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Ariano K, Schweiger P. Determining the functional role of the Gluconobacter oxydans GOX1969 protein as a BamB homolog. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0106024. [PMID: 38916353 PMCID: PMC11302035 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01060-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria are used in many industrial processes such as the production of vinegar, vitamin C, the antidiabetic drug miglitol, and various artificial flavorings. These industrially important reactions are primarily carried out by an arsenal of periplasmic-facing membrane-bound dehydrogenases that incompletely oxidize their substrates and shuttle electrons directly into the respiratory chain. Among these dehydrogenases, GOX1969 in Gluconobacter oxydans was predicted to be a pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent dehydrogenase of unknown function. However, after multiple analysis by a number of labs, no dehydrogenase activity has been detected. Reanalysis of GOX1969 sequence and structure reveals similarities to Escherichia coli BamB, which functions as a subunit of the β-barrel assembly machinery complex that is responsible for the assembly of β-barrel outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. To test if the physiological function of GOX1969 is similar to BamB in E. coli, we introduced the gox1969 gene into an E. coli ∆bamB mutant. Growth deficiencies in the ∆bamB mutant were restored when gox1969 was expressed on the plasmid pGox1969. Furthermore, increased membrane permeability conferred by bamB deletion was restored upon gox1969 expression, which suggests a direct link between GOX1969 and a role in maintaining outer membrane stability. Together, this evidence strongly suggests that GOX1969 is functionally acting as a BamB in G. oxydans. As such, functional information on uncharacterized genes will provide new insights that will allow for more accurate modeling of acetic acid bacterial metabolism and further efforts to design rational strains for industrial use.IMPORTANCEGluconobacter oxydans is an industrially important member of the acetic acid bacteria. Experimental characterization of putative genes is necessary to identify targets for further engineering of rational acetic acid bacteria strains that can be used in the production of vitamin C, antidiabetic compounds, artificial flavorings, or novel compounds. In this study, we have identified an undefined dehydrogenase GOX1969 with no known substrate and defined structural similarities to outer membrane biogenesis protein BamB in E. coli K12. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GOX1969 is capable of complementing bamB knockout phenotypes in E. coli K12. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of G. oxydans physiology and expand the list of potential targets for future industrial strain design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky Ariano
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul Schweiger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Akshay SD, Deekshit VK, Mohan Raj J, Maiti B. Outer Membrane Proteins and Efflux Pumps Mediated Multi-Drug Resistance in Salmonella: Rising Threat to Antimicrobial Therapy. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2072-2092. [PMID: 37910638 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite colossal achievements in antibiotic therapy in recent decades, drug-resistant pathogens have remained a leading cause of death and economic loss globally. One such WHO-critical group pathogen is Salmonella. The extensive and inappropriate treatments for Salmonella infections have led from multi-drug resistance (MDR) to extensive drug resistance (XDR). The synergy between efflux-mediated systems and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may favor MDR in Salmonella. Differential expression of the efflux system and OMPs (influx) and positional mutations are the factors that can be correlated to the development of drug resistance. Insights into the mechanism of influx and efflux of antibiotics can aid in developing a structurally stable molecule that can be proficient at escaping from the resistance loops in Salmonella. Understanding the strategic responsibilities and developing policies to address the surge of drug resistance at the national, regional, and global levels are the needs of the hour. In this Review, we attempt to aggregate all the available research findings and delineate the resistance mechanisms by dissecting the involvement of OMPs and efflux systems. Integrating major OMPs and the efflux system's differential expression and positional mutation in Salmonella may provide insight into developing strategic therapies for one health application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Dangari Akshay
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Juliet Mohan Raj
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
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3
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Li L, Liu Z, Meng D, Liu Y, Liu T, Jiang C, Yin H. Sequence similarity network and protein structure prediction offer insights into the evolution of microbial pathways for ferrous iron oxidation. mSystems 2023; 8:e0072023. [PMID: 37768051 PMCID: PMC10654088 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00720-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Microbial Fe(II) oxidation is a crucial process that harnesses and converts the energy available in Fe, contributing significantly to global element cycling. However, there are still many aspects of this process that remain unexplored. In this study, we utilized a combination of comparative genomics, sequence similarity network analysis, and artificial intelligence-driven structure modeling methods to address the lack of structural information on Fe(II) oxidation proteins and offer a comprehensive perspective on the evolution of Fe(II) oxidation pathways. Our findings suggest that several microbial Fe(II) oxidation pathways currently known may have originated within classes Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhi Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghua Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Hunan Tobacco Science Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Hunan Tobacco Science Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Chengying Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Kim J, Pham H, Baek Y, Jo I, Kim YH, Ha NC. Structure of the plant growth-promoting factor YxaL from the rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis and its application to protein engineering. