonal reproduction of mammals by affecting the follicle development, for which the granulosa cells provide nutrition. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were raised under different photoperiods to study the ovarian status and explore the potential mechanism of the follicle development mediated by the FSH-Nodal/ALK7 signaling pathway. Compared with the moderate daylight (MD) group, the short daylight (SD) group exhibited a significant decrease in the ovarian weight and increase in the atretic follicle number and granulosa cell apoptosis, whereas the long daylight (LD) group showed an increase in the ovarian weight, the growing follicle number, and the antral follicle number, but a decrease in the granulosa cell apoptosis. Based on these findings, the key genes of the Nodal/ALK7 signaling pathway controlling the granulosa cell apoptosis were studied using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. In the SD group, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration significantly decreased and the Nodal/ALK7/Smad signaling pathways were activated, while the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3)/Akt signaling pathway was inhibited. The BAX expression was significantly increased, while the Bcl-xL expression was significantly decreased, leading to an increase in the caspase-3 activity, the granulosa cell apoptosis, and ovarian degeneration. However, in the LD group, the FSH concentration significantly increased, the Nodal/ALK7/Smad signaling pathway was inhibited, and the PIK3/Akt signaling pathway was activated. Taken together, our results indicate that the photoperiod can regulate the apoptosis of the granulosa cells by regulating the concentration of FSH, activating or inhibiting the Nodal/ALK7 signaling pathway, thereby affecting the ovarian function. Our research provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the photoperiod-regulated mechanisms of the mammalian seasonal reproduction.
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3
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Cossu F, Camelliti S, Lecis D, Sorrentino L, Majorini MT, Milani M, Mastrangelo E. Structure-based identification of a new IAP-targeting compound that induces cancer cell death inducing NF-κB pathway. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6366-6374. [PMID: 34938412 PMCID: PMC8649670 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual docking vs type I BIRs of IAPs identified FC2 as a modulator of NF-kB. FC2 is active as a single agent with no toxicity in normal cells. The cytotoxic activity of FC2 is enhanced by TNF and by the Smac-mimetic SM83. FC2 stabilizes XIAP/TAB1 interaction, prolonging the activation of NF-κB.
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are validated onco-targets, as their overexpression correlates with cancer onset, progression, diffusion and chemoresistance. IAPs regulate cell death survival pathways, inflammation, and immunity. Targeting IAPs, by impairing their protein–protein interaction surfaces, can affect events occurring at different stages of cancer development. To this purpose, we employed a rational virtual screening approach to identify compounds predicted to interfere with the assembly of pro-survival macromolecular complexes. One of the candidates, FC2, was shown to bind in vitro the BIR1 domains of both XIAP and cIAP2. Moreover, we demonstrated that FC2 can induce cancer cell death as a single agent and, more potently, in combination with the Smac-mimetic SM83 or with the cytokine TNF. FC2 determined a prolonged activation of the NF-κB pathway, accompanied to a stabilization of XIAP-TAB1 complex. This candidate molecule represents a valuable lead compound for the development of a new class of IAP-antagonists for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- CNR-IBF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Camelliti
- CNR-IBF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo, 42, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo, 42, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Sorrentino
- CNR-IBF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Milano, Via Venezian, 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Majorini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo, 42, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- CNR-IBF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- CNR-IBF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria, 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Wei D, Wei Y, Feng S. The TwistDock workflow for evaluation of bivalent Smac mimetics targeting XIAP. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1373-1388. [PMID: 31118573 PMCID: PMC6499140 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s194276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Mimetics based on Smac, the native inhibitor of XIAP, are promising drug-candidates for the treatment of cancer. Bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit XIAP with even higher potency than monovalent mimetics, but how to optimize the linker that tethers the two monovalent binding motifs remains controversial. Methods: To construct an ensemble of bivalent complex structures for evaluating various linkers, we propose herein a workflow, named TwistDock, consisting of steps of monovalent docking and linker twisting, in which the degrees of freedom are sampled focusing on the rotation of single bonds of the linker. Results: The obtained conformations of bivalent complex distribute randomly in the conformational space with respect to two reaction coordinates introduced by the linker, which are the distance of the two binding motifs and the dihedral angle of the two planes through the linker and each of the binding motifs. Molecular dynamics starting from 10 conformations with the lowest enthalpy of every complex shows that the conformational tendency of the complex participated by compound 9, one of the compounds with the largest binding affinity, is distinct from others. By umbrella sampling of the complex, we find its global minimum of the free energy landscape. The structure shows that the linker favors a compact conformation, and the two BIR domains of XIAP encompass the ligand on the opposite sides. Conclusion: TwistDock can be used in fine-tuning of bivalent ligands targeting XIAP and similar receptors dimerized or oligomerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Dan Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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5
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Corti A, Milani M, Lecis D, Seneci P, Rosa M, Mastrangelo E, Cossu F. Structure‐based design and molecular profiling of Smac‐mimetics selective for cellular
IAP
s. FEBS J 2018; 285:3286-3298. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale Università di Milano Italy
| | - Matteo Rosa
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Federica Cossu
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
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6
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Hagemann J, Jacobi C, Gstoettner S, Welz C, Schwenk-Zieger S, Stauber R, Strieth S, Kuenzel J, Baumeister P, Becker S. Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29733308 DOI: 10.3791/57012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with or without surgery. While platinum-based chemotherapy regimens currently represent the gold standard in terms of efficacy and are given in the vast majority of cases, new chemotherapy regimens, namely immunotherapy are emerging. However, the response rates and therapy resistance mechanisms for either chemo regimen are hard to predict and remain insufficiently understood. Broad variations of chemo and radiation resistance mechanisms are known to date. This study describes the development of a standardized, high-throughput in vitro assay to assess HNSCC cell line's response to various therapy regimens, and hopefully on primary cells from individual patients as a future tool for personalized tumor therapy. The assay is designed to being integrated into the quality-controlled standard algorithm for HNSCC patients at our tertiary care center; however, this will be subject of future studies. Technical feasibility looks promising for primary cells from tumor biopsies from actual patients. Specimens are then transferred into the laboratory. Biopsies are mechanically separated followed by enzymatic digestion. Cells are then cultured in ultra-low adhesion cell culture vials that promote the reproducible, standardized and spontaneous formation of three-dimensional, spheroid-shaped cell conglomerates. Spheroids are then ready to be exposed to chemo-radiation protocols and immunotherapy protocols as needed. The final cell viability and spheroid size are indicators of therapy susceptibility and therefore could be drawn into consideration in future to assess the patients' likely therapy response. This model could be a valuable, cost-efficient tool towards personalized therapy for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hagemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Medical Center;
| | - Christian Jacobi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Munich Medical Center
| | - Sabine Gstoettner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Medical Center
| | - Christian Welz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Goettingen Medical Center
| | | | - Roland Stauber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Medical Center
| | - Sebastian Strieth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Medical Center
| | - Julian Kuenzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Medical Center
| | - Philipp Baumeister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Medical Center
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Medical Center; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Medical Center
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7
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The activator of apoptosis Smac-DIABLO acts as a tetramer in solution. Biophys J 2015; 108:714-23. [PMID: 25650938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smac-DIABLO in its mature form (20.8 kDa) binds to baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) releasing their inhibitory effects on caspases, thus promoting cell death. Despite its apparent molecular mass (∼100 kDa), Smac-DIABLO was held to be a dimer in solution, simultaneously targeting two distinct BIR domains. We report an extensive biophysical characterization of the protein alone and in complex with the X-linked IAP (XIAP)-BIR2-BIR3 domains. Our data show that Smac-DIABLO adopts a tetrameric assembly in solution and that the tetramer is able to bind two BIR2-BIR3 pairs of domains. Our small-angle x-ray scattering-based tetrameric model of Smac-DIABLO/BIR2-BIR3 highlights some conformational freedom of the complex that may be related to optimization of IAPs binding.
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8
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Hird AW, Aquila BM, Hennessy EJ, Vasbinder MM, Yang B. Small molecule inhibitor of apoptosis proteins antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:755-74. [PMID: 25980951 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) plays a key role in the suppression of proapoptotic signaling; hence, a small molecule that disrupts the binding of IAPs with their functional partner should restore apoptotic response to proapoptotic stimuli in cells. The continued publication of new patent applications of IAP antagonists over the past 4 years is a testament to the continued interest surrounding the IAP family of proteins. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the IAP antagonist patent literature from 2010 to 2014. Monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics will be covered as well as two new developments in the field: IAP antagonists coupled to or merged with other targeted agents and new BIR2 selective IAP antagonists. EXPERT OPINION In addition to the well-explored scaffolds for monovalent and bivalent Smac-mimetics, some companies have taken more drastic approaches to explore new chemical space - for example, fragment-based approaches and macrocyclic inhibitors. Furthermore, other companies have designed compounds with alternative biological profiles - tethering to known kinase binding structures, trying to target to the mitochondria or introducing selective binding to the BIR2 domain. An overview of the status for the four small molecule IAP antagonists being evaluated in active human clinical trials is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Hird
- AstraZeneca, Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology iMed , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451 , USA +1 781 839 4145 ;
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9
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Condon SM, Mitsuuchi Y, Deng Y, LaPorte MG, Rippin SR, Haimowitz T, Alexander MD, Kumar PT, Hendi MS, Lee YH, Benetatos CA, Yu G, Kapoor GS, Neiman E, Seipel ME, Burns JM, Graham MA, McKinlay MA, Li X, Wang J, Shi Y, Feltham R, Bettjeman B, Cumming MH, Vince JE, Khan N, Silke J, Day CL, Chunduru SK. Birinapant, a smac-mimetic with improved tolerability for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3666-77. [PMID: 24684347 DOI: 10.1021/jm500176w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Birinapant (1) is a second-generation bivalent antagonist of IAP proteins that is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Using a range of assays that evaluated cIAP1 stability and oligomeric state, we demonstrated that 1 stabilized the cIAP1-BUCR (BIR3-UBA-CARD-RING) dimer and promoted autoubiquitylation of cIAP1 in vitro. Smac-mimetic 1-induced loss of cIAPs correlated with inhibition of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation, caspase activation, and tumor cell killing. Many first-generation Smac-mimetics such as compound A (2) were poorly tolerated. Notably, animals that lack functional cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP are not viable, and 2 mimicked features of triple IAP knockout cells in vitro. The improved tolerability of 1 was associated with (i) decreased potency against cIAP2 and affinity for XIAP BIR3 and (ii) decreased ability to inhibit XIAP-dependent signaling pathways. The P2' position of 1 was critical to this differential activity, and this improved tolerability has allowed 1 to proceed into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Condon
- TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 343 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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10
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Agorreta J, Hu J, Liu D, Delia D, Turley H, Ferguson DJP, Iborra F, Pajares MJ, Larrayoz M, Zudaire I, Pio R, Montuenga LM, Harris AL, Gatter K, Pezzella F. TRAP1 regulates proliferation, mitochondrial function, and has prognostic significance in NSCLC. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:660-9. [PMID: 24567527 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is a mitochondrial HSP that has been related to drug resistance and protection from apoptosis in colorectal and prostate cancer. Here, the effect of TRAP1 ablation on cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function was determined in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, the prognostic value of TRAP1 was evaluated in patients with NSCLC. These results demonstrate that TRAP1 knockdown reduces cell growth and clonogenic cell survival. Moreover, TRAP1 downregulation impairs mitochondrial functions such as ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential as measured by TMRM (tetramethylrhodamine methylester) uptake, but it does not affect mitochondrial density or mitochondrial morphology. The effect of TRAP1 silencing on apoptosis, analyzed by flow cytometry and immunoblot expression (cleaved PARP, caspase-9, and caspase-3) was cell line and context dependent. Finally, the prognostic potential of TRAP1 expression in NSCLC was ascertained via immunohistochemical analysis which revealed that high TRAP1 expression was associated with increased risk of disease recurrence (univariate analysis, P = 0.008; multivariate analysis, HR: 2.554; 95% confidence interval, 1.085-6.012; P = 0.03). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that TRAP1 impacts the viability of NSCLC cells, and that its expression is prognostic in NSCLC. IMPLICATIONS TRAP1 controls NSCLC proliferation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function, and its status has prognostic potential in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Agorreta
- Authors' Affiliations: Oncology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona; 2Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; 3Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences; 4Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; 5Department of Medical Oncology, University of Oxford, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; 6Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; and 7Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
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11
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Lecis D, De Cesare M, Perego P, Conti A, Corna E, Drago C, Seneci P, Walczak H, Colombo MP, Delia D, Sangaletti S. Smac mimetics induce inflammation and necrotic tumour cell death by modulating macrophage activity. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e920. [PMID: 24232096 PMCID: PMC3847325 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics (SMs) comprise a class of small molecules that target members of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of pro-survival proteins, whose expression in cancer cells hinders the action of conventional chemotherapeutics. Herein, we describe the activity of SM83, a newly synthesised dimeric SM, in two cancer ascites models: athymic nude mice injected intraperitoneally with IGROV-1 human ovarian carcinoma cells and immunocompetent BALB/c mice injected with murine Meth A sarcoma cells. SM83 rapidly killed ascitic IGROV-1 and Meth A cells in vivo (prolonging mouse survival), but was ineffective against the same cells in vitro. IGROV-1 cells in nude mice were killed within the ascites by a non-apoptotic, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent mechanism. SM83 administration triggered a rapid inflammatory event characterised by host secretion of TNF, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. This inflammatory response was associated with the reversion of the phenotype of tumour-associated macrophages from a pro-tumoural M2- to a pro-inflammatory M1-like state. SM83 treatment was also associated with a massive recruitment of neutrophils that, however, was not essential for the antitumoural activity of this compound. In BALB/c mice bearing Meth A ascites, SM83 treatment was in some cases curative, and these mice became resistant to a second injection of cancer cells, suggesting that they had developed an adaptive immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that, in vivo, SM83 modulates the immune system within the tumour microenvironment and, through its pro-inflammatory action, leads cancer cells to die by necrosis with the release of high-mobility group box-1. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that SMs could be more therapeutically active than expected by stimulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
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12
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Wang K, Lin B. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1970-80. [PMID: 23770286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IAPs are a group of regulatory proteins that are structurally related. Their conserved homologues have been identified in various organisms. In human, eight IAP members have been recognized based on baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. The antiapoptotic property of IAPs depends on their professional role for caspases. IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. IAPs impede apoptotic process via membrane receptor-dependent (extrinsic) cascade and mitochondrial dependent (intrinsic) pathway. IAP-mediated apoptosis affects the progression of liver diseases. Therapeutic options of liver diseases may depend on the understanding toward mechanisms of the IAP-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
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