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:104-112. [PMID: 34981766 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321011724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The YxaL protein was isolated from the soil bacterium Bacillus velezensis and has been shown to promote the root growth of symbiotic plants. YxaL has further been suggested to act as an exogenous signaling protein to induce the growth and branching of plant roots. Amino acid sequence analysis predicted YxaL to exhibit an eight-bladed β-propeller fold stabilized by six tryptophan-docking motifs and two modified motifs. Protein engineering to improve its structural stability is needed to increase the utility of YxaL as a plant growth-promoting factor. Here, the crystal structure of YxaL from B. velezensis was determined at 1.8 Å resolution to explore its structural features for structure-based protein engineering. The structure showed the typical eight-bladed β-propeller fold with structural variations in the third and fourth blades, which may decrease the stability of the β-propeller fold. Engineered proteins targeting the modified motifs were subsequently created. Crystal structures of the engineered YxaL proteins showed that the typical tryptophan-docking interaction was restored in the third and fourth blades, with increased structural stability, resulting in improved root growth-promoting activity in Arabidopsis seeds. The work is an example of structure-based protein engineering to improve the structural stability of β-propellor fold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiheon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Baek
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseong Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Diederichs KA, Buchanan SK, Botos I. Building Better Barrels - β-barrel Biogenesis and Insertion in Bacteria and Mitochondria. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166894. [PMID: 33639212 PMCID: PMC8292188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
β-barrel proteins are folded and inserted into outer membranes by multi-subunit protein complexes that are conserved across different types of outer membranes. In Gram-negative bacteria this complex is the barrel-assembly machinery (BAM), in mitochondria it is the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) complex, and in chloroplasts it is the outer envelope protein Oep80. Mitochondrial β-barrel precursor proteins are translocated from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space by the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex, and stabilized by molecular chaperones before interaction with the assembly machinery. Outer membrane bacterial BamA interacts with four periplasmic accessory proteins, whereas mitochondrial Sam50 interacts with two cytoplasmic accessory proteins. Despite these major architectural differences between BAM and SAM complexes, their core proteins, BamA and Sam50, seem to function the same way. Based on the new SAM complex structures, we propose that the mitochondrial β-barrel folding mechanism follows the budding model with barrel-switching aiding in the release of new barrels. We also built a new molecular model for Tom22 interacting with Sam37 to identify regions that could mediate TOM-SAM supercomplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Diederichs
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan K Buchanan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Istvan Botos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Chen X, Ding Y, Bamert RS, Le Brun AP, Duff AP, Wu CM, Hsu HY, Shiota T, Lithgow T, Shen HH. Substrate-dependent arrangements of the subunits of the BAM complex determined by neutron reflectometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183587. [PMID: 33639106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex catalyses the assembly of β-barrel proteins into the outer membrane, and is composed of five subunits: BamA, BamB, BamC, BamD and BamE. Once assembled, - β-barrel proteins can be involved in various functions including uptake of nutrients, export of toxins and mediating host-pathogen interactions, but the precise mechanism by which these ubiquitous and often essential β-barrel proteins are assembled is yet to be established. In order to determine the relative positions of BAM subunits in the membrane environment we reconstituted each subunit into a biomimetic membrane, characterizing their interaction and structural changes by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and neutron reflectometry. Our results suggested that the binding of BamE, or a BamDE dimer, to BamA induced conformational changes in the polypeptide transported-associated (POTRA) domains of BamA, but that BamB or BamD alone did not promote any such changes. As monitored by neutron reflectometry, addition of an unfolded substrate protein extended the length of POTRA domains further away from the membrane interface as part of the mechanism whereby the substrate protein was folded into the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Bamert
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Anthony P Duff
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Chun-Ming Wu
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Takuya Shiota
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, Organization for Promotion of Career Management, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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7
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Askarian F, Uchiyama S, Masson H, Sørensen HV, Golten O, Bunæs AC, Mekasha S, Røhr ÅK, Kommedal E, Ludviksen JA, Arntzen MØ, Schmidt B, Zurich RH, van Sorge NM, Eijsink VGH, Krengel U, Mollnes TE, Lewis NE, Nizet V, Vaaje-Kolstad G. The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase CbpD promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in systemic infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1230. [PMID: 33623002 PMCID: PMC7902821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which cleave polysaccharides by oxidation, have been associated with bacterial virulence, but supporting functional data is scarce. Here we show that CbpD, the LPMO of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a chitin-oxidizing virulence factor that promotes survival of the bacterium in human blood. The catalytic activity of CbpD was promoted by azurin and pyocyanin, two redox-active virulence factors also secreted by P. aeruginosa. Homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and small angle X-ray scattering indicated that CbpD is a monomeric tri-modular enzyme with flexible linkers. Deletion of cbpD rendered P. aeruginosa unable to establish a lethal systemic infection, associated with enhanced bacterial clearance in vivo. CbpD-dependent survival of the wild-type bacterium was not attributable to dampening of pro-inflammatory responses by CbpD ex vivo or in vivo. Rather, we found that CbpD attenuates the terminal complement cascade in human serum. Studies with an active site mutant of CbpD indicated that catalytic activity is crucial for virulence function. Finally, profiling of the bacterial and splenic proteomes showed that the lack of this single enzyme resulted in substantial re-organization of the bacterial and host proteomes. LPMOs similar to CbpD occur in other pathogens and may have similar immune evasive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Helen Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ole Golten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Bunæs
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Eirik Kommedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Benjamin Schmidt
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond H Zurich
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen TREC, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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8
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Lundquist K, Billings E, Bi M, Wellnitz J, Noinaj N. The assembly of β-barrel membrane proteins by BAM and SAM. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:425-435. [PMID: 33314350 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts all possess an outer membrane populated with a host of β-barrel outer-membrane proteins (βOMPs). These βOMPs play crucial roles in maintaining viability of their hosts, and therefore, it is essential to understand the biogenesis of this class of membrane proteins. In recent years, significant structural and functional advancements have been made toward elucidating this process, which is mediated by the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) in Gram-negative bacteria, and by the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) in mitochondria. Structures of both BAM and SAM have now been reported, allowing a comparison and dissection of the two machineries, with other studies reporting on functional aspects of each. Together, these new insights provide compelling support for the proposed budding mechanism, where each nascent βOMP forms a hybrid-barrel intermediate with BAM/SAM in route to its biogenesis into the membrane. Here, we will review these recent studies and highlight their contributions toward understanding βOMP biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria and in mitochondria. We will also weigh the evidence supporting each of the two leading mechanistic models for how BAM/SAM function, and offer an outlook on future studies within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Lundquist
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Evan Billings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maxine Bi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James Wellnitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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9
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Wu R, Stephenson R, Gichaba A, Noinaj N. The big BAM theory: An open and closed case? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183062. [PMID: 31520605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is responsible for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) into the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. These OMPs have a membrane-embedded domain consisting of a β-barrel fold which can vary from 8 to 36 β-strands, with each serving a diverse role in the cell such as nutrient uptake and virulence. BAM was first identified nearly two decades ago, but only recently has the molecular structure of the full complex been reported. Together with many years of functional characterization, we have a significantly clearer depiction of BAM's structure, the intra-complex interactions, conformational changes that BAM may undergo during OMP biogenesis, and the role chaperones may play. But still, despite advances over the past two decades, the mechanism for BAM-mediated OMP biogenesis remains elusive. Over the years, several theories have been proposed that have varying degrees of support from the literature, but none has of yet been conclusive enough to be widely accepted as the sole mechanism. We will present a brief history of BAM, the recent work on the structures of BAM, and a critical analysis of the current theories for how it may function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Wu
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert Stephenson
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Abigail Gichaba
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The transport of small molecules across membranes is essential for the import of nutrients and other energy sources into the cell and, for the export of waste and other potentially harmful byproducts out of the cell. While hydrophobic molecules are permeable to membranes, ions and other small polar molecules require transport via specialized membrane transport proteins . The two major classes of membrane transport proteins are transporters and channels. With our focus here on porins-major class of non-specific diffusion channel proteins , we will highlight some recent structural biology reports and functional assays that have substantially contributed to our understanding of the mechanism that mediates uptake of small molecules, including antibiotics, across the outer membrane of Enterobacteriaceae . We will also review advances in the regulation of porin expression and porin biogenesis and discuss these pathways as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Masi
- UMR_MD1, Inserm U1261, IRBA, Membranes et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Marie Pagès
- UMR_MD1, Inserm U1261, IRBA, Membranes et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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11
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Ranava D, Caumont-Sarcos A, Albenne C, Ieva R. Bacterial machineries for the assembly of membrane-embedded β-barrel proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4961134. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Ranava
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Caumont-Sarcos
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Raffaele Ieva
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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12
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Lee KM, Lee K, Go J, Park IH, Shin JS, Choi JY, Kim HJ, Yoon SS. A Genetic Screen Reveals Novel Targets to Render Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sensitive to Lysozyme and Cell Wall-Targeting Antibiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:59. [PMID: 28299285 PMCID: PMC5331053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of establishing airway infections. Human airway mucus contains a large amount of lysozyme, which hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls. P. aeruginosa, however, is known to be resistant to lysozyme. Here, we performed a genetic screen using a mutant library of PAO1, a prototype P. aeruginosa strain, and identified two mutants (ΔbamB and ΔfabY) that exhibited decrease in survival after lysozyme treatment. The bamB and fabY genes encode an outer membrane assembly protein and a fatty acid synthesis enzyme, respectively. These two mutants displayed retarded growth in the airway mucus secretion (AMS). In addition, these mutants exhibited reduced virulence and compromised survival fitness in two different in vivo infection models. The mutants also showed susceptibility to several antibiotics. Especially, ΔbamB mutant was very sensitive to vancomycin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime that target cell wall synthesis. The ΔfabY displayed compromised membrane integrity. In conclusion, this study uncovered a common aspect of two different P. aeruginosa mutants with pleiotropic phenotypes, and suggests that BamB and FabY could be novel potential drug targets for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keehoon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Junhyeok Go
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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13
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Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, the biogenesis of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) is mediated by the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. During the past decade, structural and functional studies have collectively contributed to advancing our understanding of the structure and function of the BAM complex; however, the exact mechanism that is involved remains elusive. In this Progress article, we discuss recent structural studies that have revealed that the accessory proteins may regulate essential unprecedented conformational changes in the core component BamA during function. We also detail the mechanistic insights that have been gained from structural data, mutagenesis studies and molecular dynamics simulations, and explore two emerging models for the BAM-mediated biogenesis of OMPs in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Susan K Buchanan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Warner LR, Gatzeva-Topalova PZ, Doerner PA, Pardi A, Sousa MC. Flexibility in the Periplasmic Domain of BamA Is Important for Function. Structure 2016; 25:94-106. [PMID: 27989620 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machine (BAM) mediates the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria. BamA, the central BAM subunit composed of a transmembrane β-barrel domain linked to five polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) periplasmic domains, is thought to bind nascent OMPs and undergo conformational cycling to catalyze OMP folding and insertion. One model is that conformational flexibility between POTRA domains is part of this conformational cycling. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used here to study the flexibility of the POTRA domains 1-5 in solution. NMR relaxation studies defined effective rotational correlational times and together with residual dipolar coupling data showed that POTRA1-2 is flexibly linked to POTRA3-5. Mutants of BamA that restrict flexibility between POTRA2 and POTRA3 by disulfide crosslinking displayed impaired function in vivo. Together these data strongly support a model in which conformational cycling of hinge motions between POTRA2 and POTRA3 in BamA is required for biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Petia Z Gatzeva-Topalova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Pamela A Doerner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Arthur Pardi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Marcelo C Sousa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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15
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Bakelar J, Buchanan SK, Noinaj N. Structural snapshots of the β-barrel assembly machinery. FEBS J 2016; 284:1778-1786. [PMID: 27862971 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is a multicomponent complex responsible for the biogenesis of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria, with conserved systems in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Given its importance in the integrity of the outer membrane and in the assembly of surface exposed virulence factors, BAM is an attractive therapeutic target against pathogenic bacteria, particularly multidrug-resistant strains. While the mechanism for how BAM functions remains elusive, previous structural studies have described each of the individual components of BAM, offering only a few clues to how the complex functions. Recently, a number of structures have been reported of complexes, including that of fully assembled BAM in differing conformational states. These studies have provided the molecular blueprint detailing the atomic interactions between the components and have revealed new details about BAM, which suggest a dynamic mechanism that may use conformational changes to assist in the biogenesis of new OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Bakelar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Susan K Buchanan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Chen Z, Zhan LH, Hou HF, Gao ZQ, Xu JH, Dong C, Dong YH. Structural basis for the interaction of BamB with the POTRA3-4 domains of BamA. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:236-44. [PMID: 26894671 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798315024729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the Omp85 protein BamA and four lipoproteins (BamBCDE) constitute the BAM complex, which is essential for the assembly and insertion of outer membrane proteins into the outer membrane. Here, the crystal structure of BamB in complex with the POTRA3-4 domains of BamA is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. Based on this structure, the POTRA3 domain is associated with BamB via hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Structural and biochemical analysis revealed that the conserved residues Arg77, Glu127, Glu150, Ser167, Leu192, Leu194 and Arg195 of BamB play an essential role in interaction with the POTRA3 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hong Zhan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Feng Hou
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Qiang Gao
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hua Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hui Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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17
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Abstract
β-Barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for nutrient import, signaling, and adhesion. A 200-kilodalton five-component complex called the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex has been implicated in the biogenesis of OMPs. We report the structure of the BAM complex from Escherichia coli, revealing that binding of BamCDE modulates the conformation of BamA, the central component, which may serve to regulate the BAM complex. The periplasmic domain of BamA was in a closed state that prevents access to the barrel lumen, which indicates substrate OMPs may not be threaded through the barrel during biogenesis. Further, conformational shifts in the barrel domain lead to opening of the exit pore and rearrangement at the lateral gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Bakelar
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Susan K Buchanan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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18
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Bergal HT, Hopkins AH, Metzner SI, Sousa MC. The Structure of a BamA-BamD Fusion Illuminates the Architecture of the β-Barrel Assembly Machine Core. Structure 2015; 24:243-51. [PMID: 26749448 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machine (BAM) mediates folding and insertion of integral β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria. Of the five BAM subunits, only BamA and BamD are essential for cell viability. Here we present the crystal structure of a fusion between BamA POTRA4-5 and BamD from Rhodothermus marinus. The POTRA5 domain binds BamD between its tetratricopeptide repeats 3 and 4. The interface structural elements are conserved in the Escherichia coli proteins, which allowed structure validation by mutagenesis and disulfide crosslinking in E. coli. Furthermore, the interface is consistent with previously reported mutations that impair BamA-BamD binding. The structure serves as a linchpin to generate a BAM model where POTRA domains and BamD form an elongated periplasmic ring adjacent to the membrane with a central cavity approximately 30 × 60 Å wide. We propose that nascent OMPs bind this periplasmic ring prior to insertion and folding by BAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Thor Bergal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alex Hunt Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sandra Ines Metzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marcelo Carlos Sousa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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19
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O'Neil PK, Rollauer SE, Noinaj N, Buchanan SK. Fitting the Pieces of the β-Barrel Assembly Machinery Complex. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6303-11. [PMID: 26394220 PMCID: PMC4631317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β-Barrel membrane proteins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria; however, exactly how they are folded and inserted remains unknown. Over the past decade, both functional and structural studies have greatly contributed to addressing this elusive mechanism. It is known that a conserved core machinery is required for each organelle, though the overall composition varies significantly. The vast majority of studies that aimed to understand the biogenesis of β-barrel membrane proteins has been conducted in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, it is the task of a multicomponent complex known as the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex to fold and insert new β-barrel membrane proteins into the outer membrane. In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries with the goal of utilizing all reported structural and functional studies to piece together a current structural model for the fully assembled BAM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K O'Neil
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sarah E Rollauer
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Susan K Buchanan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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20
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Abstract
Outer membrane protein biogenesis is a fundamental and essential process in all Gram-negative bacteria. The key players conducting this process are organized in the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. This complex has recently attracted a lot of attention due to its importance in cell wall generation, maintenance, and the fascinating yet partially unknown mechanism. The currently best studied example is the BAM complex from E. coli which comprises five proteins, BamA-BamE, two of which, BamA and BamD, are essential for cell survival. Four of the complex proteins, BamB-BamE, are lipoproteins and are attached to the outer membrane via N-terminal lipid anchors. Two of them, BamB and BamD, comprise protein folds known to mediate protein-protein interactions through WD40 and TPR domains, respectively. Structures of BamB to BamE have been determined using X-ray crystallography, NMR and SAXS techniques. Details on protein preparation, crystallization, data acquisition, and determination of structures are given here along with the brief summary of the currently available structural Bam protein repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, Floor 6, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
The outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria contain integral membrane proteins, most of which are of β-barrel structure, and critical for bacterial survival. These β-barrel proteins rely on the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex for their integration into the outer membrane as folded species. The central and essential subunit of the BAM complex, BamA, is a β-barrel protein conserved in all gram-negative bacteria and also found in eukaryotic organelles derived from bacterial endosymbionts. In Escherichia coli, BamA docks with four peripheral lipoproteins, BamB, BamC, BamD and BamE, partner subunits that add to the function of the BAM complex in outer membrane protein biogenesis. By way of introduction to this volume, we provide an overview of the work that has illuminated the mechanism by which the BAM complex drives β-barrel assembly. The protocols and methodologies associated with these studies as well as the challenges encountered and their elegant solutions are discussed in subsequent chapters.
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22
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Jansen KB, Baker SL, Sousa MC. Crystal structure of BamB bound to a periplasmic domain fragment of BamA, the central component of the β-barrel assembly machine. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2126-36. [PMID: 25468906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.584524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) mediates folding and insertion of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. BAM is a five-protein complex consisting of the β-barrel OMP BamA and lipoproteins BamB, -C, -D, and -E. High resolution structures of all the individual BAM subunits and a BamD-BamC complex have been determined. However, the overall complex architecture remains elusive. BamA is the central component of BAM and consists of a membrane-embedded β-barrel and a periplasmic domain with five polypeptide translocation-associated (POTRA) motifs thought to interact with the accessory lipoproteins. Here we report the crystal structure of a fusion between BamB and a POTRA3-5 fragment of BamA. Extended loops 13 and 17 protruding from one end of the BamB β-propeller contact the face of the POTRA3 β-sheet in BamA. The interface is stabilized by several hydrophobic contacts, a network of hydrogen bonds, and a cation-π interaction between BamA Tyr-255 and BamB Arg-195. Disruption of BamA-BamB binding by BamA Y255A and probing of the interface by disulfide bond cross-linking validate the physiological relevance of the observed interface. Furthermore, the structure is consistent with previously published mutagenesis studies. The periplasmic five-POTRA domain of BamA is flexible in solution due to hinge motions in the POTRA2-3 linker. Modeling BamB in complex with full-length BamA shows BamB binding at the POTRA2-3 hinge, suggesting a role in modulation of BamA flexibility and the conformational changes associated with OMP folding and insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bartoš Jansen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Susan Lynn Baker
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Marcelo Carlos Sousa
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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23
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Selkrig J, Leyton DL, Webb CT, Lithgow T. Assembly of β-barrel proteins into bacterial outer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1542-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Albrecht R, Schütz M, Oberhettinger P, Faulstich M, Bermejo I, Rudel T, Diederichs K, Zeth K. Structure of BamA, an essential factor in outer membrane protein biogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1779-89. [PMID: 24914988 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714007482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein (OMP) biogenesis is an essential process for maintaining the bacterial cell envelope and involves the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) for OMP recognition, folding and assembly. In Escherichia coli this function is orchestrated by five proteins: the integral outer membrane protein BamA of the Omp85 superfamily and four associated lipoproteins. To unravel the mechanism underlying OMP folding and insertion, the structure of the E. coli BamA β-barrel and P5 domain was determined at 3 Å resolution. These data add information beyond that provided in the recently published crystal structures of BamA from Haemophilus ducreyi and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and are a valuable basis for the interpretation of pertinent functional studies. In an `open' conformation, E. coli BamA displays a significant degree of flexibility between P5 and the barrel domain, which is indicative of a multi-state function in substrate transfer. E. coli BamA is characterized by a discontinuous β-barrel with impaired β1-β16 strand interactions denoted by only two connecting hydrogen bonds and a disordered C-terminus. The 16-stranded barrel surrounds a large cavity which implies a function in OMP substrate binding and partial folding. These findings strongly support a mechanism of OMP biogenesis in which substrates are partially folded inside the barrel cavity and are subsequently released laterally into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Albrecht
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Oberhettinger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Faulstich
- Department for Microbiology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Bermejo
- Unidad de Biofisica (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department for Microbiology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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